玉米秸秆粉混合菌发酵生产饲料蛋白的研究

目前用于玉米秸秆发酵生产饲料蛋白的酵母菌种对木糖的利用能力较低,导致酵母菌的发酵终产物中粗蛋白含量较低。该研究选用既可以利用戊糖又可以利用己糖的管囊酵母提高发酵终产物中的蛋白质含量,管囊酵母发酵终产物中粗蛋白含量达到209.1mg/g,与对照的酿酒酵母发酵终产物中粗蛋白含量相比提高了60.4%。     

腐植酸钠对酵母菌发酵特征的影响

试验通过在种子液培养基中添加腐植酸钠,探讨腐植酸钠对酵母菌发酵特性的影响。将腐植酸钠按不同比例添加到酵母菌种子液培养基中,以活菌数为指标筛选腐植酸钠的最适添加量;再将含有最适比例腐植酸钠的酵母菌种子液接种到稻壳粉、精料、豆粕和统糠4种固态培养基中,测定发酵产物中的活菌数,可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和真蛋白质含量等指标。试验结果为:种子液中添加1%~4%的腐植酸钠对酵母菌的生长有明显促进作用,当腐植酸钠添加量为2%时,酵母菌活菌数最高(P0.05)。种子液中添加腐植酸钠可明显改善酵母菌在固态培养基中的发酵特性:种子液中添加腐植酸钠可显著提高4种固态发酵基质中酵母菌的活菌数,且在豆粕中提高量最大(P0.05);可显著降低精料、豆粕、统糠发酵物中的可溶性糖含量,提高稻壳粉中可溶性糖的含量,其中统糠中可溶性糖含量降低最为明显(P0.05);可显著提高精料发酵产物中可溶性蛋白质含量(P0.05),对稻壳粉、豆粕和统糠三种培养基中可溶性蛋白质含量的影响不显著(P0.05);可显著增加稻壳粉、精料、豆粕和统糠4种培养基中真蛋白质含量(P0.05),其增加率由高到低依次为:稻壳粉、精料、统糠、豆粕。结果显示,种子液中添加腐植酸钠可显著影响酵母菌固态发酵的特征,进而提高发酵效果,改善发酵饲料品质。     

酵母菌发酵粗饲料效果的研究

利用酵母菌发酵粗饲料可有效改善其营养价值、提高利用率、节约饲料成本。试验选取4株分离自传统发酵面粉中的酵母菌J1、J2、J3、J4,分别发酵处理不同粗饲料样品。结果表明,J1和J3菌种可有效改善葵头粉、玉米秸秆、葵头粉和玉米秸秆组合饲料中粗蛋白(CP)含量,CP含量提高6.85%～29.87%,但对饲料中的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)降解作用相对较低;J2、J4菌株发酵上述3组粗饲料,对改善CP含量作用甚微;J2菌株发酵葵头粉,其NDF降解率比对照组提高9.26%,发酵玉米秸秆,其酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)降解率比对照组提高10.80%。     

利用啤酒酿造副产物添加血粉和益生菌生产发酵蛋白质饲料的研究

我国啤酒生产每年会产生大量的副产物麦糟和废酵母,而屠宰行业也会产生大量的禽畜血液副产物,两者具有很高的营养价值,适合作为发酵饲料的原料加以利用。以麦糟为主料,加入血粉辅料,混合接种不同益生菌,通过测定发酵产物蛋白质含量、糖含量及总酸含量等指标,分别评价不同主辅料配料比、发酵时间、酵母菌及乳酸菌接种方式及接种量等因素对混合发酵饲料品质的影响,筛选生产发酵蛋白质饲料的最佳条件。结果表明：在血粉辅料添加量为15.00%、发酵温度为30 ℃、接种酵母菌单一菌种且接种量为2.00%、发酵时间为5 d的条件下,获得的发酵产物品质较好,蛋白质含量达到50.36%,与初始样品的蛋白质含量相比,提升幅度达到75.53%;利用酵母菌及乳酸菌混合发酵时,先接入1.00%乳酸菌发酵2 d后,再接入1.00%酵母菌继续发酵至7 d时,产物的蛋白质含量达到59.27%,与初始样品的蛋白质含量相比,提高幅度达到106.59%。利用上述2种发酵方式得到的产品可作为良好的蛋白质饲料。     

香蕉茎叶粉固态发酵条件优化及鹅对其养分利用率的研究

本试验旨在研究应用固态发酵技术改善香蕉茎叶粉养分组成的工艺参数及鹅对其养分的利用率。选择米曲霉和产朊假丝酵母作为发酵菌种,逐步探究5个因素(单菌种发酵、硫酸铵添加量、米曲霉和产朊假丝酵母接种比例、混合菌液接种量)对发酵后香蕉茎叶粉蛋白质含量的影响。利用正交设计筛选最优发酵温度、底物水分和发酵时间的组合。结果显示:米曲霉和产朊假丝酵母单独发酵均能显著或极显著提高发酵后香蕉茎叶粉的粗蛋白质含量(P0.05或P0.01)。添加硫酸铵能显著或极显著提高发酵后香蕉茎叶粉的真蛋白质含量(P0.05或P0.01),其中添加2%硫酸铵组的真蛋白质含量最高。米曲霉∶产朊假丝酵母接种比例为2∶1的处理发酵后香蕉茎叶粉的蛋白质净增加量显著或极显著高于比例为1∶1、1∶3和3∶2的处理(P0.05或P0.01)。正交试验结果显示,以4%的接种量、接种比例为2∶1(米曲霉∶产朊假丝酵母)、2%的硫酸铵添加量,在基质水分为50%,30℃的环境下发酵4 d效果最佳。经过该工艺发酵后的香蕉茎叶粉粗蛋白质含量提高了33.82%,氨基酸分析结果显示,除赖氨酸和精氨酸外其余的15种氨基酸含量均有不同程度的提高。马冈鹅的代谢试验结果显示,发酵后香蕉茎叶粉中的粗蛋白质利用率提高了52.66%,极显著高于发酵前(P0.01);此外,代谢能和能量利用率也都略有提高(P0.05)。由此可见,经过该发酵工艺发酵后的香蕉茎叶粉营养价值不仅得到了改善,也促进了鹅对其养分的消化吸收。     

氮素及混菌发酵对苹果渣发酵饲料纯蛋白含量和氨基酸组成的影响

采用固态发酵法研究原料中氮素及发酵剂组成对苹果渣发酵产物中纯蛋白质含量与氨基酸组成的影响。结果表明:1接菌及原料中添加油渣均能显著提高苹果渣发酵产物中纯蛋白质含量,在酵母菌与黑曲霉的混菌发酵中,添加油渣处理纯蛋白含量的发酵增率和接菌增率分别为428.3%和55.8%。2原料灭菌发酵相比于自然发酵能明显提高发酵产物中蛋白质含量,原料A(苹果渣+尿素)和原料B(苹果渣+尿素+油渣)的灭菌增率分别为1.2%~36.4%和4.5%~13.8%。3加入氮素及混菌发酵可增加发酵产物中各种氨基酸的含量及组成比例,且酵母菌Y+黑曲霉H混菌发酵效果优于酵母菌Y+米曲霉M。     

桑叶粉饲料生物发酵工艺试验

以乳酸菌、酵母菌、枯草芽孢杆菌复合菌种发酵桑叶粉饲料,通过正交试验L9(34)对桑叶粉配比、发酵底物含水量、发酵时间、发酵方式4个因素综合分析,以桑叶粉发酵料感官品质、干物质粗蛋白质、粗纤维含量,单宁降解率等为指标优化桑叶粉饲料生物发酵工艺。初步确定最佳桑叶粉饲料发酵工艺参数及条件为:桑叶粉比例80%,含水率40%,发酵9天,螺丝口发酵。在上述条件下,桑叶发酵料蛋白质含量为27.22%,粗纤维含量26.00%,单宁降解率46.35%。     

原料及发酵剂对苹果渣发酵饲料酵母菌活菌数及纯蛋白质含量的影响

采用固态发酵法研究了原料及发酵剂组成对苹果渣发酵产物中酵母菌活菌数与纯蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明:1在苹果渣中添加油渣或豆粕均可提高发酵产物中酵母菌活菌数和纯蛋白质含量,其中添加油渣效果优于豆粕。在酵母菌与黑曲霉的混菌发酵中,苹果渣+油渣处理的纯蛋白含量较苹果渣对照提高40.1%,酵母菌为1.88×1010CFU/g。2采用混合发酵剂时,发酵产物中的酵母菌数量均高于酵母菌单独接种,且适当加大酵母菌接种量(Candida utilis:Aspergillas niger=10:1)能大幅度提高发酵产物中酵母菌活菌数和纯蛋白质含量。3苹果渣发酵产物中酵母菌活菌数与纯蛋白质含量的变化趋势相同,即能提高纯蛋白含量的工艺措施对酵母菌活菌数有同样的增加作用。     

苹果渣发酵生产饲料蛋白质的工艺研究

本文以富士苹果为原料制取苹果渣,利用黑曲霉和酵母菌单菌种或混合菌种发酵制备饲料蛋白质.黑曲霉发酵苹果干渣的最优发酵工艺务件是尿素添加量为5%、水料比11、温度30℃、发酵时间5d.黑曲霉和酵母菌混合菌种发酵的最优条件是自然pH下,浆料比为1.31、黑曲霉接种量为2%、装料量25 g.无论是单菌种还是混合菌种发酵,饲料蛋白质含量均在30%以上,混合发酵含量更高.     

柑桔皮残渣发酵蛋白饲料工艺研究

为探讨柑桔皮渣综合利用的潜力,以提取黄酮类化合物后的柑桔皮残渣为发酵原料,以粗蛋白质和可溶性蛋白质含量作考察指标,采用黑曲霉(A)、米曲霉(B)、扣囊腹膜孢酵母(C)3种菌种混合发酵,考察了发酵时间、接菌量、含水率等因素对发酵蛋白质饲料的影响,通过正交试验优化工艺条件.结果表明,在培养基含水率60%、接菌量0.4 mL/g、发酵时间5 d条件下,柑桔皮残渣粗蛋白质含量为217 mg/g,可溶性蛋白含量为1.75 mg/g.     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.