人工饲养猕猴产后瘫痪的防治

通过观察猕猴产后瘫痪的临床症状,并与类似疾病进行比较,做出诊断,最后提出预防和治疗措施,以期为猕猴产后瘫痪预防、治疗提供参考。     

Anopheles hackeri,a vector of Plasmodium knowlesi in Malaya

Anopheles hackeri, a mosquito commonly found breeding in nipa palm leaf bases along the Malayan coast, was demonstrated to be infected with Plasmodium knowlesi by the inoculation of sporozoites into an uninfected rhesus monkey. This was the first demonstration of a natural vector of any monkey malaria.     

Simian AIDS: isolation of a type D retrovirus and transmission of the disease

A type D retrovirus related to but distinct from Mason-Pfizer monkey virus was isolated in vitro from the blood of two rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (SAIDS). Three juvenile rhesus monkeys that were injected intravenously with tissue culture fluids containing this virus developed SAIDS after 2 to 4 weeks.     

A new type D retrovirus isolated from macaques with an immunodeficiency syndrome

Macaque monkeys with the recently described acquired immunodeficiency syndrome show a marked defect in T-lymphocyte function and die with opportunistic infections and lymphoproliferative abnormalities. In the study described here a new type D retrovirus was isolated from two Macaca cyclopis with this syndrome. This virus is related to, but distinct from, Mason-Pfizer monkey virus, a type D retrovirus previously isolated from a mammary tumor of a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).     

Vocal tract limitations on the vowel repertoires of rhesus monkey and other nonhuman primates

The vowel repertoire of a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) was explored by means of a computer program that calculated formant frequencies from the area function of the animal's supralaryngeal vocal tract, which was systematically varied within the limits imposed by anatomical constraints. The resulting vowels were compared with those of humans and with recorded vocalizations of nonhuman primates. The computer model indicates that the acoustic "vowel space" of a rhesus monkey is quite restricted compared to that of the human. This limitation results from the lack of a pharyngeal region that can change its cross-sectional area. These animals thus lack the output mechanism necessary for production of human speech. Man's speech output mechanism is apparently species-specific.     

Application and Assessment of Ketamine-Xylidinothiazoline Combinations for Anaesthesia in Rhesus Monkey

The quantitative anaesthesia assessment technique was used to evaluate the effectiveness of ketamine, ketamine-xylidinothiazoline in rhesus monkey. Total 20 healthy adult rhesus monkeys were divided into two groups and anaesthetized using either intramuscular （IM） ketamine （20 mg·kg^-1） or ketamine （5 mg·kg^-1 IM） and xylidinothiazoline （1 mg·kg^-1 IM）. During anaesthesia rectal temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate, saturation of blood oxygen and blood pressure were recorded. The degree of sedation, analgesia, muscle relaxation were monitored either. The results showed that ketamine alone did not produce adequate anaesthesia, and the combination of xylidinothiazoline and ketamine provided adequate anesthesia for rhesus monkeys with no significant side effects and little effects on respiration and circulation.     

Mobile DNA in Old World monkeys: a glimpse through the rhesus macaque genome

The completion of the draft sequence of the rhesus macaque genome allowed us to study the genomic composition and evolution of transposable elements in this representative of the Old World monkey lineage, a group of diverse primates closely related to humans. The L1 family of long interspersed elements appears to have evolved as a single lineage, and Alu elements have evolved into four currently active lineages. We also found evidence of elevated horizontal transmissions of retroviruses and the absence of DNA transposon activity in the Old World monkey lineage. In addition, approximately 100 precursors of composite SVA (short interspersed element, variable number of tandem repeat, and Alu) elements were identified, with the majority being shared by the common ancestor of humans and rhesus macaques. Mobile elements compose roughly 50% of primate genomes, and our findings illustrate their diversity and strong influence on genome evolution between closely related species.     

Effects of brief separation from mother on rhesus monkeys

To summarize, data on the course of development of mother-infant relations in rhesus monkeys have been presented; a method for teasing apart the relative roles of mother and infant in causing changes or differences in the interaction described; and the complexity of the social nexus, within which the relationship is set, stressed. When the mother is removed for a few days, the infant calls a great deal at first and then shows depressed locomotor and play activity. These symptoms may last for a month after the mother's return. Simple tests given 6 months and even 2 years later strongly suggest that the differences (between infants that have had such a separation experience and infants that have not) are persistent. Are these data relevant to the human case? The rhesus monkey has no verbal language and a much less complex social development than man. Furthermore, its social environment is quite different from that found in any human culture. Parallels between monkey and man must therefore be scrutinized carefully before being used as a basis for generalization. But the facts show that a brief separation experience produces in rhesus monkey infants symptoms that are very similar (except for the apparent absence of a "phase of detachment" on reunion) to those in human infants (25). While age of separation, within the rather narrow limits used here, was a variable of minor importance, the effects of the separation varied, as in the human case, with the length of the separation experience and the sex of the infant. Differences in the techniques of experimenters, as well as differences in the species, prevent precise comparisons of the roles of the mother-infant relationships; nevertheless, the nature of the relationship appears to be an important variable in both monkey and man. There would seem, therefore, to be strong reasons for thinking that we are dealing with comparable phenomena. If that is the case, the fact that monkeys function at a simpler conceptual level than man limits the complexity of the explanatory hypotheses necessary in the human case. In addition, the finding that such a brief separation experience, involving removal of the mother but no exposure to a strange environment, can produce effects lasting for months or years in rhesus monkeys strengthens the evidence that long-term effects may occur also in man. Finally, this analysis provides bases for attempts to predict individual differences in the effects of a period of separation on rhesus infants, and the parallels with man suggest that examination of the same variables in the human case would be worthwhile.     

Langerhans cells: uptake of tritiated thymidine

After irradiation of the skin of the rhesus monkey with ultraviolet light, there is temporary suppression of the proliferating activity of the epidermal cells, followed by some hyperplasia and a striking increase in synthesis of DNA by Langerhans cells. Since Langerhans cells can proliferate, they can no longer be considered to be worn-out melanocytes.     

恒河猴纹状体一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元的形态学观察

为研究恒河猴纹状体一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元的形态特征和分布特点,利用尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸黄递酶(NADPH-d)组织化学和神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)免疫组织化学法。结果发现尾壳核内分布着大量形态多样的NADPH-d和nNOS阳性神经元,其胞体呈锥体形、多角形、纺锤形、梭形和卵圆形,直径9.6~27.2μm。在内囊中有少量的阳性细胞,形态多样。外髓板中有淡染的NADPH-d、nNOS弱阳性大细胞,直径27.2~54.4μm。恒河猴纹状体内有大量的形态大小不一的一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元。     

Menstrual cycle influences grooming behavior and sexual activity in the Rhesus monkey

The time spent by the female rhesus monkey in grooming the male fluctuates rhythmically and reaches a minimum at mid-cycle. At this time the male's grooming activity reaches a maximum. The rhythmic changes in male mounting behavior, together with the males' and females' grooming cycles, are abolished by ovariectomy and have a hormonal basis.     

Subhuman primate diploid cells: possible substrates for production of virus vaccines

Results of a program for development of new cell lines suggest that it it possible to establish cell lines from both rhesus and African green monkeys which are comparable to diploid lines of human origin, and that these monkey lines should be candidates for use in the production of virus vaccines.     

Instrumental conditioning of jugular self-infusion in the rhesus monkey

A technique is described for self-infusion of pharmacologic agents in solution through a permanently indwelling jugular catheter in the rhesus monkey. The results of an experiment utilizing this technique demonstrate that an instrumental lever response can be conditioned, extinguished, reconditioned, and brought under stimulus control and reward-schedule control with saline self-infusion as the reinforcing stimulus.     

Rhesus monkey vestibular cortex: a bimodal primary projection field

Single units in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulata) cortex responded to both vestibular and proprioceptive somatosensory stimuli. This bimodal response characteristic is unlike the modality specificity noted for other primary sensory fields. The vestibular field is located, contrary to previous opinion, within a distinct cytoarchitectonic area outside of area 2.     

Autoimmune encephalomyelitis and ocular lesions in monkeys sensitized during the neonatal period

The neonatal rhesus monkey is susceptible to the induction of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The disease has been produced regularly by injection of neonatal animals with guinea pig spinal cord antigen in complete Freund's adjuvant. The onset of the disease, as compared with onset in adults, is delayed and is most often heralded by intrinsic eye lesions, notably widespread retinal hemorrhages.     

Ontogeny of soluble and mitochondrial tyrosine aminotransferases

The development of the soluble and mitochondrial forms of tyrosine aminotransferase was observed in fetal and neonatal rhesus monkey tissues. The mitochondrial activity is detectable in early fetal life; the soluble form reaches significant activity just before the birth of the animal.     

CINERADIOANGIOGRAPHIC VISUALIZATION OF THE VENOUS DRAINAGE OF THE PRIMATE PLACENTA IN VIVO

Radiopaque dye injected directly into the intervillous space of the placenta of the rhesus monkey may be observed, by cineradiography, as it spreads throughout the space and drains into the veins of the uterine wall and eventually into the systemic circulation.     

Neural basis of orientation perception in primate vision

Orientational differences in human visual acuity can be related parametrically to the distribution of optimal orientations for the receptive fields of neurons in the striate cortex of the rhesus monkey. Both behavioral measures of acuity and the distribution of receptive fields exhibit maximums for stimuli horizontal or vertical relative to the retina; the effect diminishes with distance from the fovea. The anisotropy in the neuronal population and in visual acuity appear to be determined by postnatal visual experience.     

Oncogenicity of the simian adenoviruses

Five of 17 adenoviruses of rhesus or cynomolgus monkey origin induced tumors in newborn hamsters. The tumors appeared between 42 and 280 days after subcutaneous inoculation and had the general characteristics of lymphomas. The tumors were specific by cross-complement fixation tests. An adenovirus recovered from Cercopithecus monkeys appeared to be highly oncogenic; all 23 inoculated hamsters developed tumors within 30 to 40 days.     

Brain lesions in an infant rhesus monkey treated with monsodium glutamate

In an infant rhesus monkey brain damage resulted from subcutaneously administered monosodium glutamate. Although a relatively high dose of monosodium glutamate was used, the infant was asymptomatic for a 3-hour observation period during which time hypothalamic neurons were undergoing a process of acute cell death. With the electron microscope it was observed that dendrites and cell bodies of neurons are the tissue components primarily affected in brain damage induced by monosodium glutamate.