粘虫人工饲料研究梗概

本文介绍了粘虫人工饲料的10种配方及饲养结果,并对粘虫人工饲养的防腐剂问题进行了讨论.     

人工饲料对七星瓢虫成虫生物学特性的影响

明确人工饲料对七星瓢虫成虫生物学特性的影响,为后续人工饲料的改进提供借鉴。以4组人工饲料(人工饲料A、B、C、D)和1组对照组饲喂七星瓢虫成虫,并对其寿命、取食、交配和产卵能力进行研究。4组人工饲料的区别主要是昆虫蛋白来源的不同,人工饲料A为黄粉虫蛹,人工饲料B为蜂蛹,人工饲料C为蚕蛹,人工饲料D也为蜂蛹。人工饲料D为干粉饲料,其他3组都为糊状饲料,对照组以豆蚜饲喂。与对照组相比,4种人工饲料饲喂的七星瓢虫60天后存活率均高于对照组,其中人工饲料D存活率最高。人工饲料A和人工饲料D有产卵现象,但显著低于对照组;人工饲料A饲喂的成虫孵化率高于对照组。随着饲喂时间的延长,4种人工饲料饲喂的七星瓢虫取食频次和交配频次都基本呈现先上升后下降的趋势,4种人工饲料饲喂的成虫的交配频次略低于对照组。人工饲料D饲喂七星瓢虫成虫效果最佳。     

甜菜夜蛾的人工饲养技术

对甜菜夜蛾的人工饲料、继代饲养的生命参数、成虫补充营养、饲养方法和条件进行了研究 ,结果表明 ,用大豆、小麦、酵母粉为主要原料 ,配以蔗糖、琼脂、山梨酸、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯 (尼泊金 )、维生素 C、复配维生素液、KOH液、乙酸液、甲醛液配制而成的人工饲料 ,连续饲养甜菜夜蛾 16代 ,孵化率、幼虫成活率、幼虫期、蛹期、平均蛹重、化蛹率和羽化率 7项指标 ,未出现退化现象。成虫使用糖加复合维生素液补充营养比单用水或糖水产卵量更高。     

黄鳝人工配合饲料及其加工

人工养殖黄鳝形成一定规模后,为保证饲料供应,最好采用人工配合饲料。现将人工配合饲料的配制技术介绍如下,供黄鳝养殖户和专业合作社参考。     

甜菜夜蛾成虫生物学特性研究

为明确甜菜夜蛾的生物学特性,在人工气候室(26±1)℃恒温条件下,以专用人工饲料饲喂甜菜夜蛾,研究了甜菜夜蛾成虫的羽化、交配及产卵等生物学特性.结果表明甜菜夜蛾蛹的性比为11.0430,羽化之后的成虫性比为11.0154;甜菜夜蛾羽化集中在化蛹后4～8 d,且化蛹具有显著的昼夜分布特点.夜间羽化数占总数的80%左右,其中000～800之间羽化数达一半以上;成虫单次交配持续时间为40～100min的发生概率占70.44%,85%以上的交配集中发生在夜间200～700;成虫主要在夜间产卵,其中在000～500时辰占65%以上.由上述结果可以看出甜菜夜蛾羽化、交配和产卵具有明显的生物节律,均表现出夜间特点,尤其是交配、产卵以000～600活动最为频繁.     

低温对不同虫态烟草甲的影响

利用低温处理方法,对不同虫态烟草甲进行处理。研究结果表明,各虫态烟草甲耐低温的顺序从高到低依次是:幼虫、成虫、卵。-20℃处理,各虫态烟草甲死亡率都为100%;-10℃低温条件下,处理1h以上,烟草甲卵和成虫全部死亡,处理72h以上,烟草甲幼虫全部死亡;5℃处理72h以上,烟草甲卵不再孵化,5℃处理20d不能使烟草甲幼虫和成虫完全致死,但影响幼虫化蛹和成虫产卵。各温度处理中烟草甲幼虫最终羽化率为0,成虫单雌产卵量为0。0℃,5℃卵最高孵化率均为41.67%。对照中幼虫最终羽化率为77%、卵最终孵化率为52%。     

茶尺蠖人工饲料营养成分及饲养结果的分析

茶尺蠖人工饲料的研制对于茶尺蠖核型多角体病毒(EoNPV)的大规模生产及全天候饲养茶尺蠖等具有重要意义。本文首先探讨了6种茶尺蠖人工饲料的成分合理性,指出:以茶叶粉+大豆匀浆或茶叶粉+麦胚粉为主要营养搭配的茶尺蠖人工饲料,营养较为均衡。其次,结合饲养结果分析,笔者认为:李云寿配方的继代饲养效果最好,其次是胡萃配方。最后,本文对茶尺蠖人工饲料的研制提出发展建议。     

奶牛泌乳中期饲料配方筛选试验研究

为筛选奶牛泌乳中期的饲料配方,试验选用16头泌乳中期奶牛,参考胎次、产奶量、泌乳天数、膘情、体型等因素,采用随机区组对比设计,分为4组,即对照组、试验1组、试验2组和试验3组.组间差异不显著.对照组饲喂奶牛场使用的精料补充料,试验1组、试验2组合试验3组分别饲喂专门设计的奶牛饲料精料补充料A、B和C.结果表明:试验前(产后71天)组间产奶量差异不显著(P>0.05);产后第110天、第140天对照组奶牛产奶量低于试验前,这是由于奶牛泌乳中期生理特点所决定的,奶牛处于平稳期,产奶量自然会略有下降;产后第110天试验2组产奶量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而其他组间差异不显著;产后第140天试验组奶牛产奶量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其中以试验2组,即B饲料配方效果最为显著,明显高于其他各组(P<0.05).试验各组奶牛乳成分含量在试验前(产后第71天)差异均不显著(P>0.05);产后第110天和产后第140天试验组奶牛乳蛋白、乳脂率和乳干物质含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但产后第110天试验组之间差异不显著(P>0.05),而产后第140天试验2组奶牛乳蛋白、乳脂率和乳干物质含量均显著高于试验1组合试验3组(P<0.05).乳糖含量无显著变化(P>0.05).试验2组和试验1组日粮OM、EE、CP、NFE、NDF和ADF表观消化率较高,显著高于试验3组和对照组(P<0.05).由此可知,试验2组.即B饲料配方可以显著提高产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白、乳干物质含量及日粮养分消化率.     

春油菜区抗跳甲油菜资源的筛选

跳甲是油菜苗期最主要的虫害。以42个油菜品种（系）为供试材料,通过分析田间跳甲为害指数和测定4种主要防御酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）、过氧化物酶（POD）及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性,研究油菜对跳甲的抗性,从中筛选抗跳甲油菜资源。田间跳甲为害指数统计结果显示,芥菜型油菜品种大辣芥、白芥和甘蓝型油菜品种青杂12号、青杂2号的为害指数2年都较低;青杂12号、大辣芥、白芥的PAL、PPO、POD、SOD活性最强。综上,甘蓝型油菜品种青杂12号、芥菜型油菜品种大辣芥和白芥抗跳甲能力最强,可以作为抗跳甲资源。     

香梨优斑螟成虫内生殖系统结构观察

[目的]为明确香梨优斑螟成虫的生殖系统的结构特征。[方法]解剖雌雄成虫的内生殖系统并分析。结果发现：雄虫的内生殖系统主要由1对睾丸愈合为一体的近球状精巢,经输精管与2个储精囊相连,储精囊的下端再经输精管与附腺的前端以及复射精管中部相连,其中复射精管前端与附腺前端相连,其下端与单射精管相连, 单射精管末端接于阳茎。雌虫的内生殖系统由2组各4根卵巢的上端连接与悬带,其下端连接两条侧输卵管,两条侧输卵管下端共同连接一条中输卵管,中输卵管末端连接发达的梨形交配囊、受精囊和附腺囊,其中交配囊、受精囊均与导精管相连,附腺囊与附腺相连。[结论]雄成虫内生殖系统由精巢、2个储精囊、输精管、复射精管、2条附腺及单射精管尾端组成,雌虫的内生殖系统由8根卵巢、2根侧输卵管、中输卵管、受精囊、交配囊及较长的附腺组成。     

The Effects of Plant Population Density on the Growth and Chemical Composition of Lablab purpureus Grown for Fodder Production in a Semi-Arid Region

Lablab purpureus was grown in two 6-month field experiments in the Savannah region of Africa, with high rainfall and hot temperatures in the first 2 months, followed by low rainfall and cool temperatures until harvesting in January. The experiments evaluated the effects of plant population density (PPD), using rows at 70-, 110- and 150-cm intervals, on the yield and nutritive value of the crop, and the effect of an interim harvest on response to PPD. Lablab yield ha⁻¹ was increased to a greater extent by an increase in PPD from 110 to 70 cm interrow spacing than by an increase from 150 to 110 cm, and yield plant⁻¹ decreased as PPD increased to a greater extent for double-harvested than for single-harvested plants. This suggested that high PPD in the early stages of growth is important to promote high crop yields in this environment, probably because it mitigates drought effects in autumn. The effects of PPD on herbage composition were small and suggested that plant maturity had not been greatly affected by density. It is concluded that the maintenance of plant cover in the early stages of growth is important for high yields in the Savannah region, which can be achieved by an interrow spacing of no more than 70 cm and avoidance of an interim harvest.     

The Effect of Intercropping Lablab purpureus L. with Sorghum on Yield and Chemical Composition of Fodder

In two years the growth and composition of mixtures of sorghum with Lablab purpureus as strips, paired rows and alternate rows were compared with those of sorghum and lablab monocrops. In the first year, when sowing did not occur until 7 August, the sorghum yields were low in the monocrop and even less in the mixed crops. Lablab yield was also reduced in mixtures compared with the monocrop, but total forage yield was greater for the mixed crops compared with sorghum alone. Of the mixed cropping systems, a reduction in the yield of lablab plants and in the phosphorus and potassium content of shed lablab leaves in paired rows suggested that there was more competition for nutrients between lablab plants grown in this treatment. In the second year, earlier sowing increased sorghum growth at the expense of lablab yield in the mixed cropping systems, with the result that total forage yield was not increased when sorghum was intercropped with lablab. However, the crude protein content of sorghum stems and leaf yield were increased in mixed crops, particularly in paired and alternate rows rather than strips, demonstrating that close configuration of the legume and cereal are necessary for the cereal to obtain most benefit from nitrogen fixed by the legume. It is concluded that, when conditions are favourable for rapid sorghum and lablab growth, the sorghum will benefit more when it is grown in paired rows with lablab rather than in strips. However, the close spacing normally adopted for paired rows may encourage competition between lablab plants and increase the requirements for phosphorus and potassium fertilizer.     

转Cry1Ab基因水稻种质杂交后代的标记辅助选择及抗虫性评价

以转Cry1Mb基因的水稻株系TS．9(后命名为克螟稻)为种质,与优良亲本杂交,在分离世代,通过与目标基因紧密连锁的潮霉素抗性作为筛选标记,结合田间农艺性状选择,获得目标基因位点纯合的新品系。Cry1Mb蛋白含量检测结果表明大多数新品系携带的靶基因在经杂交重组、自交纯合后保留了原亲本高效表达的特性。抗虫鉴定结果表明,对二化螟(Chilo suppressalis)、稻纵卷叶螟等(Cnapha locrocis medinalis)鳞翅目害虫表现高抗性能,同时,在株高、生育期、产量构成因子等重要农艺性状上也有显著改良。从而,对转基因水稻种质的育种利用途径和选择方法作了有益探索。     

油茶象甲成虫对油茶寄主选择性研究

为研究油茶象甲对油茶寄主的选择性趋性,为中国油茶抗虫品种选育提供基础数据。应用野外调查和室内测定相结合的方法,室内测定又分为强迫性和选择性取食、产卵以及嗅觉反应测定的方法,测定油茶象甲成虫对不同油茶树种、品系的取食和产卵选择性。结果发现：油茶象甲对油茶2个树种、3个品系均能造成危害,导致采果前落果的主要原因是由于该虫为害所致;6月份,该虫对其他1个树种、3个品系的取食、产卵趋性均大于广宁红花油茶;该虫在油茶叶片上不产卵,当果皮厚度大于其能蛀入最大值时不产卵;雌成虫出土初期对油茶嫩芽的趋性大于果实和成叶,交配产卵期对油茶果实的趋性大于嫩芽和成叶。     

Potato germplasm development for warm climates: genetic enhancement of tolerance to heat stress

Complex potato hybrids were derived through unilateral sexual polyploidization between Solanum tuberosum cv. Atlantic and 11 diploid hybrids that produced 2n pollen through co-orientation of second division spindles. The hybrids represented the following genomic compositions: TAPB, TAPC, and TAPM where T = S. tuberosum, A = S. andigena, P = S. phureja, B = S. berthaultii, C = S. chacoense, and M = S. microdontum. The B, C, and M components of the hybrids had been selected from heat tolerant accessions. The heat tolerance and agronomic performance of the hybrids were assessed under both controlled environments and field tests. The hybrids exhibited good tuberization potential (tuber number, tuber weight and percent plants producing tubers) under heat stress conditions in controlled environments. Under severe heat stress conditions in the field in Israel, many of the hybrids tuberized when Atlantic failed to produce any tubers at all. Under more moderate heat stress in Virginia, the complex hybrids exhibited total tuber yield not significantly different from Atlantic, although the tuber set per plant was greater. However, the complex hybrids were more tolerant to heat necrosis and hollow heart than Atlantic. Total glycoalkaloids in field-grown tubers did not exceed the acceptable limit for 13 of 26 selections examined. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

利用SSCP技术分析棉花纤维差异表达的基因

 单链构象多态性(Single strand conformation polymorphism,SSCP)技术是一种简便、灵敏的多态性检测方法,可以检测出在非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳中因构象差异而导致的单链DNA片段迁移率的不同。本研究根据棉花基因芯片筛选的纤维发育中差异表达基因设计了162对引物,利用SSCP技术在4个陆地棉品种、4个海岛棉品种中进行多态性检测。结果表明,在162对引物中,146对引物经PCR扩增后在1.5%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳中检测出现清晰、明亮的带。经过SSCP分析,54对引物在陆地棉之间产生多态性,共出现116个多态性位点;45 对引物在海岛棉之间产生多态性,共出现111个多态性位点;79对引物在陆地棉和海岛棉之间产生多态性,共出现260个多态性位点;36对引物在陆地棉之间、海岛棉之间同时出现多态性。进一步聚类分析后表明,海岛棉和陆地棉分别聚在了一起。     

对小麦白粉病菌生理小种三个鉴别寄主的抗性基因分析

采用基因推导法分析了三个鉴别寄主的抗性基因：白免３号和肯贵阿１号含有Ｐｍ４ａ：小白冬麦的抗性受一对隐性基因的控制，其抗谱不同于所有供试单基因系的抗谱。     

一步双重PCR检测香蕉枯萎病菌

摘要：通过设计尖孢镰刀菌ITS区特异引物PR1/PR2和SCAR特异引物ST1/ST2,优化检测体系中反应参数,建立了双重PCR检测香蕉枯萎病菌1号生理小种和4号生理小种的方法。结果表明：引物PR1/PR2和ST1/ST2能明确鉴别香蕉枯萎病菌1号生理小种和4号生理小种,检测体系的最佳退火温度为56 ℃,检测灵敏度的最低起始DNA为20 ng。     

甘蓝枯萎病菌原生质体的制备与再生条件的优化

建立甘蓝枯萎病菌（Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. conglutinans）高效遗传转化体系的途径之一是获得其具有再生功能的原生质体。本研究通过对甘蓝枯萎病菌菌丝摇培时间、菌丝的酶解时间、保护原生质体的渗透压稳定剂的种类和浓度等因素进行优化,建立了制备甘蓝枯萎病菌原生质体的高效、稳定体系,并在SR固体培养基上实现了甘蓝枯萎病菌原生质体的再生,再生率可达21.13%。该体系的获得将为下一步甘蓝枯萎病菌高效遗传转化体系的建立和致病机理的解析奠定基础。