橄榄蛏蚌驯化养殖试验

于鄱阳湖水系采集橄榄蛏蚌（Solenaia oleivora）660块,模拟其生活环境进行池塘驯化养殖。试验结果显示,橄榄蛏蚌养殖成活率达86﹪;试验结果表明,橄榄蛏蚌可在池塘中驯化养殖。     

温度对橄榄蛏蚌滤水率的影响

在实验室条件下,测定不同温度下橄榄蛏蚌(Solenaiaoleivora)的滤水率。结果表明,在15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃4个温度梯度下,橄榄蛏蚌的滤水率呈一个峰值变化,滤水率最大值出现在20℃,最小值出现在30℃;对于大规格和小规格橄榄蛏蚌,最大值分别为0 2388L/(ind·h)和0 1353L/(ind·h),最小值分别为0 0607L/(ind·h)和0 0358L/(ind·h)。方差分析(ANOVA)表明,温度和个体大小对橄榄蛏蚌的滤水率有极显著影响(F>F0 01),并且不同规格的橄榄蛏蚌,小规格组滤水率大于大规格组滤水率。此结论与多数双壳贝类的生理现象一致,即在一定温度范围内,温度越高,生理活动越旺盛;温度过高或过低均能使生物生理活动能力降低。     

橄榄蛏蚌含肉率及肌肉营养成分分析

分析橄榄蛏蚌含肉率及常规营养成分 (蛋白质、脂肪、水分、灰分 )的含量 ,同时对蛋白质中的 17种氨基酸进行了测定。结果表明橄榄蛏蚌含肉率为 16 6 4 % ,肌肉中粗蛋白质占 11 38% ,粗脂肪占1 2 0 % ,17种氨基酸总量为 4 2 3 6mg/ g (干重 ) ,其中必需氨基酸占 39 3% ,鲜味氨基酸占 37%。     

橄榄蛏蚌性腺发育与生长

2008年8月—2009年10月,每月采集一批橄榄蛏蚌,分别进行可量性状的测定和年龄鉴定,并研究了其肥满度周年变化规律。为了揭示其繁殖特性,取繁殖季节性腺制作石蜡切片,经苏木精和伊红染色后在显微镜下观察其形态结构,并测量性腺细胞的直径。结果表明,橄榄蛏蚌的肥满度在每年的5月出现最高峰,且一年只有一个高峰,因而橄榄蛏蚌繁殖为一年产卵一次、繁殖一次。橄榄蛏蚌性腺细胞直径为49.3～70.2μm。随着水温的升高,橄榄蛏蚌的摄食活性增强。统计学数据分析表明,橄榄蛏蚌体质量与壳长、壳宽和壳高均呈指数关系,而后三者之间呈线性关系。对体质量影响最大的指标是壳高,最小的指标为壳长。     

橄榄蛏蚌增养殖技术研究初报

橄榄蛏蚌属软体动物门,双壳纲,真瓣鳃目,蚌科,无齿蚌亚科,蛏蚌属,因该蚌产于我市义河内,故俗称义河蚶。近年来,因过度捕捞和水域污染等因素,义河蚶的天然产量急剧减少,价格连年上涨,市场供不应求。据了解,此品种在我国一直没有开展人工养殖研究,我站于2001年与华中农业大学水产学院合作,开展了义河蚶增养殖技术研究,经过2年多的实践与研究,现将技术总结如下。一、义河蚶的人工试养情况1.养殖水域的选择选择水质清新、溶氧量高、水中浮游动物丰富、水体无污染的天门河段作为人工养殖义河蚶的场所,常年水温4～30℃,pH值7.0～8.0,溶氧>4.0毫克…     

橄榄蛏蚌软组织4种微量元素含量分析

利用原子吸收分光光度法测定了橄榄蛏蚌不同组织的锌、铜、铅、镉等4种金属元素的含量。锌平均含量最高,其次是铅。足、肝脏中4种微量元素含量高于其它组织,特别是铅和镉;铜在外套膜中含量很高,而在闭壳肌中最低。     

人工神经网络在橄榄蛏蚌性别鉴定中的应用

为了降低橄榄蛏蚌(Solenaia oleivora)规模化繁育过程中亲本性别鉴定的工作量,通过对壳长(SL)、壳高(SH)、壳宽(SW)、体质量(BW)4个性状221行数据采集并归一化处理,从原始数据中随机抽取90％的数据(199个样本)用于数据测试,并以此建立人工神经网络模型对橄榄蛏蚌进行性别预测.结果显示,建立的...     

橄榄蛏蚌赣江群体数量性状的通径分析

为探明橄榄蛏蚌各数量性状间的相关性以及影响肉质量的主要性状,随机选取40只3~4龄的野生橄榄蛏蚌,测量了壳长、壳宽、壳高、体质量(x1)、壳质量(x2)、高(x3)和肉质量(y)等7个数量性状,计算含肉率。运用相关分析、通径分析和多元回归分析等统计方法,对各数量性状之间的相互关系进行分析,计算各性状对肉质量的通径系数与决定系数,并建立了回归方程。研究结果显示,橄榄蛏蚌的含肉率达到65.62%,是极具开发潜力的食用淡水贝类;橄榄蛏蚌各数量性状间的表型相关均达到了极显著水平(P<0.01);体质量对肉质量的直接作用最大,为0.983,是影响肉质量的主要因素,而壳长、壳宽、壳高、高与壳质量等性状对肉质量的影响主要是通过体质量间接实现的;体质量的综合决定效应为96.08%,是影响肉质量的最主要因素,具有育种意义;运用逐步回归方法,建立了各数量性状对肉质量的回归方程为:y=-18.548+0.690x1-0.442x2+6.804x3。     

淮河橄榄蛏蚌繁殖类型与性腺发育观察

对淮河橄榄蛏蚌（Solenaia oleivora Heude）繁殖类型和性腺发育特征进行了系统的研究。结果表明,橄榄蛏蚌为短期孵育型,繁殖期从3月至6月初,3—5月为繁殖高峰期,发现的最小怀幼雌蚌为2⁺龄;雌蚌内外2对鳃丝均可作为育儿囊,属于外鳃类的四生型,一次怀幼数量在134.9万~402.1万只。以雌蚌怀幼为第一判断标准,并结合卵巢组织切片,确认中国橄榄蛏蚌为一个繁殖周期内多次排卵繁殖类型。雌雄生长未见显著差异。橄榄蛏蚌性腺发育可分为增殖期、生长期、成熟期、排放期及休止期5个时期,卵巢和精巢发育基本同步。组织切片和扫描电镜均显示,卵母细胞通过直径约5μm的卵柄与滤泡壁相连;早期卵母细胞（直径小于17 μm）表面无细胞膜,而后期卵母细胞（约40 μm）表面出现明显的卵黄膜。橄榄蛏蚌精子为鞭毛型,头颈部呈子弹头形,最宽约2 μm;受精卵表面存在明显的卵膜孔,直径约1 μm,表明精子不能通过卵膜孔全部进入卵母细胞而受精。本研究成果为实现橄榄蛏蚌的人工繁育及利用奠定了科学基础,并为其他珍稀濒危蚌类的繁育保护提供借鉴。     

Microsatellite analysis of genetic diversity and genetic structure of the Chinese freshwater mussel Solenaia carinata (Bivalvia: Unionidae)

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白洋淀日本沼虾血细胞的初步研究

对取自华北白洋淀种群的日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)血细胞进行显微形态观察、分类、测量和计数。依据细胞的形态,胞质中颗粒的数量和密度以及细胞的核质比把日本沼虾血细胞分为透明细胞(hyaline cell,HC)、半颗粒细胞(semigranular cell,SGC)和颗粒细胞(granular cell,GC)3类。血细胞大小依次为颗粒细胞>半颗粒细胞>透明细胞。血细胞密度为(1.13±0.50)×106个/mL,其中GC占48.5%,SGC占31.8%,HC占19.7%。并对我国日本沼虾的华南种群、华中种群及白洋淀所在地华北种群的血细胞大小和数量进行了比较。     

五种蚌的形态变异与判别分析

运用多变量形态度量学方法，采用6个形态性状对褶纹冠蚌、三角帆蚌、圆背角无齿蚌、椭圆背角无齿蚌和球形无齿蚌5种蚌的种间以及地理种群间的形态变异进行了研究。主成分分析构建了2个主成分，第一主成分受4个性状的影响，贡献率为54.17%；第二主成分受1个性状的影响，贡献率为34.08%。主成分分析和聚类分析表明，褶纹冠蚌与三解帆蚌形态相近，随圆背角无齿蚌与球形无齿蚌外形相拟。方差分析和t检验表明，褶纹冠蚌和三解帆蚌的不同地理种群分别表现出形态上变异。建立了5种蚌的判别函数，三角帆蚌和圆背角无齿蚌的判别准确率均为100%，褶纹冠蚌、椭圆背角无齿蚌和球形无齿蚌的判别准确率依次为98.92%、86.36%和96.88%，总判别准确率为97.83%。     

甲基盐霉素对鲤白细胞吞噬活性和溶菌酶活力的影响

选用60 g左右健康正常的鲤540尾,随机平均分为6组,每组设3个重复。试验设6种处理,即基础饲料中分别添加甲基盐霉素0(对照组)、10、20、40、80、160 mg/kg。研究了甲基盐霉素对鲤白细胞吞噬活性和溶菌酶活性的影响。试验结果表明,饲料中添加10 mg/kg甲基盐霉素对鲤白细胞吞噬活性和溶菌酶活性影响不显著,而添加20~160 mg/kg甲基盐霉素对鲤白细胞吞噬活性和溶菌酶活性有一个从促进到抑制的转变,剂量越高,这个转变越快,并且随饲喂时间的延长,其抑制作用越来越强。     

基于rDNA ITS序列研究蚌科6种类的系统发生关系

通过测定核糖体转录间隔区ITS1以及ITS2序列研究了江苏地区蚌科(Unionidae)6种常见贝类——褶纹冠蚌(Cristaria plicata)、三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)、背角无齿蚌(Anodneta woodiana woodiana)、扭蚌(Arconaialanceolata)、圆顶珠蚌(Unio douglasiae)以及背瘤丽蚌(Lamprotula leai)的系统发生关系。结果显示:6种蚌的ITS1序列长度介于354~439 bp之间,平均G+C百分含量为52.7%;ITS2序列长度介于287~354 bp之间,平均G+C百分含量为51.2%。对6种贝类的相关序列进行比对,ITS1的比对长度包括501个位点,其中有364个变异位点和99个简约信息位点;ITS2的比对长度包括381个位点,其中有259个变异位点和66个简约信息位点。以虾夷扇贝(Mizuhopecten yessoensis)为外群,采用邻接法(NJ)分析6种贝类的系统发生关系,贝类明显聚合为3个类群:类群Ⅰ包括三角帆蚌(H.culingii)和背瘤丽蚌(L.leai),类群Ⅱ包括扭蚌(A.lanceolata)和圆顶珠蚌(U.douglasiae),类群Ⅲ由背角无齿蚌(A.woodiana woodiana)和褶纹冠蚌(C.plicata)组成。     

A new genus and two new,rare freshwater mussel (Bivalvia: Unionidae) species endemic to Borneo are threatened by ongoing habitat destruction

1. Most of the Bornean endemic freshwater mussel (Unionida) species known to date have not been recorded by science for the past 50 years or more, owing to a lack of research effort and presumed population losses.
2. This study assessed current patterns and recent changes in the diversity and distribution of freshwater mussels in north-eastern Borneo. Physical surveys and interviews were conducted at 24 sites, and anecdotal evidence for current or historical presence of mussels was collected for a further 13 sites.
3. Native species, i.e. Schepmania sp. and Khairuloconcha sahanae gen. & sp. nov., were only found in one small stream of the Kinabatangan River basin within the Gomantong Forest Reserve, whereas the non-native Sinanodonta cf. woodiana was common across the study area.
4. Molecular phylogenetics (five genes) of the native taxa, including comparative material from West Kalimantan and Sarawak, revealed: (i) the presence of a new genus with two new, rare species: Khairuloconcha lunbawangorum sp. nov. in the Limbang River basin and K. sahanae in the Kinabatangan River basin; (ii) that Khairuloconcha and Ctenodesma form the Bornean endemic tribe Ctenodesmini trib. nov.; and (iii) that Schepmania represents another Bornean endemic tribe Schepmaniini trib. nov.
5. Both Khairuloconcha gen. nov. species are known from a single stream each and are apparently restricted to forest stream habitats where they occur at very low densities. Schepmania appears to have a severely contracted range in the Kinabatangan and adjacent basins. We urgently call for full protection of the currently known sites of K. lunbawangorum and K. sahanae, and development of an action plan to save the Bornean freshwater mussel fauna.

     

Validation of environmental DNA (eDNA) as a detection tool for at‐risk freshwater pearly mussel species (Bivalvia: Unionidae)

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Influence of life‐history variation on demographic responses of three freshwater mussel species (Bivalvia: Unionidae) in the Clinch River,USA

• 1. Variation in age, shell growth, and demographic responses of two endangered mussel species, Epioblasma brevidens and Epioblasma capsaeformis, and a third non‐listed species, Lampsilis fasciola, were studied from 2004–2008 in a 32‐km reach of the Clinch River, TN.
• 2. Observed maximum age and length of E. brevidens was 28 yr and 71.5 mm for males and 15 yr and 56.6 mm for females; of E. capsaeformis, 12 yr and 54.6 mm for males and 9 yr and 48.6 mm for females; and of L. fasciola, 45 yr and 91.3 mm for males and 24 yr and 79.8 mm for females.
• 3. Estimated population size was ～46 000 individuals for E. brevidens, ～862 000 individuals for E. capsaeformis, and ～33 000 individuals for L. fasciola.
• 4. Mean recruitment per year of 1 yr‐olds ranged from 12.0% to 24.0% for E. brevidens, 4.2% to 56.6% for E. capsaeformis, and 10.0% to 38.5% for L. fasciola, and mean annual population growth rate was 21.0%, 31.3%, and ? 24.3%, respectively.
• 5. Juveniles were detectable but temporally and spatially variable in occurrence, and a significant proportion of the age‐class structure of each species. Recruitment was exceptionally high for E. capsaeformis during years when discharge was low in spring and summer.
• 6. Population size, growth, recruitment, and mortality rates of the shorter‐lived E. capsaeformis were correspondingly higher than those of E. brevidens and L. fasciola.
• 7. The federal recovery plan for E. brevidens and E. capsaeformis identifies quantification of demographic variables as a critical step toward meeting the recovery needs of each species. The data collected in this study begin to meet these needs and can be used to monitor and evaluate population performance of each species. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.