Maintenance energy requirement variations determined by indirect calorimetry and feeding trials in light horses

Ten Standardbred horses were fed a mixed diet (60% hay + 40% concentrate) at a maintenance and 1.2 times maintenance over 2 three-month-periods in winter and summer feeding trials. Energy expenditure was measured also by indirect calorimetry in 4 of these horses. The DE and ME requirements for maintenance were calculated for zero energy gain in both cases. Energy requirements measured by feeding trial and by indirect calorimetry were consistent: 129 ± 10 and 132 ± 10 kcal ME/W^0.75.Ts respectively. Individnal variability of requirements was 8% in both methods. ME requirements were 9% higher in summer than in winter and difference between young and adult horses ranged from −3% to +11%.     

The energy requirement of young female cattle. 2. Substance and energy metabolism

The second installment of information on studies over several years of the energy requirement of young female cattle comprises data of the feed intake, the digestibility and metabolizability of the rations used as well as the nitrogen and energy balances of the test animals in six experiments with varying rearing intensities, in which the N, C and energy balances as well as rumen physiologic values were measured monthly using the respiration test technique. Of four experiments, measured values are available over the whole rearing period from calf to calving. The results received from 680 interpretable test periods are-separated for the six experiments--arranged in aggregate form according to live weight range in order to characterize the development of nutrient and energy metabolization processes at various rearing intensities. The results form an essential basis for the derivation of the energy requirement of young female cattle according to factorial criteria.     

Subclinical copper accumulation in llamas.

A 9-year-old, intact male llama with mild ataxia and generalized malaise of 1 month's duration was euthanized following clinical evaluation. Excessive liver copper concentrations were found in the llama and also in clinically normal herdmates. This case documents multiple animals with increased hepatic stores from standard diets and mineral supplements.     

家禽蛋白质和氨基酸的维持代谢

蛋白质及氨基酸的维持代谢比较复杂,一直是动物营养学研究的难点之一。维持需要作为一项基础研究,对于探索具有普遍意义的营养需要规律,比较不同动物或同一种类动物在不同的条件下的营养需要特点具有重要作用。文章就家禽氨基酸维持代谢的意义、途径,维持氨基酸需要量的研究方法及研究现状等几方面作以简单阐述。     

优质肉鸡的能量需要量研究进展

能量是家禽日粮的第一限制性养分,确定优质肉鸡能量需要量是合理配制优质肉鸡饲料、提高饲料利用效率的重要前提。优质肉鸡在我国家禽产业体系中占有重要的地位,研究其能量需要量对提高优质肉鸡的生产性能具有重要意义。文章主要就优质肉鸡能量需要量方面的研究进展进行了综述,对能量需要量的研究方法和影响因素进行分析,对研究优质肉鸡能量需要量的相关原始文献中的数据、观点和结论进行整理和归纳,为优质肉鸡精细化饲养和日粮的精准配制提供参考。     

Parasitism in llamas

Llamas in North America are infected with a number of helminth parasites, including: gastrointestinal nematodes, lungworms, meningeal worms, tapeworms, and flukes. Most of these helminths can be treated with the anthelmintic currently used to treat cattle and sheep. At least two protozoan parasites, coccidia and toxoplasma, have been reported in the llamas in North America. Coccidia can be controlled with the anticoccidial drugs used to control these organisms in other domestic animals. Toxoplasma has been reported uncommonly in llamas in North America and control is very difficult. Several external parasites occur in llamas in North America, including lice, mites, ticks, and the deer nasal bot. Except for the deer nasal bot, the other external parasites in the llama can be treated with pesticides approved for use in cattle.     

Clinical pathology of llamas

Examination of the diseased llama often relies on clinical laboratory information to supplement that from the physical examination and history. Because of the llama's only recent importance as a companion animal, little information is available on the analysis and interpretation of clinical laboratory parameters in this species. Llamas possess red blood cells with a unique shape, small size, and high hemoglobin content. The hemoglobin has a high oxygen affinity, which helps the animal adapt to high altitudes and presents with an oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shifted to the left. The llama maintains high resting blood glucose, creatinine, and urea nitrogen levels. It is very efficient at recycling urea nitrogen via nonrenal pathways. Most of the clinical pathologic parameters can be utilized and interpreted as in other species, but with a different baseline of normal values.     

现代泌乳母猪的能量营养研究新进展

现代泌乳母猪的特点使得其要求更精细而严格的饲养管理条件,以及各营养物质尤其是能量的适量满足。文中从母猪泌乳期能量需要及泌乳期能量对繁殖性能影响方面着手,提出从全繁殖周期考虑合理供给能量,针对现代育种目标而制定相应营养供给的策略。     

Hematologic features of iron deficiency anemia in llamas.

Iron deficiency anemia was identified and characterized in three 14 to 29-month-old male llamas (llama Nos. 1-3) from separate herds in Colorado. The identification of iron deficiency anemia was based on hypoferremia (serum iron = 20-60 micrograms/dl), erythrocytic features, and hematologic response to iron therapy. The anemia was moderate and nonregenerative and characterized by erythrocyte hypochromia, microcytosis (mean cell volume = 15-18 fl), and decreased mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (36.0-41.0 g/dl). Morphologic features unique to llamas with iron deficiency anemia included irregular distribution of hypochromia within erythrocytes and increased folded cells and dacryocytes. The cause of iron deficiency was not determined. The llamas were treated with various doses and schedules of parenteral iron dextran. Two of the llamas were monitored for up to 14 months after the start of iron therapy and experienced increases in hematocrit and mean cell volume values. In one llama, progressive replacement of microcytic cells with normal cells was visualized on sequential erythrocyte volume distribution histograms following iron therapy.     

解析肉鸡对能量饲料的需求原理

经过近20年肉鸡的选育发展,出栏时间由20世纪90年代初8周提前到现在7周。料肉比由2.3～2.5降到1.8～2.0。要达到这些生产指标必然对饲料中各种营养素有更高的要求。其中代谢能要求则高达3150～3200kcal/kg。为了满足机体对能量的需要,配方中普遍添加油脂,添加量也越来越大,肉鸡后期饲料中添加量有的超过5%。油脂种类有玉米油、米糠油、鸡油等。     

肉鸡能量需要量预测模型的研究进展

能量摄入对肉鸡的生长具有重要作用。肉鸡能量代谢受多种因素的影响,如性别、环境温度、活重、采食量等。建立肉鸡能量需要模型,对于改善饲料效率,提高经济效益具有重要的作用。本文就肉鸡能量需要预测模型的重要性、不同模型的比较及存在的问题和发展方向四方面进行综述。     

Laparoscopic ovariectomy and ovariohysterectomy in llamas and alpacas.

The minimally invasive nature of laparoscopic techniques and shorter convalescent periods have made these techniques increasingly popular for use in New World camelids (llamas and alpacas). This article outlines the instruments and steps needed to perform laparoscopic surgery on the female reproductive tract in llamas and alpacas.     

Electrocardiogram studies in llamas

Electrocardiograms (ECG) of 3 captive llamas (Lama glama) were recorded by a telemeter at a farm in Japan. The pattern of the ECGs was similar to the ruminant pattern in the AB lead position. QRS and T-waves were discordant in polarity except in one llama, where the polarity of the T wave changed according to the HR. In the quiet state, the HR varied between 60-80/min depending on the nervousness of the llama. After running and after being held, the HR increased to more than 100/min. During the recordings there were some variations of the HR which could be due to respiratory arrhythmia. Second-degree AV block and supraventricular premature complexes were also found in two llamas.     

湖羊妊娠期维持代谢能需要量的测定

应用呼吸面具测热法测定湖羊妊娠期4个阶段(即0—60天,61—90天,91—120天与121—147天)每日产热量(HP),并用消化代谢试验测出不同阶段每日代谢能采食量(MEI),将测得数据,套入Lofgreen(1968)曲线回归方程,然后推算妊娠期4个阶段的每日维持代谢能需要量(千焦耳/W~(0.75)公斤)依次为432.58、437.52、461.70与458.40。本研究阐明妊娠后期的维持需要(MEM/W~(0.75)公斤)较妊娠前期为多,符合妊娠母畜能量代谢的生理变化规律。     

甘肃高山细毛羊妊娠母羊营养需要量估测

借助其他品种绵羊营养需要的一些研究方法,结合甘肃高山细毛羊四季牧草干物质采食量、营养物质摄入量、采食牧草营养成分、牧草营养物质消化率以及生产相关数据,采用析因法估测甘肃高山细毛羊能量和蛋白质需要量:成年母羊维持代谢能需要量为6.58 MJ/d(每kg代谢体重维持代谢能需要为0.417 MJ/W^0.75),维持蛋白质需要量107.62 g/d;妊娠前期代谢能需要量为12.54 MJ/d,粗蛋白质需要量125.19 g/d;妊娠后期代谢能需要量为12.86 MJ/d,粗蛋白质需要量为146 g/d;通过对比研究表明,甘肃高山细毛羊成年母羊钙需要量约为8.22~9.61 g/d,磷需要量为4.98~5.87 g/d,食盐需要量为9~16 g/d。     

Joint research on the precise determination of the energy and protein requirements of fattening pigs. 3. The energy requirement of hybrid swine

The energy requirement for hybrid pigs ((large white X land race pig) X line 150) in the live weight range between 35 and 120 kg is derived from 242 measurings of the total metabolism as the sum of energy requirement for maintenance and energy requirement for live weight gain. Energy requirement is estimated by means of the following equation: (Formula: see text). Energy maintenance requirement, energy content per 1 kg live weightgain in dependence of the daily gain and the derived energy requirement for growth and fattening are compared with corresponding results from investigations with pigs of the species large white and land race pig. Essential differences concerning parameters of energy metabolism determining the requirement could not be detected.     

An Eperythrozoon-like parasite in llamas

An Eperythrozoon-like RBC parasite was found in a herd of llamas in western Kentucky. The light microscopic and electron microscopic features of the organism were similar to those of E suis. Results of an indirect hemagglutination test for E suis were positive with sera from some parasitemic and nonparasitemic llamas. Parasitemic llamas were usually less than 1 year old and had more severe clinical signs of disease than did older llamas. Poor weight gain and growth, anorexia, and prolonged recumbency were the principal signs of disease. Anemia was usually mild and not accompanied by icterus. Hypoglycemia was associated with parasitemia. Some response to oral or parenteral treatment with tetracycline was noticed, but recrudescence of the infection in some treated llamas was observed. Llamas in nearly every region of the United States have had titers in approximately 12% of samples tested, suggesting that infection with the organism may be widespread. Parasitemic llamas have been recognized in at least 8 states.