苜蓿粒复合灌肠的研制

选取大豆组织蛋白、苜蓿粒、变性淀粉三因素进行响应曲面（Response Surface Methodology, RSM）试验设计，研究了不同添加量对苜蓿粒灌肠出品率和质构特性的影响，并优化了添加量。结果显示，产品的出品率为97%～121%；灌肠的黏着性受苜蓿粒和大豆组织蛋白的影响(P<0.05)，大豆组织蛋白和变性淀粉的二次模型形式对黏着性产生影响 (P<0.01)；苜蓿粒和变性淀粉都与大豆组织蛋白交互作用于灌肠的黏着性 (P<0.01)；灌肠的凝聚性受大豆组织蛋白的影响(P<0.05)；优化后的最佳添加量为苜蓿粒8%、大豆组织蛋白3%、淀粉2%。     

利用碎牛皮重组成型宠物咬胶用牛皮的工艺研究

以碎牛皮为原料,通过对其进行碱液浸泡、加热、打浆,添加辅料和谷氨酰胺转氨酶制得料浆,再进行成型、干燥脱水制得可作为宠物零食——咬胶类产品的原料重组牛皮。评价料液比、大豆分离蛋白以及谷氨酰胺转氨酶的添加量对重组牛皮性能的影响,对其感官指标、机械性能等指标进行测试,以获得最佳重组牛皮的生产工艺。结果表明,确定的最佳工艺条件为:20g碎牛皮屑与120mL0.1mol/LNaOH溶液混合,100℃水浴1.5h;然后在其中加入甘油0.4g、丙二醇0.2g、淀粉0.8g,进行匀浆,制得牛皮料浆液;料浆液与水的比例为3∶1,大豆分离蛋白添加量为10%,谷氨酰胺转氨酶添加量为0.5%,烘干后制得的重组牛皮整体性能最佳,抗拉强度和硬度适中,溶解性和透光性良好,颜色接近原皮的颜色。     

草莓果肉酸奶配方的设计和优化

通过正交实验和单因素实验,以产品的感官和理化指标为评定依据,筛选出草莓果肉酸奶的最佳配比。结果表明:果胶2‰,糖6.5%,脱脂奶粉1%,上海爱普鲜草莓208093添加量为0.2‰,西亚斯草莓果肉5%,法国罗地亚菌种EZALMY900:MYE96为1:6添加量时,产品的风味和组织状态较好。另外,用变性淀粉代替一部分果胶可降低成本,果胶添加量为1.5‰,变性淀粉添加量为0.8%也可。     

荞麦营养香肠的研制

为了制作一种新型营养香肠,试验以猪瘦肉和猪脂肪为主要原料,通过添加荞麦制作一种新型营养香肠。通过单因素试验和正交试验确定荞麦添加量、变性淀粉添加量和猪脂肪与猪瘦肉的比例。结果表明:荞麦营养香肠中荞麦添加量为20%,变性淀粉添加量为10%,猪脂肪和猪瘦肉比例为2∶8时制作出的香肠充分保持了荞麦自身的独特味道和营养价值,满足了人们的饮食需要和合理的膳食搭配。     

不同因素对羊奶干酪出品率和感官品质的影响

为提高羊奶干酪的出品率和感官品质,以关中奶山羊奶为原料,研究了原料乳浓度、凝乳酶、杀菌条件、酸化条件和氯化钙对羊奶干酪出品率和感官品质的影响。结果表明,原料乳浓度较高,凝乳酶选用羔羊凝乳酶,杀菌条件63℃,30min,酸化pH6.4,氯化钙添加量0.01%-0.02%时干酪出品率较高、感官品质较好。     

南瓜蜂蜜酸奶的研制

为了研制新型营养保健型酸奶,试验采用单因素和L9(34)正交试验方法,以感官评价为依据,对南瓜浆添加量、蜂蜜添加量、发酵剂添加量和发酵时间4个影响产品品质的主要因素进行感官评定,确定南瓜蜂蜜酸奶的最佳工艺条件。结果表明:蜂蜜添加量为5%,南瓜浆添加量为8%,发酵剂添加量为5%,发酵5 h时制得的南瓜蜂蜜酸奶色泽淡黄、质地细腻、酸甜可口、柔润滑腻,兼有南瓜的芳香和酸奶滋味。     

蔬菜灌肠的试验研究

本试验选择圆白菜作为添加物，与肉类混合制作灌肠，通过不同添加量以及调整淀粉加入量和肥瘦肉比试验。根据感官鉴定的结果，确定了较为合理的配方比例，研制出了理想的蔬菜灌肠制品。     

西式牦牛肉灌肠加工工艺研究

本实验以牦牛肉为主要原材料,以感官评分作为评价指标,用L9(34)正交试验对西式牦牛肉灌肠的不同辅料配比进行了研究,得到了其最佳加工工艺,即鸡蛋、淀粉、食盐和酱油添加量分别为7%、7%、3%和4%时西式牦牛肉灌肠的感官指标最佳。     

鸡蛋金属硫蛋白多肽桑葚汁饮料的研制

以含有金属硫蛋白（MTs）的鸡蛋为主要原料,通过单因素试验和正交试验,以感官评价为指标,确定鸡蛋金属硫蛋白多肽桑葚汁饮料最优制备工艺;以感官评价和沉淀率为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定最优稳定性配方。结果表明,金属硫蛋白多肽桑葚汁饮料最佳配方为MTs多肽水解液添加量10%,桑葚汁添加量25%,白砂糖添加量12%,柠檬酸添加量0.15%,感官评分85.36;稳定性试验得出最佳配方为卡拉胶0.03%,果胶0.10%,黄原胶0.06%,CMC-Na 0.12%,在该条件下制成的饮料沉淀率为17.03%,感官评分为84.9,具有良好的风味。     

响应面法优化切达干酪出品率

采用响应曲面法(response surface methodology,RSM)建立了切达干酪出品率的二次多项数学模型,验证了模型的有效性,并考察凝乳酶添加量、酸度和氯化钙添加量对干酪出品率的影响,优化出混合干酪出品率的最优工艺参数为凝乳酶添加量7250 SU,酸度28 °T,氯化钙添加量0.02%,出品率可达10-36%.     

苜蓿绿汁发酵液特性的研究

研究加工方法、制汁容器、水草比例、添加白米醋与否对苜蓿绿汁发酵液的影响,以及绿汁发酵液对苜蓿青贮饲料的影响.结果表明,切碎处理绿汁发酵液的pH为3.82,显著低于榨汁(3.97,P<0.05);添加白米醋的绿汁发酵液乳酸菌数对数值为7.90,极显著(P<0.01)低于不添加者(8.15);榨汁或切碎处理中不同水草比及制汁容器绿汁发酵液的pH和乳酸菌数都没有差异.与对照相比,添加绿汁发酵液可显著降低(P<0.05)苜蓿青贮饲料的pH(4.66对应于4.98)和丁酸含量(0.012%对应于0.016%),减少非蛋白氮含量(58.51%对应于70.11%),增加乳酸含量(2.03%对应于1.79%,P<0.05);粗蛋白质含量则以5倍汁处理组最高,为20.99%,对照最低,为20.34%,且差异显著(P<0.05);对照组酸性洗涤纤维含量较低,为28.83%,绿汁发酵液处理组较高,为30.21%,且差异显著(P<0.05).     

钾元素对苜蓿碳水化合物的分配及抗蓟马的影响

为了探索施钾对苜蓿（Medicago sativa）叶茎根碳水化合物的分配与苜蓿抗蓟马的关系，本试验以紫花苜蓿‘甘农3号’和‘甘农9号’为材料，以牛角花齿蓟马（Odontothrips loti）为研究对象，在网室盆栽条件下，评价不同钾水平下苜蓿的受害程度，并测定了叶茎根中可溶性糖和淀粉含量。结果表明：施钾后，苜蓿的受害指数下降，各器官中的可溶性糖与淀粉含量及其根冠比均升高。随着受害时间的持续，各钾水平下苜蓿叶中可溶性糖含量在受害10 d时最高，茎中可溶性糖含量在受害15 d时最高，根中可溶性糖含量及各器官中淀粉含量均持续增加；可溶性糖的叶茎比在受害10 d时最高，淀粉的叶茎比变化不显著，可溶性糖和淀粉的根冠比均持续升高。施钾提高了苜蓿的碳水化合物含量，并调控其在苜蓿各器官中的合理分配，进而增强了苜蓿对蓟马的耐害性。‘甘农9号’抗性表现较‘甘农3号’好，本试验中最适施钾量为0.6 g·（10 kg）^-1土。     

Effects of supplemental alfalfa hay on the digestion of soybean hull-based diets by cattle

We evaluated the optimal level of alfalfa inclusion in soybean hull-based diets. In Exp. 1, 20 Holstein steers (319 kg of BW) were used in a complete block design. Treatments included a soybean hull mix (95.7% soybean hulls, 3% molasses, 0.5% urea, 0.8% mineral mix; DM basis) fed alone (100:0) or with 10.4, 20.7, or 30.9% (DM basis) coarsely chopped alfalfa hay (90:10, 80:20, and 70:30, respectively) or alfalfa alone (0:100). Diets were fed once daily at 1.75% (DM basis) of BW. In some cases, orts were present, which caused DM, OM, and NDF intakes to decrease (linear, P < 0.05) as alfalfa was added to the diets. Digestibilities of DM, OM, and NDF decreased linearly (P < 0.05) as alfalfa was added to the diets, but quadratic responses (P < 0.05) indicated that positive associative effects occurred between soybean hulls and alfalfa. Liquid dilution rates increased (linear, P < 0.05) with alfalfa additions to the diets and also demonstrated positive associative effects between soybean hulls and alfalfa (quadratic, P < 0.05). Solid passage rates were similar for 100:0 and 0:100 but were increased (quadratically and cubically, P < 0.05) when combinations of soybean hulls and alfalfa were fed. In Exp. 2, in vitro NDF digestibilities were measured for soybean hulls, alfalfa, and a blend of 85% soybean hulls and 15% alfalfa, each with no N source or supplemented with casein or urea to ascertain the effects of protein from alfalfa on digestibility. Disappearances were increased (P < 0.05) by addition of urea or casein, but no interactions between substrate and N supplement were observed. Addition of 30% alfalfa to diets consisting primarily of soybean hulls led to positive associative effects on diet digestibility, but alfalfa additions led to increased liquid and solid passage rates, suggesting that the benefit was not a result of slower passage of soybean hulls from the rumen.     

Evaluation of alfalfa-corn cob associative action. III. The effect of mechanically separated alfalfa fractions on intake, digestibility and ruminal characteristics of ammonia-treated corn cob diets fed to sheep

The influence of mechanically separated alfalfa fractions on intake, digestibility and rate of ruminal passage was investigated using 48 lambs (32 kg) in a digestion trial. Whole plant pre-bloom alfalfa (25% crude protein) or fractions (presscake, dehydrated presscake, protein coagulum, dehydrated protein coagulum, whole juice or deproteinized juice) were added to a 3% ammonia (NH3)-treated corn cob negative control diet at levels equal to 20% wholeplant alfalfa dry matter (DM); eight treatments, six lambs/treatment. Ad libitum intake was greater (P less than .05) for alfalfa fiber (presscake) or juice supplemented diets compared with 20% direct cut alfalfa. Dry matter intake, digestibility of DM and cell walls, and rate of passage were highly correlated when diets were fed ad libitum. At equal DM intakes, dehydrated vs wet presscake increased (P less than .05) DM and cell wall digestibility. Heating of the protein may have reduced degradation rate and consequently a slower release of nutrients for microorganisms in the rumen. Whole vs deproteinized juice increased digestibility of cob DM (P = .11) and cell walls (P = .13), suggesting a response to level of degradable alpha-amino N. Whole and deproteinized juice increased cell wall digestibility compared with the negative control by 23.0 and 18.5 percentage units, respectively, suggesting that degradable alpha amino-N and cell solubles or other nutrients interacted to maximize microbial fiber digestion. Total and branch-chain volatile fatty acids measured at 6, 12 and 18 h post-feeding were highly correlated with nutrient digestibility. Ruminal NH3-N measured at 18 h was negatively correlated with dry matter (r = -.74) and cell wall (r = -.72) digestibility, showing that alfalfa supplies nutrients required by ruminal microorganisms for NH3 assimilation and fiber digestion. The mode of alfalfa associative action in high fiber diets is in supplying ruminal microorganisms with degradable protein and (or) other nutrients, rather than altering ruminal retention time.     

Effects of Feeding Distiller's Dried Grains with Solubles on Growth and Feed Efficiency of Weanling Horses

The effects of replacing corn and soybean meal with distiller's dried grains and solubles in the weanling horse diet were examined. Sixteen weanling horses, 12 fillies and four colts, were fed completely pelleted diets consisting of 50% alfalfa in addition to 50% of a concentrate containing either corn and soybean meal (CS), or 30% of the concentrate replaced with distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS). There were no significant differences (P > .05) between the two diets in either average daily gain or gain-to-feed ratio. The CS diet had a higher apparent dry matter digestibility (P < .0001), and higher apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (P < .01). It was concluded that replacing a portion of the corn and soybean meal with distiller's dried grains with solubles in the weanling horse diet did not lead to significant growth depression. However, the diet containing DDGS had reduced apparent digestibility of dry matter, CP, and fiber. Therefore, it was concluded that it may not be advisable to replace more than 30% of the concentrate portion or 15% of the total diet with distiller's dried grains and solubles when alfalfa is used as the forage source constituting 50% of the weanling diet. Even less DDGS may be desirable to substitute for corn and soybean meal in weanling horse diets if the forage source is one with lower protein quality than alfalfa. It is possible that using DDGS for less than 30% of the concentrate portion of the diet along with high-quality alfalfa forage may produce comparable gain and feed efficiency results with less depression of apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and fiber.     

苜蓿丝氨酸蛋白水解酶及青贮时对蛋白降解作用的研究

本研究以苜蓿(Medicago sativa)绿汁发酵液形式模拟青贮的发酵过程,探讨了苜蓿中丝氨酸蛋白酶的特性及其在苜蓿青贮过程中对蛋白的降解作用.在制作苜蓿绿汁发酵液前通过添加丝氨酸蛋白水解酶抑制剂(PMSF)并设置对照组来分析其在形成非蛋白氮各组分中的作用.结果表明,苜蓿中的丝氨酸蛋白酶最适pH值为6.6,最适温度...     

常规与非常规粗饲料在奶牛瘤胃中的降解特性研究

旨在探讨非常规粗饲料(玉米芯、毛豆荚壳)与奶牛常用粗饲料(苜蓿干草、玉米青贮)在奶牛瘤胃中的降解规律,试验选用3只装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛,采用尼龙袋法测定4种粗饲料的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的瘤胃降解规律。结果表明:1)苜蓿干草和毛豆荚壳的CP含量分别为17.55%和11.10%,且苜蓿干草显著高于毛豆荚壳(P<0.05);玉米芯和玉米青贮的CP含量分别为2.97%和8.41%,且玉米芯显著低于玉米青贮(P<0.05);玉米芯的NDF和ADF含量显著高于其他3种粗饲料(P<0.05),达到79.98%和43.35%。2)苜蓿干草的DM有效降解率最高(P<0.05),由高到低依次为苜蓿干草、毛豆荚壳、玉米青贮和玉米芯。毛豆荚壳的CP有效降解率显著高于其他3种粗饲料(P<0.05),由高到低依次为毛豆荚壳、苜蓿干草、玉米青贮和玉米芯。苜蓿干草的NDF有效降解率显著高于毛豆荚壳(P<0.05),玉米青贮和毛豆荚壳无显著差异(P>0.05);玉米芯的ADF有效降解率最高(P<0.05),苜蓿干草、玉米青贮和毛豆荚壳无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上所述,玉米芯和毛豆荚壳可作为非常规粗饲料资源加以开发利用。     

瘤胃尼龙袋法测定常用饲料过瘤胃淀粉量及淀粉瘤胃降解率

以9头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古半细毛羯羊为试验动物,采用尼龙袋法对玉米淀粉、玉米、麸皮、豆粕、麻粕、棉籽粕、苜蓿干草、羊草、肋麦野豌豆、玉米秸等10种常用饲料的过瘤胃淀粉量及淀粉瘤胃降解率进行了比较研究。结果表明,各种饲料的过瘤胃淀粉量(g/kg)依次为417.85、404.84、226.31、62.04、110.56、108.61、73.50、50.87、47.55、24.43;其淀粉瘤胃降解率%依次为60.95、50.47、61.70、80.19、65.57、61.01、53.15、64.23、70.40、73.65。     

Growth of yearling fillies fed alfalfa or soybean meal

Sixteen Quarter Horse yearling fillies were used in a 112-day randomized block experiment to determine the comparative efficacy of alfalfa hay protein to support growth in young horses. The yearlings were divided into two groups of eight and paired according to weight and age, with one yearling from each pair randomly allotted to each diet. Group 1 was fed a diet of coastal Bermuda grass hay and concentrate. The corn-based concentrate was supplemented with soybean meal such that the total diet for group 1 contained approximately 13% CP. Group 2 was fed a diet that also contained approximately 13% CP and consisted of alfalfa hay and a similar concentrate without soybean meal. Yearlings were fed the diets in a 60:40 grain-to-hay ratio, and intakes between members of each pair were equalized. The calculated digestible energy density in both final diets was approximately 2.85 mcal/kg, and the protein:calorie ratio for both diets was approximately 45 gm/Mcal. Body weight, body length, heart girth, wither and hip heights, as well as forearm, gaskin and cannon bone circumferences were measured every 28 days. Rump fat thickness was measured ultrasonically every 28 days. Physical measures of growth were similar for horses eating each diet (P>0.05). Also, blood urea nitrogen was similar for horses eating each diet (P>0.05) and was not reflective of differences in nitrogen metabolism. The fillies fed the SBM-supplemented diet retained more nitrogen more efficiently than did fillies fed the alfalfa diet (P<0.05), and the SBM-fed fillies had higher concentrations of osteocalcin on days 14, 28, 42, and 112. It can be concluded that SBM and alfalfa proteins were equally effective in providing growth to young horses; however, the biological value of absorbed nitrogen appeared to be higher in the fillies fed the SBM-supplemented diet. also, differences in serum osteocalcin concentrations indicate that the SBM-fed fillies were experiencing a greater amount of osteoblastic activity than the alfalfa fed fillies.