亚热带地区几种红壤坡面侵蚀泥沙的物质组成特性

以三种母质发育的5个红壤为研究对象,在人工降雨条件下,研究不同降雨动能条件下坡面侵蚀泥沙的颗粒分布特征及物质组成状况。结果表明:侵蚀泥沙的颗粒分布受土壤母质和降雨侵蚀力影响差异较大,相同母质红壤产生泥沙的颗粒组成特征相似,纱网覆盖条件下泥沙中细颗粒(0.02 mm)相对含量普遍高于裸地,泥质页岩发育红壤(HS)和花岗岩发育红壤(TG1和TG2)泥沙(分散后)表现为黏粒和粉粒的富集,富集率为1.15~3.14,第四纪红黏土发育红壤(HQ1和HQ2)泥沙中(分散后)砂粒富集比较明显,富集率最高为3.84;对于HS、TG1和TG2土壤而言,泥沙中有机质(OM)、游离氧化铁铝(Fed和Ald)主要分布在0.05 mm粒径中,而对于HQ1和HQ2土壤而言,则主要分布在0.25 mm和0.05 mm两个粒级的泥沙颗粒中,其中有机质(OM)富集最明显;泥沙中OM、Fed和Ald之间达到极显著相关(r≥0.82),而且它们与土壤中阳离子交换量(CEC)、Fed、Ald、非晶形氧化硅(Sio)、黏粒含量的相关性也达到极显著水平(r≥0.81),说明泥沙中这些物质间相互影响,而且很大程度上取决于供试土壤的自身物质含量。     

红壤表土团聚体稳定性对坡面侵蚀的影响

通过野外人工模拟降雨试验,研究了第四纪红粘土、泥质页岩和花岗岩三种母质发育的红壤团聚体稳定性对土壤坡面侵蚀和侵蚀泥沙特性的影响.结果表明：坡面土壤侵蚀量和径流强度与土壤团聚体稳定性存在显著负相关关系,且不同团聚体稳定性指标与二者相关程度存在差异,其中湿筛团聚体平均重量直径（MWD）和》0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量（WSA0.25）与侵蚀量和径流强度相关程度最高,快速湿润中1～0.5 mm团聚体和湿润振荡中2～1 mm团聚体标准化平均重量直径（NMWD）与二者的相关性也达到了显著;泥沙粒径与湿筛MWD和WSA0.25之间相关关系（偏相关分析）呈显著正相关（r=0.8283^＊,r=0.8209^＊）;快速湿润中1～0.5 mm团聚体和湿润振荡中2～1 mm团聚体的NMWD与泥沙粒径也存在较好正相关关系（r=0.7458,r=0.6859）.泥沙粒径和水流功率在本研究中未表现出较好相关性（r=-0.1852）.     

放水冲刷对红壤坡面侵蚀过程及溶质迁移特征的影响研究

坡面薄层水流侵蚀不仅造成土壤养分流失,土壤质量恶化,同时对水体污染等环境问题造成一定影响。为了分析上方来水流量对红壤坡面径流侵蚀过程中泥沙的迁移规律及土壤溶质运移特征的影响,本试验利用室内放水冲刷试验,采用3个不同上方来水流量（10 L min-1、15 L min-1、20 L min-1）对第四纪黏土发育红壤坡面径流侵蚀过程中坡面径流泥沙和径流中非吸附性离子（Br-）迁移过程进行了研究。结果表明：不同上方来水条件下,放水初期产流量迅速增大,后期趋于稳定,累积径流量与产流时间成显著的线性关系,10 L min-1、15 L min-1、20 L min-1三种上方来水流量下累积径流量分别为263.2 L、295.1 L、291.04 L;上方来水流量越大,薄层径流冲刷作用越强烈,径流含沙量随时间变化波动越剧烈,累积泥沙量随产流时间呈幂函数变化,15 L min-1、20 L min-1流量下累积泥沙量分别为10 L min-1流量下累积泥沙量的1.42倍、4.25倍;径流Br-浓度随产流时间呈幂函数衰减,反映了土壤溶质随径流迁移量变化主要受水流与土壤接触时间和作用程度的影响。研究表明放水冲刷对土壤侵蚀及溶质运移有重要作用,试验结果对有效预测与控制红壤坡面侵蚀及养分流失具有重要实际意义。     

坡面侵蚀泥沙来源立体分布研究

采用REE-INAA方法,采取沿坡面分层分段的新型试验布设方法,研究次降雨条件下坡面侵蚀泥沙来源立体分布规律。结果表明:坡面侵蚀形态演变过程可划分为面蚀、细沟发育和细沟稳定3个阶段。细沟侵蚀是坡面侵蚀产沙的主要原因,试验中的细沟侵蚀产沙量约为面蚀产沙量的9.9倍。可以利用侵蚀产沙贡献率来表征不同试验区域产沙量对总产沙量贡献作用的大小。处于坡面底部的Eu区和Yb区是面蚀量最大区域,其侵蚀产沙贡献率分别为3.1%和3.3%。处于坡面底部的Nd区和Ce区是细沟侵蚀量最大区域,其侵蚀产沙贡献率分别为42.8%和37.5%。坡面中下部是坡面侵蚀泥沙来源的主要区域。     

不同湿润速率对三种红壤坡面侵蚀过程的影响

以三种典型红壤为研究对象,采用室内人工模拟降雨方法,研究了湿润速率对坡面径流和侵蚀的影响以及泥沙特性。实验结果表明:在坡度为15°、降雨强度为60mmh-1条件下,湿润速率越大,产流时间越慢,稳定径流强度越大。供试三种红壤QP1、QP2和QP3快速湿润时稳定径流强度较慢速湿润分别增加60%、37%和21%。同样,坡面侵蚀量也随着湿润速率的增大而增加,供试三种典型红壤在快速湿润条件下侵蚀量较中速湿润分别增加23%、28%和61%,较慢速湿润分别增加112%、85%和159%。侵蚀泥沙的平均质量直径随着湿润速率的增大而减小。研究结果有助于深入理解团聚体破碎机制以及坡面侵蚀机理,为侵蚀模型提供必要的参数。     

工程堆积体坡面侵蚀泥沙分选特性与运移机制研究

为揭示工程堆积体陡坡坡面在径流驱动下侵蚀泥沙颗粒分选特征及搬运机制,设计了3种上方来水流量(10,20,30 L/min)下的野外模拟径流冲刷试验,对杨凌弃土工程堆积体陡坡坡面(32°)侵蚀泥沙的颗粒分布特征进行分析。结果表明:侵蚀泥沙(分散前)中黏粒、细粉粒较原始土壤明显增加,易产生侵蚀;径流对团粒破碎作用影响侵蚀泥沙黏粒含量,当径流功率＜1.71 N/(m·s)时,黏粒含量与径流功率呈负相关,＞3.89 N/(m·s)时则呈正相关;侵蚀泥沙中细粉粒、粗粉粒主要以单粒的形式搬运,而黏粒以及砂粒多以团粒的形式搬运;侵蚀泥沙中黏粒表现为富集,砂粒表现为贫化;泥沙颗粒粒径决定其主要搬运形式,＜0.11 mm的泥沙颗粒以悬移/跃移搬运为主,＞0.11 mm的泥沙颗粒以滚动搬运为主;滚动搬运的贡献率随径流搬运能力的增强呈先增大后减小。研究结果将有助于揭示工程堆积体坡面水蚀过程机理,为提高工程堆积体陡坡坡面水蚀模型预测精度提供科学依据。     

黄麻土工布覆盖对花岗岩红壤表土坡面侵蚀特性的影响

[目的]探究黄麻土工布覆盖条件下花岗岩红壤表土坡面侵蚀特性,为花岗岩红壤区坡面土壤侵蚀防治提供科学依据。[方法]通过室内模拟降雨试验,在2个坡度(5°和15°坡度)、3种密度(无覆盖,6 cm×6 cm及3 cm×3 cm网格)的黄麻土工布覆盖条件下,研究极端降雨条件下(90 mm/h)花岗岩红壤表土的坡面侵蚀特性,并观测径流系数、土壤侵蚀速率、泥沙颗粒变化规律及富集率等指标。[结果]坡面径流随降雨历时增加而增加,土壤侵蚀速率则相反,表明侵蚀过程是一个分离受限的过程。和对照组相比,黄麻土工布覆盖在不同试验条件下都具有明显的减流减沙作用。另外,由侵蚀泥沙的粒径分选规律可知,坡面土壤中的黏粒和粉粒大小的颗粒倾向于被优先选择性搬运,其结果致使坡面石英粗颗粒富集,在缓坡(5°)与高密度黄麻土工布覆盖条件下(3 cm×3 cm网格)尤为突出。坡面石英粗颗粒随降雨历时增加不断富集进一步增加了原位坡面的侵蚀抗性,产生了土壤侵蚀速率随降雨历时不断降低的现象。[结论]高密度黄麻土工布的覆盖能够有效地减流减沙,增加原位坡面抗蚀性,是一种有效的水土保持措施,在今后的土壤侵蚀防治和劣地恢复工作中应该被重视。     

海藻多糖抗蚀剂对红壤坡面侵蚀过程的影响

为探究海藻多糖抗蚀剂（SA-01）在控制坡面水土流失中的效果及作用机理,该研究以南方红壤区典型红壤为例,通过人工模拟降雨试验（雨强90 mm/h,坡度5°、10°、15°）,设置不同施加浓度（0、0.25%、0.50%、0.75%、1.00%）,分析SA-01施加浓度对红壤坡面产流产沙过程的影响,并结合土样斥水性试验、团聚体稳定性试验和电镜扫描分析SA-01影响坡面土壤侵蚀的作用机理。结果表明：与不施加SA-01的坡面相比,施加SA-01后坡面产流时间提前,稳定径流量增大。随施加浓度增大,坡面产流量增加比例也增大。施加SA-01后能显著降低坡面土壤侵蚀产沙量,这主要是由于土壤施加SA-01后,与土壤中的Ca2+等阳离子发生螯合反应,在土壤颗粒表面生成有一定强度的保护层有关,保存层的存在使土壤斥水性增大,减少了土壤团聚体的遇水分散性,提高了各级粒径土壤团聚体的稳定性。0.25%的施加浓度即可将团聚体水稳性提升到70%以上,这为中国南方以排水保土为核心的水土保持工作提供了新思路。     

侵蚀泥沙坡面沉积研究初报

利用元素示踪法的优点,对坡面侵蚀土体的颗粒在坡面上的运移、沉积状况进行了研究。通过对野外全坡面径流小区的试验、观测数据的分析,讨论了侵蚀泥沙在坡面沉积的分布特征及其影响因素,探讨了沉积对利用示踪法研究土壤侵蚀空间分布的影响程度。研究结果表明稀土元素示踪方法在坡面、沟道侵蚀泥沙的沉积研究中可望有广泛的应用前景。     

Estimating interrill soil erosion from aggregate stability of Ultisols in subtropical China

During raindrop impact soil, aggregates breakdown and produce finer, more transportable particles and micro-aggregates. These particles and micro-aggregates appreciably affect the processes of infiltration, seal and crust development, runoff, and soil erosion. Aggregate stability is, therefore, an important property that may explain, quantify, and predict these processes. This study was designed to develop improved formulae for assessing interrill erosion rate by incorporating the aggregate stability index (A_s) in the prediction evaluations for soil erodibilites of Ultisols in subtropical China. Field experiments of simulated rainfall involving rainstorm simulations with medium and high rainfall intensity were conducted on six cultivated soils for which the soil aggregate stability was determined by the LB-method. This study yielded two prediction equations D_i = 0.23A_sI²(1.05 − 0.85 exp^−4sin θ) and D_i = 0.34A_sqI(1.05 − 0.85 exp^−4sin θ) that allowed a comparison of their efficiency in assessing the interrill erosion rate. A_s is an aggregate stability index, which reflected the main mechanisms of aggregate breakdown in interrill erosion process, θ is the slope angle, I is the rainfall intensity, and q is the runoff rate. Relatively good agreement was obtained between predicted and measured values of erosion rates for each of the prediction models (R² = 0.86^**, and R² = 0.90^**). It was concluded that these formulae based on the stability index, A_s, have the potential to improve methodology for assessing interrill erosion rates for the subtropical Chinese Ultisols. Considering the time-consuming and costly experimentation of runoff rate measurements, the equation without runoff rate (q) was the more convenient and effective one to predict interrill erosion rates on Ultisols of subtropical China.     

红壤侵蚀区水土保持植物配置模式

 为探索中国南方红壤侵蚀严重区水土流失快速治理的方法和途径,在江西省的修水、宁都、石城等县花岗岩发育的红壤侵蚀区,对16种水土保持植物配置模式的植物生长状况、蓄水保土效益、改土增肥效益、经济效益4方面进行观测,通过建立评价模型,对不同人工植物群落配置模式的水土保持效益进行综合定量评价。结果表明:修水试验区马尾松+木荷+胡枝子+黄栀子、马尾松+木荷+泡桐+胡枝子,宁都试验区马尾松+木荷+胡枝子,石城试验区湿地松+枫香+胡枝子+硬骨草、湿地松+胡枝子+硬骨草和湿地松+胡枝子+百喜草配置模式各种效益表现优良,可以在同类地区大力推广。     

基于EI的南方红壤区土壤侵蚀县域差异与趋势分析

提出了土壤侵蚀综合指数(EI值)的新算法,并利用多项式方程模型法确定剧烈侵蚀强度的侵蚀模数中值为18700tkm-2a-1,还确定了各侵蚀等级的权重分值。利用新方法计算了南方红壤区476个县级行政单位(包括市和区,简称县,下同)在1996年和2002年两个年度的土壤侵蚀综合指数,在GIS支持下,分析了EI值的时空变化。从时间上来看,南方红壤全区的EI值从1986年的3.81降低至2002年的3.02,呈递减趋势,说明该时间段红壤区土壤侵蚀面积和强度都在向好的方向发展。从1996年至2002年5年间,红壤区476个县中,EI值增加的有163个,EI值减少的有285个,EI值保持不变的有28个,分别占红壤区总县数的34.2%、59.9%和5.9%。EI值减少的区域,主要分布在江西、福建和浙江3省,而指数增加的区域,主要分布在广东和湖南,特别是广东省,EI值增加的区域面积较大,说明土壤侵蚀较为轻微的广东省,近年来土壤侵蚀有加重的趋势。     

中国东南部红壤地区不同植被对土壤侵蚀和土壤养分的影响

The effect of different vegetation systems including bamboo plantation (BP), forest ecosystem (CF), citrus orchard (Ctr) and farmland (FL) on erosion and nutrients of red soil were investigated in hilly region of southeastern China to find effective control measures for soil erosion. The results showed that all the vegetation systems could significantly reduce soil erosion and nutrient losses compared to bare land (Br). The ability of different vegetation systems to conserve soil and water was in the order of Ctr > BP > CF > FL > Br. Vegetation could also improve soil fertility. The soil organic matter, total N and total P contents were much higher in all the vegetation systems than in bare land, especially for the top soils. Vegetation systems improved soil physical properties remarkably. Compared to the bare land, soil organic matter, TP, TK and available K, especially soil microbial biomass C, N and P, increased under all the vegetation covers. However, they were still much lower than expected, thus these biological measurements are still needed to be carried out continuously.     

红壤有机碳流失特征及其与泥沙径流流失量的定量关系

通过野外微型径流小区模拟降雨试验,对坡面小区尺度水力侵蚀过程中物理运移土壤有机碳的规律进行研究。结果表明:2 m×5 m径流小区持续降雨30 min后,大雨强(1.64 mm min-1)和小雨强(0.58 mm min-1)降雨条件下泥沙携带流失的有机碳总量分别为56.09 g和3.18 g,溶解于径流流失的有机碳总量分别为13.55 g和2.81 g。降雨强度和持续时间对有机碳流失的过程特征有显著影响。降雨强度越大,泥沙携带及溶解于径流的有机碳流失速率和总量也越大。大雨强泥沙有机碳富集比在产流发生后的18min内大于1,随后降至1以下。小雨强泥沙有机碳富集比始终小于1。大雨强径流有机碳浓度与径流量呈立方关系,小雨强有机碳流失量随径流量增加呈线性递增趋势;大雨强泥沙有机碳含量与泥沙量之间具有明显的立方关系。     

Interrill erosion from disturbed and undisturbed samples in relation to topsoil aggregate stability in red soils from subtropical China

The assessment of soil erodibility to water erosion in the field is often expensive and time-consuming. This study was designed to reveal the effects of aggregate breakdown mechanisms on interrill erosion dynamics and develop an improved model for assessing interrill soil loss, which incorporated the soil aggregate stability tests as a substitute for the interrill erodibility parameter, from both disturbed and undisturbed samples for red soils in subtropical China. Six cultivated areas of sloping land with red soils were selected, and topsoil aggregate stability was analyzed using the Le Bissonnais method to determine the different disaggregation forces. Laboratory rainfall simulations were designed to distinguish the effects of slaking (at different wetting rates) and mechanical breakdown (with and without screening) on soil erosion characteristics. Field rainstorm simulations with medium and high rainfall intensities were conducted on runoff plots (2 m 1 m) with slope gradients varying from 10% to 20% for each soil type. A new instability index, Ka, which considers aggregate breakdown mechanisms in interrill erosion processes, was proposed based on the disturbed sample results. Ka showed a close relationship with erosion rates in both disturbed and undisturbed samples. Following from the results of undisturbed sample experiments, Ka was used as a substitute for the erodibility factor, and introduced into the WEPP model, establishing a new erosion predication formula for red soils which had a good correlation coefficient (R² = 0.89**). This research made a good attempt at estimating the interrill erosion rate on the basis of aggregate stability from simple laboratory determinations. These results extend the validity of soil aggregation characterization as an appropriate indicator of soil susceptibility to interrill erosion in red soils from subtropical China. The formula based on the instability index, Ka, has the potential to improve the methodology used for assessing interrill erosion rates.     

Impacts of different surface features on soil detachment in the subtropical region

Near-surface features have a great influence on runoff and detachment processes by overland flow, but the contributions are still unclear on steep slopes with yellow soil in subtropical humid regions. Field scouring experiments were conducted to investigate how near-surface features affect hydraulic parameters and detachment rate by overland flow. Five treatments and a baseline (disturbed rootless bare cropland) were designed to identify the contributions from stem-leaves, litter, biological soil crusts (BSCs), root systems and non-disturbance, respectively. The results showed that (1) the values of velocity, Reynolds number and Froude number for vegetated slopes were significantly lower than that of baseline, and stem-leaves made a greater contribution (average of 47.30%) to reducing kinetic energy than the other features; (2) the total contribution rate of grassland was 99.38%, and of this total, 1.19, 1.44, 2.49, 49.79 and 44.47% reductions were attributed to the stem-leaves, litter, BSCs, root systems and non-disturbance, respectively. Root system and non-disturbance dominated the detachment rate reduction; (3) with increasing flow rate or slope gradient, the total contribution rate remained between 98% and 100%; and (4) for each treatment, the relationship between detachment rate and hydraulic parameters remained constant, and the stream power was the best predictor to detachment rate. The study results are helpful in evaluating the effects of near-surface features on erosion control and providing reference for government decision-makers to choose appropriate soil conservation and management practices.     

川中丘陵区土壤侵蚀对土壤特性和作物产量的影响

Roles of tillage erosion and water erosion in the development of within-field spatial variation of surface soil properties and soil degradation and their contributions to the reduction of crop yields were studied on three linear slopes in the Sichuan Basin, southwestern China. Tillage erosion was found to be the dominant erosion process at upper slope positions of each linear slope and on the whole short slope (20 m). On the long slope (110 m) and medium slope (40 m), water erosion was the dominant erosion process. Soil organic matter and soil nutrients in the tillage layer were significantly related to slope length and ¹³⁷Cs inventories on the long slope; however, there was no significant correlation among them on the short slope, suggesting that water erosion lowered soil quality by transporting SOM and surface soil nutrients selectively from the upper to lower slope positions, while tillage erosion transported soil materials unselectively. On the medium slope, SOM, total N, and available N in the tillage layer were correlated with slope length and the other properties were distributed evenly on the slope, indicating that water erosion on this slope was still the dominant soil redistribution process. Similar patterns were found for the responses of grain yield, aboveground biomass, and harvest index for slopes. These results indicated that tillage erosion was a major cause for soil degradation and grain yield reduction on the linear slopes because it resulted in displacement of the tillage layer soil required for maintaining soil quality and plant growth.     

渭北旱塬不同程度土壤侵蚀及生产力恢复试验

土壤侵蚀会降低生产力,影响作物产量,因此,恢复土壤生产力是人们普遍关注的问题。采用人工模拟土壤侵蚀方法,对侵蚀状况下的土壤进行生产力研究,并配以施肥探索土壤生产力的恢复情况。结果显示：I）施肥可以改善土壤的物理性状,侵蚀土壤的含水量降低,密度增加,孔隙度减小;2）在无肥下,土壤中有机质及其他养分质量分数均随侵蚀程度的加深而减少,施肥可以增加土壤中有机质及各养分的质量分数,但施肥后各养分的质量分数整体上仍呈现出随侵蚀深而降低的趋势;3）土壤侵蚀会减少玉米的生物量,平均每侵蚀1am土层,玉米生物量下降0．38％,施肥可以在一定程度上弥补侵蚀所造成的损失;4）同生物量的变化情况,玉米产量也呈现出随侵蚀程度加深而逐渐下降的趋势,每流失1cm土层,玉米产量平均下降2．49％,施肥能够提高一定的玉米产量,在剥离地表20cm、剥离地表10cm、原状未扰动土和覆盖10cm表土4种不同的地表处理下,常规施肥下的玉米产量比无肥分别提高2．44％、2．13％、1．50％和1．23％,过量施肥比无肥分别提高2．99％、2．56％、1．98％、1．14％。