保护地菜田土壤氨挥发损失及影响因素研究

保护地过量施用氮肥是造成氮素氨挥发损失的主要原因。本文采用"密闭室间歇通气法"研究了常规施肥、常规+C/N、推荐施肥和单施有机肥4种施肥措施下保护地菜田土壤的氨挥发特性。结果表明:减少施肥量和秸秆还田技术能有效降低氨挥发损失;整个监测周期内,不同处理氨挥发量均较小,常规施肥处理损失量最高,占总施氮量的0.73%,化肥氮对氨挥发的贡献率较大(大于70%),不同处理氨挥发损失量大小顺序为常规施肥常规+C/N推荐施肥单施有机肥;氨挥发监测周期内表层土壤(0—1cm)pH值呈先下降后上升的趋势,下降幅度以常规施肥处理最大,约0.5个pH值单位;土壤pH值、0—1cm土层铵态氮含量与氨挥发速率呈显著正相关(P0.05)。     

镇江丘陵区稻田化肥氮的氨挥发及其影响因素

采用密闭室方法对镇江丘陵区典型稻麦轮作制度下的水稻插秧、分蘖和孕穗期施用尿素的氨挥发进行了测定，并对施肥后土壤pH的变化及其对氨挥发的影响进行了分析，结果表明稻田施用尿素有明显的氨挥发损失，氨挥发损失率在水稻不同生育期有很大的差异，分蘖肥的氨挥发显著高于基肥和孕穗肥，受温度、植株状况以及光照条件等因素的影响，氮挥发存在明显的年际差异。田面水的pH值在施肥后有明显的昼夜波动，而氨挥发损失受田面水pH值变化的显著影响。稻草对不同生育期施肥的氨挥发影响不同。     

红壤不同含水量对尿素氨挥发的影响

根据第四纪红壤水分特征设计160、200、240、280、320、360g/kg6个土壤含水量处理,通过温室模拟,研究了红壤不同含水量对尿素氨挥发的影响。结果表明,等量尿素施入红壤后,氨挥发通量与土壤含水量之间无显著相关性,而高含水量(280、320、360g/kg)处理氨挥发通量峰值较低含水量(160、200g/kg)处理提前10天。氨挥发过程可分为快速-慢速2个阶段,氨累积挥发量(y)与对应时间(t)符合Elovish动力学方程(y=a blnt)。第1～10天,氨挥发累积量随红壤含水量的增加而递增;第11天后,以含水量为240g/kg处理的氨挥发累积N量最低。试验期间,氨挥发累积总N量,以含水量240g/kg时最低(0.90gN),含水量320g/kg时最高(1.16gN),分别占尿素施入N量的9.0%和11.6%。     

洱海北部地区不同施氮强度对水稻季稻田氨挥发的影响

为明确洱海北部地区农田氨挥发损失规律及其影响因素,采用密闭室通气法研究了洱海北部地区水稻季不同施氮量对田面水氨挥发损失的影响,同时测定了田面水NH4+-N浓度、NO3--N浓度、pH值等氨挥发影响因素的变化。结果表明:在施入基肥后,氨挥发通量在第3 d达到峰值后呈波动下降趋势,9 d后氨挥发停止,在施入孕穗肥后,氨挥发通量在第1~2 d内到达顶点而后迅速下降,5 d后氨挥发停止;不同施氮水平与各生育期的氨挥发累积量呈极显著正相关(相关系数在0.839以上),不同生育期的氨挥发累积量表现为:基肥孕穗肥,施氮处理的氨挥发累积量为15.23~55.45 kg hm-2,而氨挥发损失率在11.28%~15.40%之间;田面水NH4+-N浓度到峰值时比氨挥发通量达最大值时早1 d,当NH4+-N浓度小于10 mg L-1后时不利于田面水氨挥发损失;不同施氮量的氨挥发通量和田面水NH4+-N浓度呈极显著正相关(相关系数为0.624),与田面水pH值、NO3--N浓度则无显著相关。因此,施肥后5~9 d内是控制氨挥发损失的关键时期,而施氮量和田面水NH4+-N浓度的变化是决定氨挥发损失量的关键因素之一。     

太湖地区氮磷肥施用对稻田氨挥发的影响

在太湖地区乌栅土上,采用田间小区试验连续两年研究了施氮(N)量为0、180、255、330kg hm-2,施磷(P2O5)量为0、309、0、180 kg hm-2的6个组合(对照N0P0、低氮N180P90、优化N255P90、低磷N255P30、高磷N255P180、高氮N330P90)以及三个施肥时期对稻田氨挥发损失的影响,氨挥发采用密闭室间歇通气法测定。结果表明,稻田氨挥发损失主要发生在施肥后6d内,基肥和第一次追肥后各处理氨挥发量占施氮量的0.4%~11.5%,而第二次追肥后氨挥发损失比例较大,对照、低氮、优化、低磷、高磷和高氮处理的氨挥发在2002年稻季分别占施氮量的5.8%、9.7%、25.6%、15.6%和11.6%,在2003年稻季则分别为27.4%、26.2%、30.0%、35.1%和27.6%。若施肥后遇阴雨天气或正值水稻拔节孕穗期,氨挥发量便降低。田面水中的NH4 -N浓度是氨挥发的决定因素之一,与氨挥发通量呈正相关。施磷量相同时,氨挥发随施氮量增加而增加;施氮量相同时,高磷和低磷处理氨挥发均高于优化处理,表明在氮磷不平衡施用时,氮肥氨挥发损失会加剧,从氨挥发损失方面考虑,稻田推荐施磷量不宜超过P2O590 kg hm-2。     

改性尿素施用对氨挥发量及无机氮变化的影响

采用室内土壤培养和玉米幼苗盆栽试验的方法,研究了改性尿素施用后的氨挥发量及其对土壤无机氮和pH值的影响。结果表明:(1)表施改性尿素比表施普通尿素的氨挥发量显著减少,从而降低氮素的损失;在一定范围内,土壤含水量越大,氨挥发量越低。(2)硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)能够抑制土壤硝化作用,使NH+4-N能较长时间存在土壤中,从而减少NO-3-N的损失;在一定范围内,DCD施用浓度越大,抑制效果越好。(3)土壤pH值与铵态氮呈极显著指数正相关,与硝态氮呈极显著线性负相关,与无机氮呈多项式相关。因此,改性尿素能够显著减少氨挥发量,抑制土壤硝化作用,从而降低尿素的氮素损失。     

藻类在稻田生态系统中的作用及其对氨挥发损失的影响

本文在总结已有稻田藻类研究结果的基础上,结合温室盆栽试验的初步结果,阐述了藻类对稻田氨挥发损失过程的影响,及其在稻田土壤N素转化、供应与调节中所起的重要作用。提出了减少N素氨挥发损失和合理利用稻田藻类的方法。     

灌溉水盐度对滴灌棉田土壤氨挥发的影响

【目的】氨挥发是农田氮素损失的重要途径之一,咸水灌溉直接或间接影响土壤的理化性质,进而影响土壤氨挥发,但目前对于咸水灌溉下氨挥发的报道还较少。因此通过田间试验研究尿素滴灌施肥条件下,淡水和咸水灌溉对棉田土壤氨挥发的影响。【方法】试验设置淡水和咸水两种灌溉水,其电导率(EC)分别为0.35和8.04d S/m(分别用CK和SW表示),氮肥(N)用量为240 kg/hm2。氨挥发的收集采用密闭室法,用稀硫酸作为氨的吸收液,测定用靛酚蓝比色法。【结果】1)灌溉施肥后,咸水滴灌棉田土壤盐分、脲酶活性和铵态氮含量均显著高于淡水滴灌。SW处理土壤电导率(EC1∶5)较CK平均高出4.53倍。灌溉施肥后SW处理土壤脲酶活性迅速增加,第4天达到最大,随后降低,SW处理脲酶活性较CK处理平均增加了20.6%。SW处理土壤铵态氮含量明显高于CK处理,尤其是灌溉施肥后第2天,SW处理铵态氮含量比CK处理增加了66.1%。2)SW处理棉田土壤p H值低于CK处理,但在灌溉施肥周期内都呈先增加后降低趋势,p H的变化在7.6~8.0之间。3)SW处理抑制了硝化作用,SW处理土壤硝态氮含量较CK处理显著降低。SW处理土壤硝态氮含量平均较CK低7.68%。4)3个灌溉施肥周期的平均温度分别为24.6℃、26.05℃和24.9℃,因此在第2个和第3个灌溉施肥周期氨挥发高,第1个灌溉施肥周期的总降水量最大,分别比第2和3个灌溉施肥周期高3.7 mm和10.2 mm,但降水量远远小于灌溉量,因此对于氨挥发影响不大。5)总体上,土壤氨挥发损失量在灌溉施肥后1~2天最大,占氨挥发总量的45.7%~79.3%,随后呈降低趋势;灌溉施肥后第1天土壤氨挥发最大,在3个灌溉施肥周期,SW处理第1天的氨挥发较CK分别增加70.7%、69.43%和60.8%。SW处理棉田土壤氨挥发显著高于CK处理。在三个连续灌溉施肥周期内,SW处理棉田土壤氨挥发累积总量为10.98 kg/hm2,CK处理为7.57 kg/hm2,SW处理较CK处理增加了45.1%。【结论】咸水灌溉促进了脲酶活性,但抑制了土壤的硝化作用,导致铵态氮含量增加,加剧了氨的挥发。温度升高促进土壤氨挥发,少量降雨对氨挥发影响不大。因此,滴灌施肥条件下,咸水灌溉会增加氨挥发损失。     

氮肥用量对太湖水稻田间氨挥发和氮素利用率的影响

Ammonia volatilization losses, nitrogen utilization efficiency, and rice yields in response to urea application to a rice field were investigated in Wangzhuang Town, Changshu City, Jiangsu Province, China. The N fertilizer treatments, applied in triplicate, were 0 （control）, 100, 200, 300, or 350 kg N ha^-1. After urea was applied to the surface water, a continuous airflow enclosure method was used to measure ammonia volatilization in the paddy field. Total N losses through ammonia volatilization generally increased with the N application rate, and the two higher N application rates （300 and 350 kg N ha^-1） showed a higher ratio of N lost through ammonia volatilization to applied N. Total ammonia loss by ammonia volatilization during the entire rice growth stage ranged from 9.0% to 16.7% of the applied N. Increasing the application rate generally decreased the ratio of N in the seed to N in the plant. For all N treatments, the nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency ranged from 30.9% to 45.9%. Surplus N with the highest N rate resulted in lodging of rice plants, a decreased rate of nitrogen fertilizer utilization, and reduced rice yields. Calculated from this experiment, the most economical N fertilizer application rate was 227 kg ha^-1 for the type of paddy soil in the Taihu Lake region. However, recommending an appropriate N fertilizer application rate such that the plant growth is enhanced and ammonia loss is reduced could improve the N utilization efficiency of rice.     

南京两种菜地土壤氨挥发的研究

在南京雨花区武警农场和栖霞区东阳科技站先后进行了秋季小青菜和秋冬季大白菜田间试验,研究菜地土壤施用氮肥后的氨挥发及其影响因素,氨挥发采用密闭室间歇密闭通气法测定。结果表明,小青菜试验地的pH为5 .4 ,施肥后土壤pH值也未高于6 .0 ,故氨挥发损失低(<0 .4 % ) ;而在pH为7.7的大白菜试验地上,控释尿素、低氮和高氮3个处理(施氮量分别为N 180、30 0和6 0 0kghm-2 )氨挥发率分别为0 .97%、12 .1%和17 1%。以上结果表明,土壤pH是影响菜地土壤氨挥发的主要因素,降低氮肥用量能明显减少氨挥发,而施用控释尿素是一种有效控制氨挥发损失的措施。大白菜不同施肥期的结果还表明,施尿素后降雨通过降低表层土壤氮的浓度而影响氨挥发,降雨离施肥期越近,雨量越大,氨挥发越小     

Effect of amending urea fertilizer with chemical additives on ammonia volatilization loss and nitrogen-use efficiency

 Effects of amending urea with pyrite (Py) or potassium chloride (KCl) alone and in combination with copper sulphate (CuSO₄) on NH₃ volatilization and N-use efficiency in an Alfisol were evaluated. NH₃ volatilization from surface-applied urea fertilizers was measured using a closed dynamic air flow system. Kinetics of NH₃ volatilization over a 10-day period showed that the peak rate of NH₃ loss was on day 3 with the unamended urea, whilst it occurred on day 4 with all amended urea fertilizers. Total NH₃ loss from the unamended urea was 48% of the applied N, which was reduced to 38 and 40% with U+Py and U+KCl, respectively. A further reduction in N loss was recorded with U+Py+CuSO₄ (34%) and U+KCl+CuSO₄ (36%). The inhibition of NH₃ with U+Py+CuSO₄ and U+KCl+CuSO₄ was markedly high, at 30 and 25%, respectively. As compared to urea, all amended urea fertilizers resulted in a significantly higher dry matter yield, N uptake and apparent N recovery (ANR) efficiency by sunflower. An increase of 28 and 24% units in ANR over urea could be obtained with U+Py+CuSO₄ and U+KCl+CuSO₄, respectively. Since the chemical additives also have a fertilizer value besides being effective in controlling NH₃ loss from urea and improving N-use efficiency, their use as amendment to urea could be a viable option. Received: 5 August 1999     

Effects of some environmental factors on ammonia volatilization from simulated livestock urine applied to soil

Summary The proportion of the N that was volatilized as ammonia during 8 days, following the application of simulated livestock urine to soil, increased from 25 to 38% as the temperature of incubation was increased from 4° to 20°C in a system with a continuous flow of air at 70% relative humidity. However, volatilization was reduced if the application was followed by simulated rain; the reduction was greater as the amount of rain increased (up to at least 16 mm) and became less with an increasing length of time (up to 2–3 days) after the application of the urine. The effects of the soil water content before application of the urine, and of the relative humidity of the air, were generally small but volatilization was reduced by a combination of air-dry soil with a low relative humidity. Volatilization was slight (7%) when the flow of air was restricted to 0.5 h in every 12 h but, with an air flow for 12 h in every 24 h, the volatilization was much closer to that with a continuous flow for the whole 8-day period. When cool or dry conditions were imposed for 8 days and then more favourable conditions were instituted for a second period of 8 days, there was a substantial increase in volatilization following the change.     

改性尿素硝酸铵溶液调控氮素挥发和淋溶的研究

为了提高肥料的利用率,以尿素硝酸铵溶液为原料、聚氨酸为保护剂,复合抑制剂NBPT(N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺)和DMPP(3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐)为材料,开发出改性尿素硝酸铵溶液(YUL1和YUL2),研究其对华北平原夏玉米追肥过程中的氨挥发和淋溶损失的调控效果。田间试验设置6个处理:不施氮肥(CK)、农民习惯追施尿素(CN)、优化追施尿素(CNU)、优化追施尿素硝酸铵溶液(UAN)、优化追施改性尿素硝酸铵溶液(YUL1)和优化追施改性尿素硝酸铵溶液(YUL2)。采用扫描电镜和能谱仪分析相关指标变化,在夏玉米喇叭口期追施氮肥后15d内进行田间原位连续动态观测氨挥发和土壤铵态氮和硝态氮变化,并在玉米成熟期测定产量,计算经济效益。结果表明,改性尿素硝酸铵溶液清澈无杂质,流延后成膜表面光滑、致密,抑制剂在膜表面分布均匀;能谱测试膜层表面磷硫含量增高,证明复合抑制剂与尿素硝酸铵溶液达到有效融合。在同等优化施氮量下:与CNU相比, YUL1氨挥发总量显著降低19.3%, YUL2增加9.6%;与UAN相比, YUL1、YUL2分别显著降低57.3%和42.0%。与其他施氮处理相比, YUL1和YUL2夏玉米季生长中后期0～20 cm土层依然保持相对较高的氮素含量水平,夏玉米收获后土壤硝态氮含量分别比CNU高46.0%和43.4%,比UAN高45.6%和44.7%;180～200cm土层硝态氮含量显著低于其他处理。在保证产量和净收益的同时,改性尿素硝酸铵肥料显著降低了氮素的氨挥发和淋溶损失浓度,尿酶抑制剂含量相对较高的YUL1抑制氨挥发的效果更好,硝化抑制剂含量相对高的YUL2硝态氮向下淋失的风险更小。     

Effects of plant material on ammonia volatilization from simulated livestock urine applied to soil

Summary The volatilization of ammonia from simulated urine applied to small columns of soil was reduced by the presence of ryegrass growing in the soil. The ryegrass had been sown 18 weeks previously and had been cut on seven occasions to a height of 5–6 cm with the cut herbage removed. Cumulative volatilization over 8 days amounted to 39% of the urinary N from bare soil, and 23% in the presence of the ryegrass. In contrast, the volatilization of ammonia was increased by dead leaf litter placed on the soil surface, apparently due to the increase in surface area for urease activity and volatilization. Differences in the C:N ratio of the leaf litter over the range 13:1–29:1 had little effect on the extent of ammonia volatilization. When living ryegrass and dead leaf litter were examined together, the reduction in volatilization due to the ryegrass was the dominant effect.     

华北农田土壤氨挥发原位测定研究

通过系数矫正后的双层海绵吸收法对不同N肥处理和NPK配施下氨气挥发损失特征研究结果表明,N肥施用方式、土壤温度以及灌溉是影响氨挥发的重要因素。施肥后氨挥发损失量为0.67~9.91kg/hm2,占施N量的0.41%~5.0%。玉米季氨挥发量占全年挥发损失的80%以上。尿素与过磷酸钙配施可显著降低氨挥发,在此基础上施用KCl,尿素氨挥发损失变化不明显。     

添加脲酶抑制剂NBPT对麦秆还田稻田氨挥发的影响

氨挥发是稻田氮素损失的重要途径,为探明脲酶抑制剂NBPT对小麦秸秆还田稻田中氨挥发的影响,采用密闭室通气法,在太湖地区乌珊土上,研究了脲酶抑制剂n-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)对小麦秸秆还田稻田中施肥后尿素水解和氨挥发动态变化的影响。结果表明:稻田氨挥发损失主要集中在基肥和分蘖肥时期。添加NBPT可明显延缓尿素水解,推迟田面水NH4+-N峰值出现的时间,并降低NH4+-N峰值,降低了田面水氨挥发速率和挥发量。NBPT的效果在基肥和分蘖肥施用后尤为明显,不加NBPT时施入的尿素在2~3 d内基本水解彻底,NH4+-N和氨挥发速率在第2 d即达到峰值,两次施肥后NH4+-N峰值分别为132.3 mg·L-1和66.3mg·L-1,氨挥发峰值为15.6 kg·hm-2·d-1和10.4 kg·hm-2·d-1;而添加NBPT后,NH4+-N峰值推迟至施肥后第4 d出现,NH4+-N峰值降至70.7 mg·L-1和51.6 mg·L-1,氨挥发峰值降至4.7 kg·hm-2·d-1和2.6 kg·hm-2·d-1。添加NBPT使稻田氨挥发损失总量从73.3 kg(N)·hm-2(占施氮量的24.4%)降低至34.5 kg(N)·hm-2(占施氮量的11.5%),降低53%。在添加小麦秸秆稻田中添加NBPT通过延缓尿素水解而显著降低了氨挥发损失。     

Effect of urease inhibitors on urea hydrolysis and ammonia volatilization

Summary Two laboratory incubation experiments were conducted to study the effects of the urease inhibitors hydroquinone (HQ), phenyl phosphorodiamidate (PPDA), and N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) in retarding the hydrolysis of urea, in the evolution of mineral N, and in reducing NH₃ loss through volatilization, under aerobic and waterlogged conditions, both at 25°C. NBPT generally exceeded PPDA and HQ in the ability to delay urea hydrolysis and NH _inf4 ^sup+ accumulation under aerobic conditions, whereas PPDA retarded these activities more effectively under anaerobic conditions. HQ was less effective than the other two urease inhibitors. Under aerobic conditions, 20% of the applied urea was lost through NH₃ volatilization after 5 days in the system without an inhibitor. With the addition of HQ and PPDA, the volatilization was delayed by 1 day but not eliminated. NBPT effectively decreased the NH₃ loss, from 20 to 3% of the applied urea. A more severe N loss (40%) occurred in the waterlogged system. HQ had little effect on NH₃ volatilization. PPDA decreased the NH₃ loss from 40 to less than 20% of the applied urea. The effectiveness of NBPT decreased under anaerobic conditions. It was concluded that urease inhibitors can reduce NH₃ volatilization following the application of urea. However, environmental conditions might have an important influence on the effectiveness of these inhibitors.     

不同温度下施入尿素后土壤短期内pH的变化和氨气释放特性

在湖南3种土壤中施入尿素后,对土壤短期内pH变化和氨气挥发进行了研究,结果表明:在常温25℃下,3种土壤尿素水解速度次序为:冲积菜园土>红菜园土>茶园土;pH变化是先上升达到峰值,然后下降;氨气挥发趋势也是慢慢变大出现峰值,然后降低,在3种土壤中氨气挥发强度次序为:冲积菜园土>红菜园土>茶园土。冲积菜园土中,随着温度的升高尿素水解速度加快;pH升高幅度速度变大,峰值提前;氨气挥发强度变大,也是峰值提前。引起各处理差异的原因与土壤本身pH、CEC、有机质、尿酶活性以及外界条件—温度相关。     

Effect of air flow rate,lime amendments,and chemical soil properties on the volatilization of ammonia from fertilizers applied to sandy soils

NH₃ volatilization from surface-applied urea, diammonium phosphate (DAP), and calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) was measured with chambers through which air was drawn continuously. Two sandy soils and two sandy loam soils, which had been treated with and without time for the last 25 years, were used for the experiments. The accumulated NH₃ loss from CAN applied to an unlimed sandy soil was linearly related to time. For the other treatments the accumulated loss was exponentially related to time. The NH₃ loss was exponentially related to the maximum soil pH of the fertilizer-amended soil, and was inversely related to the content of exchangeable H⁺. Due to the low cation exchange capacity of these light-textured soils the NH₃ loss was not reduced as the soil CEC increased. The maximum pH after soil amendment was related to soil pH. Therefore, a model is proposed that relates the NH₃ loss solely to fertilizers and soil pH. The NH₃ loss was less than 5% from CAN, about 20% from DAP, and about 30% from urea, with the insignificant loss from urea applied to the unlimed sandy soil excluded. The NH₃ loss from surface-applied DAP was related to the air flow rate and a transfer coefficient (K _a) was estimated. K _a increased exponentially with the flow rate. At a flow rate above 3.9 liters min^–1 (20 volume exchanges min^–1) no further increase was seen.