A cytoplasmic protein stimulates normal N-ras p21 GTPase, but does not affect oncogenic mutants

The role of guanine nucleotides in ras p21 function was determined by using the ability of p21 protein to induce maturation of Xenopus oocytes as a quantitative assay for biological activity. Two oncogenic mutant human N-ras p21 proteins, Asp12 and Val12, actively induced maturation, whereas normal Gly12 p21 was relatively inactive in this assay. Both mutant proteins were found to be associated with guanosine triphosphate (GTP) in vivo. In contrast, Gly12 p21 was predominantly guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-bound because of a dramatic stimulation of Gly12 p21-associated guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) activity. A cytoplasmic protein was shown to be responsible for this increase in activity. This protein stimulated GTP hydrolysis by purified Gly12 p21 more than 200-fold in vitro, but had no effect on Asp12 or Val12 mutants. A similar factor could be detected in extracts from mammalian cells. It thus appears that, in Xenopus oocytes, this protein maintains normal p21 in a biologically inactive, GDP-bound state through its effect on GTPase activity. Furthermore, it appears that the major effect of position 12 mutations is to prevent this protein from stimulating p21 GTPase activity, thereby allowing these mutants to remain in the active GTP-bound state.     

Cloning and expression of a Xenopus embryonic gap junction protein

Gap junctions in the early amphibian embryo may play a fundamental role in the regulation of differentiation by mediating the cell-to-cell transfer of chemical signals. A complementary DNA encoding a gap junction present in Xenopus oocytes and early embryos has now been cloned and sequenced. This protein sequence is homologous to the well-characterized gap junction structural proteins rat connexin32 and connexin43. RNA blot analysis of total Xenopus oocyte RNA showed hybridization to a single 1.6-kilobase band. This messenger RNA is abundant in oocytes, decreases to levels below the sensitivity of our assay by stage 15 (18 hours), and is not detectable in RNA from a number of adult organs. To confirm that the oocyte cDNA encodes a gap junction channel, the protein was over expressed in Xenopus oocytes by injection of RNA synthesized in vitro. Pairs of RNA-injected oocytes formed many more time- and voltage-sensitive cell-cell channels than water-injected pairs.     

The ras oncoprotein and M-phase activity.

The endogenous mos proto-oncogene product (Mos) is required for meiotic maturation. In Xenopus oocytes, the ras oncogene product (Ras) can induce meiotic maturation and high levels of M-phase--promoting factor (MPF) independent of endogenous Mos, indicating that a parallel pathway to metaphase exists. In addition, Ras, like Mos and cytostatic factor, can arrest Xenopus embryonic cell cleavage in mitosis and maintain high levels of MPF. Thus, in the Xenopus oocyte and embryo systems Ras functions in the M phase of the cell cycle. The embryonic cleavage arrest assay is a rapid and sensitive test for Ras function.     

生长激素和胰岛素对猪卵母细胞体外成熟及卵裂的影响

研究了生长激素(STH)、胰岛素(insulin)单独或者联合作用对猪卵母细胞体外成熟及孤雌激活后卵裂的影响。结果表明:STH、胰岛素对卵母细胞体外成熟及孤雌激活后卵裂呈现双重效应。在mNCSU-23基础液中添加0.15μg/mLSTH组的成熟率和卵裂率显著高于对照组及0.01,0.05,0.1,2μg/mL组(P<0.05);添加5μg/mL,8μg/mL胰岛素组的成熟率显著高于对照组及0.5,2,10μg/mL组;添加5μg/mL胰岛素组的卵裂率也显著高于对照组及0.5,2,8,10μg/mL组;0.15μg/mLSTH与2μg/mL胰岛素联合添加组的成熟率和卵裂率最高,同其他组相比,差异显著。     

Angiotensin II-induced calcium mobilization in oocytes by signal transfer through gap junctions

Angiotensin II (AII) stimulates rapid increases in the concentration of cytosolic calcium in follicular oocytes from Xenopus laevis. This calcium response was not present in denuded oocytes, indicating that it is mediated by AII receptors on the adherent follicular cells. The endogenous AII receptors differed in their binding properties from mammalian AII receptors expressed on the oocyte surface after injection of rat adrenal messenger RNA. Also, the calcium responses to activation of the amphibian AII receptor, but not the expressed mammalian AII receptor, were blocked reversibly by octanol and intracellular acidification, treatments that inhibit cell coupling through gap junctions. In addition, AII increased the rate of progesterone-induced maturation. Thus, an AII-induced calcium-mobilizing signal is transferred from follicle cells to the oocyte through gap junctions and may play a physiological role in oocyte maturation.     

水牛Tle6基因表达模式分析及其多克隆抗体制备

【目的】明确水牛Tle6基因表达组织特异性及其在卵母细胞和早期胚胎中的表达模式,并通过构建原核表达载体诱导表达融合蛋白及免疫小鼠制备TLE6多克隆抗体,为进一步揭示Tle6基因在水牛生殖发育中的作用机制提供理论依据。【方法】采用RT-PCR扩增水牛Tle6基因编码区（CDS）序列,经生物信息学分析后,分别以半定量PCR和实时荧光定量PCR检测分析水牛Tle6基因表达组织特异性及其在卵母细胞和早期胚胎中的表达模式。构建重组原核表达载体,以IPTG诱导表达的融合蛋白免疫小鼠制备TLE6多克隆抗体,再利用TLE6多克隆抗体检验TLE6蛋白在水牛不同组织及卵母细胞和早期胚胎中的表达情况。【结果】水牛Tle6基因CDS序列全长1731 bp,编码576个氨基酸残基,其编码蛋白分子量为64.09 kD,理论等电点（pI）为5.69,属于亲水性蛋白。Tle6基因仅在水牛的卵母细胞中特异性表达。重组原核表达载体p ET-32a-Tle6转化BL21（DE3）感受态细胞,经IPTG诱导6 h,融合蛋白TLE6的表达量最高,且以可溶性蛋白和包涵体2种形式进行表达;以纯化的融合蛋白TLE6免疫小鼠成功制备获得TLE6多克隆抗体,其抗体效价为1∶64000,能与融合蛋白TLE6及水牛卵母细胞发生特异性反应,即具有很强的特异性。【结论】Tle6基因仅在水牛卵母细胞中特异性表达,而在其他组织中未见表达。不同于其他MEGs的表达模式,Tle6基因在水牛卵母细胞及胚胎早期发育过程中呈特异性持续表达,可能在水牛卵母细胞成熟及附植前的胚胎发育过程中发挥重要作用。     

鲫鱼一种新型SNRPC基因的蛋白表达和抗体制备分析

本研究构建了鲫鱼卵母细胞特异表达的新型SNRPC基因的原核表达载体,表达并纯化蛋白,制备多克隆抗体,并检测抗体特异性,为进一步研究新型SNRPC基因的功能奠定基础。首先设计引物,应用RT-PCR从鲫鱼成熟卵母细胞中获得含该基因片段,重组入原核表达载体PinPoint T中,在大肠杆菌BL-21(DE3)中诱导表达,应用亲和层析法获得纯度较高的原核表达蛋白并免疫家兔制备多克隆抗体,用Western blot方法检测此抗体特异性。成功构建了新型SNRPC基因重组表达载体,表达的蛋白经纯化后免疫家兔得到了特异的多克隆抗体。鲫鱼卵母细胞的新型SNRPC基因的原核表达载体的构建、重组蛋白的表达纯化及抗体的制备为后续的研究提供了理论基础。     

4种多糖对山羊卵母细胞体外成熟的影响

为优化卵母细胞体外成熟培养液,研究白术多糖、黄芪多糖、灵芝多糖及香菇多糖对卵母细胞体外成熟的作用。利用废弃卵巢收集未成熟卵母细胞,在成熟培养液中添加低（0.01、0.05 mg/mL）、中（0.10 mg/mL）、高（0.15、0.20 mg/mL）5个浓度梯度的4种多糖溶液培养卵母细胞。结果显示,4种多糖成熟培养液均在低浓度添加时对卵母细胞成熟率有明显的促进作用,以白术多糖效果最好,卵母细胞成熟率与对照组相比提高了27.28%,高浓度的多糖培养液对卵母细胞均有不同程度的抑制作用,导致细胞皱缩甚至死亡。低浓度的多糖培养液能够促进卵母细胞的成熟,并能提高卵母细胞进一步发育的能力。     

卵母细胞体外成熟时间对绵羊核移植效率的影响(英文)

[Objective] The study aimed to provide references for the time of oocyte maturation in vitro and enucleation in the course of sheep nuclear transfer(NT).[Method] Compared the effects of different maturation time of oocytes on enucleation efficiency and reconstructed embryo development by means of blind enucleation and fluorescence microscopy.[Result] Treatment of IVM(in vitro maturation)19-21 h was significantly higher than IVM 16-18 h treatment in oocyte maturation rate(P<0.05)and was significantly higher than IVM 22-24 h treatment in enucleation rate(P<0.05).Three treatments had no significant difference in cleavage rate and blastocyst rate(P>0.05),but IVM 19-21 h treatment was significantly higher than the other 2 treatments in average cell number of blastocysts(P<0.05).[Conclusion] The appropriate in vitro maturation time of oocytes was 19-21 h for sheep nuclear transfer,which could significantly improve the quality of blastocysts according to the cell number per blastocyst(P<0.05).     

卵母细胞体外成熟时间对绵羊核移植效率的影响

[目的]为绵羊克隆试验中卵母细胞的体外成熟及去核时间提供参考。[方法]利用盲吸法结合荧光显微镜检查,对绵羊不同成熟时间卵母细胞去核的效率及其后续重构胚的发育进行对比。[结果]体外成熟培养19~21 h的绵羊卵母细胞在成熟率上显著高于体外成熟培养16~18 h(P(0.05),在去核成功率上显著高于体外成熟培养22~24 h(P(0.05);3个试验组在卵裂率、囊胚率上差异不显著(P(0.05),但是体外成熟培养19~21 h的试验组囊胚平均细胞数要显著高于其他2组(P(0.05)。[结论]体外成熟培养19~21 h的卵母细胞较适于作为受体细胞进行绵羊核移植,可以显著提高囊胚的质量。     

卵母细胞体外成熟时间对绵羊核移植效率的影响(英文)

[Objective] The study aimed to provide references for the time of oocyte maturation in vitro and enucleation in the course of sheep nuclear transfer(NT).[Method] Compared the effects of different maturation time of oocytes on enucleation efficiency and reconstructed embryo development by means of blind enucleation and fluorescence microscopy.[Result] Treatment of IVM(in vitro maturation)19-21 h was significantly higher than IVM 16-18 h treatment in oocyte maturation rate(P<0.05)and was significantly higher than IVM 22-24 h treatment in enucleation rate(P<0.05).Three treatments had no significant difference in cleavage rate and blastocyst rate(P>0.05),but IVM 19-21 h treatment was significantly higher than the other 2 treatments in average cell number of blastocysts(P<0.05).[Conclusion] The appropriate in vitro maturation time of oocytes was 19-21 h for sheep nuclear transfer,which could significantly improve the quality of blastocysts according to the cell number per blastocyst(P<0.05).     

Effects of in Vitro Maturation Time of Oocytes on Sheep Nuclear Transfer Efficiency

[Objective] The study aimed to provide references for the time of oocyte maturation in vitro and enucleation in the course of sheep nuclear transfer(NT).[Method] Compared the effects of different maturation time of oocytes on enucleation efficiency and reconstructed embryo development by means of blind enucleation and fluorescence microscopy.[Result] Treatment of IVM(in vitro maturation)19-21 h was significantly higher than IVM 16-18 h treatment in oocyte maturation rate(P<0.05)and was significantly higher than IVM 22-24 h treatment in enucleation rate(P<0.05).Three treatments had no significant difference in cleavage rate and blastocyst rate(P>0.05),but IVM 19-21 h treatment was significantly higher than the other 2 treatments in average cell number of blastocysts(P<0.05).[Conclusion] The appropriate in vitro maturation time of oocytes was 19-21 h for sheep nuclear transfer,which could significantly improve the quality of blastocysts according to the cell number per blastocyst(P<0.05).     

组织切片法观察昆明白小鼠卵丘扩展与卵母细胞成熟的关系

三实验应用组织切片法探讨了体内正常生理条件下昆明白小鼠卵巢内卵丘扩展与卵母细胞成熟的关系。初情期前小鼠注射孕马血清促性腺激素,４８ｈ后注射人绒毛膜促性腺激素,于注射ＨＣＧ后不同时间取出卵巢进行组织切片。注射ＨＣＧ后１ｈ,卵丘细胞开始扩展,此时卵母细胞核膜完整,即未发生生发泡破裂;注射ＨＣＧ后３ｈ,大部分大有腔卵泡中卵母细胞发生ＧＶＢＤ,此时卵丘处于２级扩展状态。卵丘完全扩展发生在注射ＨＣＧ后９ｈ,     

p66Shc在绵羊卵母细胞中的表达及其与胞质氧化还原稳态的关系

【目的】 研究p66Shc在绵羊卵母细胞中的表达特征及其与卵母细胞胞质氧化还原稳态的关系,为揭示p66Shc参与调控卵母细胞胞质氧化还原稳态分子机制提供理论依据。【方法】 试验所用卵丘-卵母细胞复合体（cumulus-oocyte complexes, COCs）来源于屠宰场的绵羊卵巢。分别收集成熟前优质和劣质、常规成熟24 h及成熟30 h老化的卵母细胞,采用实时荧光定量PCR对成熟前后不同质量绵羊卵母细胞中p66Shc mRNA的表达量进行分析,利用细胞免疫荧光结合MitoTracker Red探针对p66Shc蛋白和线粒体进行共定位,同时利用荧光探针DCFH-DA和卵母细胞自发荧光分别对成熟前后不同质量卵母细胞内ROS水平和氧化还原稳态进行检测。此外,采用外源H₂O₂诱导的氧化应激处理成熟前优质卵母细胞,并对p66Shc蛋白的表达及定位进行了检测分析。【结果】 实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,成熟前劣质和成熟后老化卵母细胞中p66Shc mRNA表达量分别显著（P<0.05）高于成熟前优质和常规24 h成熟的卵母细胞。然而优质卵母细胞成熟前后p66Shc mRNA表达量没有显著差异（P>0.05）。共定位结果表明,p66蛋白主要分布在线粒体分布活跃的区域。细胞免疫荧光结果显示,成熟前劣质和成熟后老化卵母细胞中p66Shc蛋白表达量也分别显著（P<0.05）高于成熟前优质和常规24 h成熟的卵母细胞。与成熟前优质和常规24 h成熟的卵母细胞相比,成熟前劣质和成熟后老化卵母细胞表现出线粒体分布紊乱和活性下降、ROS水平升高以及氧化还原稳态的失衡。此外,与未添加外源H₂O₂的对照组相比,外源H₂O₂处理成熟前优质卵母细胞诱导的氧化应激显著（P<0.05）上调p66Shc蛋白的表达并促使 p66Shc由胞质向细胞核定位。【结论】 p66Shc基因在劣质和老化的绵羊卵母细胞中呈现高水平的表达,H₂O₂诱导的氧化应激显著上调p66Shc蛋白的表达并影响其亚细胞定位。总之,绵羊卵母细胞中p66Shc表达上调影响了胞质的氧化还原稳态。     

Induction by NGF of meiotic maturation of Xenopus oocytes expressing the trk proto-oncogene product.

The effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) was assessed in Xenopus oocytes expressing the human trk proto-oncogene product, p140prototrk. Oocytes injected with trk messenger RNA expressed polypeptides recognized by antibodies to the trk gene product. Exposure of these oocytes to nanomolar amounts of NGF resulted in specific surface binding of 125I-labeled NGF, tyrosine phosphorylation of p140prototrk, and meiotic maturation, as determined by germinal vesicle breakdown and maturation promoting factor (p34cdc2) kinase activation. Thus the trk proto-oncogene product can act as a receptor for NGF in a functionally productive manner.     

猪卵丘扩展与卵母细胞核成熟关系的研究

 以猪卵丘卵母细胞复合体（COC）为实验对象研究了猪卵丘扩展与卵母细胞核成熟之间的关系,结果表明,（1）全程培养均暴露于激素环境中不利于卵丘的扩展;（2）卵丘扩展良好与卵丘扩展不好的卵母细胞核成熟比例无统计学差异（P>005）;（3）去除卵母细胞的COC培养后,卵丘细胞仍然能发生扩展;（4）培养24h后去掉COC的卵丘细胞不仅不影响卵母细胞的核成熟,而且极体完整的卵母细胞数目还显著增多（P<0.01）;但去颗粒细胞组卵母细胞的质膜不如对照组光滑;（5）带有壁颗粒细胞（mural granulosa cell,MGC）的COC扩展情况明显优于不带MGC的,其中含有极体的成熟卵数也显著高于后者（P<0.01）。     

哺乳动物卵母细胞成熟及调节机制

哺乳动物卵母细胞的成熟是一个复杂的生理生化过程,包括核成熟和胞质成熟。对卵母细胞研究发现,卵母细胞成熟后表现出一些特征性变化,可作为判断卵母细胞成熟的标志。进一步研究表明,卵母细胞的成熟过程受许多生化因子的调节。     

保存温度对卵母细胞体外成熟率的影响及牦牛卵母细胞体外成熟培养方式初探

【目的】探索不同卵巢保存温度对卵母细胞体外成熟的影响以及两种培养方式对牦牛卵母细胞体外成熟的影响。【方法】通过对绵羊、山羊、牦牛、蒙古牛和奶牛卵母细胞进行体外成熟培养,比较两种保存温度对5种卵母细胞成熟率的影响,并以牦牛卵母细胞为研究对象比较两种培养方式对牦牛卵母细胞成熟率的影响。【结果】卵巢保存温度为20～25℃时,山羊卵母细胞体外成熟率显著高于卵巢保存温度26～30℃(P=0.021)。蒙古牛卵巢保存于20～25℃时,其卵母细胞成熟率极显著高于卵巢保存在26～30℃(P=0.001)。保存温度为20～25℃时,绵羊、牦牛和奶牛的卵母细胞体外成熟率都较高于卵巢保存温度为26～30℃时的成熟率。另外,牦牛卵母细胞在四孔板中成熟培养的成熟率与在35 mm培养皿中成熟率并没有显著差异(P=0.65)。【结论】绵羊、山羊、牦牛、蒙古牛和奶牛的卵巢保存于20～25℃为宜,该卵巢保存温度可提高卵母细胞体外成熟率。牦牛卵母细胞在四孔板中培养的成熟率高于在35 mm培养皿中成熟率。