A reassessment of the electrophoretic mobility of high molecular weight glutenin subunits of wheat

The high molecular weight subunits of wheat glutenin (HMW-GS) are important for bread-making quality. Their composition is routinely identified by Tris-glycine SDS-PAGE after reduction of glutenin disulfide bonds. However, the relation between their molecular weight and, hence, their primary structure, and their mobility in Tris-glycine SDS-PAGE has proven to be ambiguous. We demonstrate a Bis-Tris SDS-PAGE procedure with a neutral, instead of alkaline, pH in the gel and running buffers. In this method commonly occurring HMW-GS from wheat migrated in the order 5 > 2 ≈ 3 > 1 > 6 ≈ 2* > 7 > 8 > 9 > 12 > 10, which is different from the order obtained in the Tris-glycine system. HMW-GS were identified by N-terminal sequencing after isolation with RP-HPLC. Protein sequences of HMW-GS were further confirmed by LC-MS/MS analyses of chymotryptic peptides after comparing the MS data to amino acid sequences in protein databases. The numbers of amino acids of HMW-GS reflected well the mobility order in Bis-Tris SDS-PAGE. The results indicate that Bis-Tris SDS-PAGE may not only be used to identify HMW-GS, but also to estimate the length of their polypeptide chain, as such avoiding previously observed anomalies in migration order.     

Effect of nitrogen application rate on content of glutenin macropolymer and high molecular weight glutenin subunits in grains of two winter wheat cultivars

Two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars differing in grain protein content were selected to study the effect of N application rate on changes in contents of glutenin macropolymer (GMP) and high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) during grain filling. Contents of GMP and HMW-GS were much higher in the high GPC cultivar, Xuzhou 26, than those in low GPC cultivar, Ningmai 9. N increased contents of GMP and HMW-GS in Xuzhou 26 with N rate between 0 and 300 kg ha⁻¹, while at the very high N rate of 300 kg ha⁻¹ the contents of GMP and HMW-GS in Ningmai 9 decreased. The high contents of GMP and HMW-GS at maturity were closely related to the rapid increase in contents of GMP and HMW-GS during the initial period of their synthesis. HMW-GS and GMP content were closely correlated. The total HMW-GS content was important in determining GMP content than the content of any HMW-GS pair or any individual HMW-GS present in the selected cultivars. The pattern of response of GMP content to N application rate was closely related to the regulatory effect of N on HMW-GS synthesis.     

Gliadin and zein show similar and improved rheological behavior when mixed with high molecular weight glutenin

Small amplitude and lubricated squeezing flow tests were performed to investigate the effect of high molecular weight glutenin (HMWG) on the rheological properties of gliadin and zein dough composites. It was hypothesized that addition of small amounts of HMWG to zein cause changes in its viscoelastic properties in the same way as its addition to gliadin. Starch (87%, w/w) and protein/protein composites (13%, w/w), and water were mixed into dough. The water content of prepared dough was in the 41.7–45.3% range. Composites were gliadin-HMWG and zein-HMWG. Phase angle and complex modulus (G*) were obtained from frequency sweep tests at 0.5% strain amplitude over a 0.01–100 rad/s frequencies. Lubricated squeezing flow test were carried out at a range of strain rates to determine the sample extensional viscosities.     

中国小麦代表性地方品种高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成分析

为了明确中国小麦地方品种的遗传多样性,并为小麦品质改良提供基础材料,利用十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)技术,分析了源自中国22个省市地区的200份代表性地方品种的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成.结果表明,Glu-1位点共检测到35种亚基组合,null/7 8/2 12组合的频率最高,为59%,其它亚基组合的频率均低于10%;Glu-A1、Glu-B1和Glu-D1位点上的等位变异分别为3、12和9种,三位点中的优势亚基依次为null、7 8和2 12,其频率分别达86.5%、73.0%和85.0%.另外在Glu-B1位点上还检测到6 8 19和6 9、7、22等稀有亚基.本研究所选200份代表性地方品种的HMW-GS组成类型虽然丰富,但与品质相关的优质亚基频率较低.亚基组合得分在8分以上的品种为19个;得分在9分以上的品种有4个,它们是草鞋边(ZM011396)、中81Ⅲ-6218(ZM013120)、高8(ZM0094z8)和京红7号(ZM008935).     

Molecular characterization of two novel null waxy alleles in Mexican bread wheat landraces

Starch is composed of two glucose polymers: amylose, formed by long linear chains, and amylopectin, which is larger and highly branched. The ratio between the two polymers (usually 22–35% amylose, 68–75% amylopectin) affects the starch properties, thereby determining different aspects of wheat quality. Waxy protein, which is the sole enzyme responsible for amylose synthesis, showed polymorphism in a collection of one hundred and three Mexican landraces, including null alleles at Wx-A1 and Wx-B1 loci, respectively. Molecular characterization of these alleles showed that the null Wx-A1 allele presented in only one accession was novel (Wx-A1o) and involved a deletion spanning the three and a half last exons of the gene. Some of the accessions lacking the Wx-B1 protein contained the common allele Wx-B1b (12.6%) (deletion of approximately 67 kb), while four others (3.8%) possessed the novel Wx-B1l, characterized by the deletion of one cytosine in the second exon of the gene and leading to a change in the ORF. This novel allele is particularly interesting because the absence of the Wx-B1 protein in this case was not associated with the lack of the other genes included in the approximately 67 kb region lost with the common null allele Wx-B1b.     

普通小麦F1代籽粒高分子量谷蛋白亚基的遗传表现

为给小麦品质改良提供依据,采用SDS-PAGE方法,以来自国内外的6个小麦品种（系）为材料,分析了15个杂交组合F1代高分子量谷蛋白亚基（HMW-GS）的遗传表现。结果表明：①HMW-GS在F1代的遗传具有剂量效应,即部分正反交组合F1代籽粒中同一亚基带的颜色深浅不同,来自母本的亚基带比来自父本的亚基带颜色深,说明来自母本的亚基比来自父本的亚基含量高;②2个国内与国内品种间的杂交组合及2个国外与国外品种间的杂交组合,其F1代HMW-GS均表现为完全共显性,11个国内和国外品种间的杂交组合,有4个组合的F1代出现了HMW-GS的不完全表达,缺失率占11个组合总数的36％。     

四川小麦品种高、低分子量麦谷蛋白基因和1B/1R易位的分子标记鉴定

为给四川小麦品质育种提供参考信息,利用7个HMW-GS、17个LMW-GS和1个1B/1R易位的特异分子标记,对105份2000年后育成的四川小麦品种进行上述基因检测。结果表明:(1)针对HMWGS,在Glu-A1位点,含Ax2*的品种有2份,频率为1.9%;在Glu-B1位点,含Bx7、Bx20、Bx17、By8和By9的品种分别有73、26、4、45和30份,频率分别为69.5%、24.8%、3.8%、42.9%和28.6%,未检测到含Bx7OE的品种;在Glu-D1位点,含Dx5的品种有65份,频率为61.9%。(2)针对LMW-GS,在Glu-A3位点,含Glu-A3a、Glu-A3b、Glu-A3c、Glu-A3d和Glu-A3f的品种分别有2、2、63、29和9份,频率分别为1.9%、1.9%、60.0%、27.6%和8.6%,未检测到含Glu-A3e和Glu-A3g的品种;在Glu-B3位点,含Glu-B3b、Glu-B3d、Glu-B3f、GluB3g和Glu-B3i的品种分别有18、10、1、75和1份,频率分别为17.1%、9.5%、1.0%、71.4%和1.0%,未检测到含Glu-B3a、Glu-B3c、Glu-B3e和Glu-B3h的品种。(3)含1B/1R易位的品种有36份,频率为34.3%。(4)组合6种和5种以上优质基因的品种分别有2份(频率为3.8%)和15份(频率为14.3%)。可利用这些品种作为亲本,在四川小麦品质育种中逐步导入优质基因Ax2*、Bx7、By8、Dx5、Glu-A3d、Glu-B3d、Glu-A3b和Glu-B3b,并淘汰1B/1R易位,优化四川小麦面筋优质基因组成。     

Effect of high molecular weight glutenins and rye translocations on soft wheat flour cookie quality

The influence of high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) on wheat breadmaking quality has been extensively studied but the effect of different Glu-1 alleles on cookie quality is still poorly understood. This study was conducted to analyze the effect of HMW-GS composition and wheat-rye translocations on physicochemical flour properties and cookie quality of soft wheat flours. Alleles encoded at Glu-A1, Glu-B1 and Glu-D1 locus had a significant effect over physicochemical flour properties and solvent retention capacity (SRC) profile. The null allele for Glu-A1 locus presented the highest cookie factor observed (CF = 7.10), whereas 1BL/1RS and 1AL/1RS rye translocations had a negative influence on CF. The three cultivars that showed the highest CF (19, 44 and 47) had the following combination: Glu-A1 = null, Glu-B1 = 7 + 8, Glu-D1 = 2 + 12 and no secalins. Two prediction equations were developed to estimate soft wheat CF: one using the HMW-GS composition and the other using physicochemical flour parameters, where SRCsuc, SRC carb, water-soluble pentosans, damaged starch and protein turned out to be better CF predictors. This data suggests that grain protein allelic composition and physicochemical flour properties can be useful tools in breeding programs to select soft wheat of good cookie making quality.     

云南省普通小麦育成品种(系)高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成分析

为深入了解云南省建国以来普通小麦育成品种(系)的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)组成情况,利用SDS-PAGE电泳技术对152份云南省1950s以来普通小麦育成品种(系)HMW-GS组成和变异进行了分析。结果表明:(1)云南省普通小麦在Glu-A1位点具有N(56.58%)和1(43.42%)2种亚基类型,在Glu-B1位点具有7+8(42.11%)、7+9(34.87%)、6+8(0.66%)、14+15(7.24%)、17+18(13.16%)和13+16(1.97%)6种亚基类型,在Glu-D1位点具有2+10(5.26%)、2+12(54.61%)、5+10(24.34%)和5+12(15.79%)4种亚基类型;(2)云南省普通小麦HMW-GS组合类型比较丰富,共出现27种亚基组合类型,其中"N,7+8,2+12"、"N,7+9,2+12"、"1,7+8,2+12"与"1,7+9,5+10"较多,出现频率分别为20.39%、9.87%、7.89%和7.89%;(3)云南省各个时期育成品种(系)的HMW-GS品质评分基本维持在4.50左右,1990s以后育成的品种(系)中优质亚基5+10出现的频率随普通小麦育成时期的推移而逐渐增加。由此可见,云南省普通小麦的HMW-GS在Glu-A1、Glu-B1、Glu-D1位点上表现出丰富的多态性,共有12种HMWGS等位变异,包括13+16、2+10和5+12三种稀有亚基类型和27种亚基组合类型;对加工品质具有正效应的优质亚基17+18和5+10频率较小,缺乏优质亚基2*。因此,在云南省普通小麦的品质改良中应加强优质亚基2*、17+18和5+10引入及合理应用。     

HMW-GS分子标记多重PCR体系的建立及新疆春小麦的检测

为给新疆优质春小麦品种选育提供参考依据,利用小麦优质高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)基因的特异性标记,基于17份已知HMW-GS组成的品种(系),构建了3套多重PCR,体系Ⅰ可用于同时检测AxNull和Dx5基因,体系Ⅱ可同时检测Ax2*和By8基因,体系Ⅲ可同时检测Bx14和Dx5基因;用3套多重PCR体系分别检测...     

小麦-近缘物种染色体系的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成及白粉病抗性

为了挖掘小麦近缘物种的高分子量麦谷蛋白新亚基和抗白粉病基因新类型,以小麦品种中国春和Alcedo(来自德国)为对照,对133份小麦-近缘物种染色体系进行了高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)分析和白粉病抗性调查。HMW-GS分析发现,25份材料与对照小麦的HMW-GS类型不同,其中,含外源染色体HMW-GS的有16份;亲本部分HMW-GS发生沉默的有2份;含外源染色体HMW-GS且亲本的部分HMW-GS发生沉默的有7份。在含外源HMW-GS的材料中,73.9%的HMW-GS来自于小麦近缘物种第1同源染色体,17.4%的HMW-GS来自第2、3和5同源染色体。白粉病抗性调查显示,尾状山羊草E#1、两芒山羊草2Mbi#1、沙融山羊草4Ssh#8、高大山羊草6Sl#3和簇毛麦5V#3S染色体上可能含有抗小麦白粉病新基因,值得进一步向小麦转育。本研究发现的新HMW-GS和潜在抗小麦白粉病新基因为利用这些资源进行小麦抗病育种与品质改良打下了坚实的基础。     

安徽省小麦产业体系展示品种HMW-GS组分及GMP的研究

为了解安徽省淮北及黄淮麦区的小麦加工品质,以52个安徽省小麦产业体系展示品种为材料,分析了供试小麦品种HMW-GS的组成和分布、谷蛋白聚合体(GMP)含量、小麦蛋白质含量、Zeleny沉降值及湿面筋含量。结果表明,52个供试小麦品种的HMW-GS变异类型众多,共发现13种变异类型,包含6种优质亚基类型;共出现了21种HMW-GS组合。按照GMP、蛋白质、湿面筋含量及Zeleny沉降值可将52个供试品种分为4类。供试品种的品质评分介于4~10分之间,平均7.4分。基因位点Glu-A1含有1亚基的品种,GMP含量高于含有Null亚基的品种。     

Cloning,expression and functional analysis of HMW glutenin subunit 1By8 gene from Italy pasta wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum)

Cloning and functional analysis of high molecular weight wheat glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) 1By8 from Italy durum cultivar Simeto was carried out in this study. All HMW-GS from Simeto were separated and characterized by appropriate electrophoresis methods, reversed-phased high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS). The complete gene encoding 1By8 subunit was amplified by allele-specific PCR primers, including an upstream sequence of 857 bp and an open reading frame (ORF) of 2166 bp encoding a mature protein of 720 amino acid residues. The promoter sequence, containing -300 element (cereal glutenin gene control element) and enhancer was highly conserved among HMW-GS genes. Comparison with the sequence of subunit 1By9 from bread wheat demonstrated 99% identity with the main difference being that the 1By8 subunit possesses an additional insertion of 15 amino acid residues (QYPASQQQPA QGQQG) at position 342 and two residue substitutions at position 78 (leucine/proline) and 442 (arginine/glutamine). The molecular weight differences between MALDI-TOF-MS and deduced amino acid sequence of the coding gene revealed the possibility of some kinds of post-translational modifications present in 1By8 subunit. The protein subunit expressed in Escherichia coli showed a very similar mobility to the endogenous 1By8 of Simeto on SDS-PAGE. The function of the isolated protein on wheat processing quality was determined by 10 g Mixgraph analysis. Results demonstrated that addition of y-type HMW glutenin subunits into the base flour had significant positive effects on main mixing parameters and significant difference in effects were observed among different y-type subunits.     

南疆小麦品种(系)的HMW-GS组成及分布

为了给新疆优质小麦品种的选育和改良提供科学依据，应用SDS-PAGE方法对来源于南疆的169个小麦品种(系)的HMW-GS组成与分布进行了系统分析。结果表明，Glu-A1住点有两种等位变异类型Null和1；Glu-B1住点有7、7 8、7 9、6 8、17 18、14 15、21共7种等住变异类型，且主要以7 8和7 9为主；Glu-D1位点有2 12、4 12、5 i0、2 10、2．2 12共5种等位变异类型，且以2 12和5 10为主。本文还研究了这些HMW-GS(或组成)出现的频率和特点。     

Comparative analyses of LMW glutenin alleles in bread wheat using allele-specific PCR and SDS-PAGE

One hundred and eighty-two bread wheat cultivars developed in India were characterized for low molecular weight (LMW) glutenins using SDS-PAGE and allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to assess allelic diversity encoded by Glu-3 loci, as well as their utility for correctly identifying different alleles. SDS-PAGE indicated Glu-A3c is present in 64.6% of the cultivars, Glu-A3b in 13.8%, Glu-A3d in 12.7% and Glu-A3e/f in 8.8%. Seven types of alleles were present at the Glu-B3 locus: Glu-B3b (29.3%), Glu-B3g (27.0%), Glu-B3h (13.8%), Glu-B3i (16.1%), Glu-B3j (12.1%), Glu-B3c (0.6%) and Glu-B3d (1.1%). SDS-PAGE found three types of Glu-D3 alleles: Glu-D3a (30.2%), Glu-D3b (67.1%) and Glu-D3c (2.7%). However, PCR found two different alleles in cultivars classified as carrying Glu-D3a and three alleles in those identified as carrying Glu-D3b cultivars, indicating a more complex nature of the Glu-D3 locus. In conclusion, the data found greater consistency between the SDS-PAGE and PCR amplification patterns of alleles such as Glu-A3c, Glu-A3d, Glu-B3g, Glu-B3h and Glu-B3i, and less consistency between those same patterns in the Glu-A3b, Glu-A3e/f and Glu-B3b alleles. More studies are needed in order to achieve unambiguous identification of the Glu-3 alleles and thereby allow their greater utility in germplasm evaluation and breeding.     

人工合成六倍体小麦的高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成分析

利用十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术(SDS-PAGE)对103份人工合成六倍体小麦(2n=6x=42,AABBDD)的高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成进行了分析。结果发现,所分析材料具有丰富的等位变异。其中,在Glu-A1住点上共有5种变异类型,在Glu-B1和Glu-D1位点上均出现了12种等住变异类型;有些材料在Glu-D1位．占、上只表达1Dy类型亚基,而在1Dx亚基位置上出现空位形式;同时还发现了一些新的亚基组合形式和一未知新亚基。这些人工合成六倍体小麦材料中丰富的高分子量谷蛋白亚基变异,可能对小麦品质改良具有重要的应用价值。     

A reassessment of the electrophoretic mobility of high molecular weight glutenin subunits of wheat

The high molecular weight subunits of wheat glutenin (HMW-GS) are important for bread-making quality. Their composition is routinely identified by Tris-glycine SDS-PAGE after reduction of glutenin disulfide bonds. However, the relation between their molecular weight and, hence, their primary structure, and their mobility in Tris-glycine SDS-PAGE has proven to be ambiguous. We demonstrate a Bis-Tris SDS-PAGE procedure with a neutral, instead of alkaline, pH in the gel and running buffers. In this method commonly occurring HMW-GS from wheat migrated in the order 5 > 2 ≈ 3 > 1 > 6 ≈ 2* > 7 > 8 > 9 > 12 > 10, which is different from the order obtained in the Tris-glycine system. HMW-GS were identified by N-terminal sequencing after isolation with RP-HPLC. Protein sequences of HMW-GS were further confirmed by LC-MS/MS analyses of chymotryptic peptides after comparing the MS data to amino acid sequences in protein databases. The numbers of amino acids of HMW-GS reflected well the mobility order in Bis-Tris SDS-PAGE. The results indicate that Bis-Tris SDS-PAGE may not only be used to identify HMW-GS, but also to estimate the length of their polypeptide chain, as such avoiding previously observed anomalies in migration order.     

高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基变异与加工品质关系的研究

用扬麦１５８分别与强面筋品种安农９１９２和Ｋａｒｌ组配成２个杂交组合,分析了其Ｆ４代９３个株系的高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成及有关品质性状,研究了不同的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基及亚基组合对品质性状的影响。结果表明,Ｇｌｕ－Ａｌ的等位变异（亚基１和Ｎ）Ｇｌｕ－ｄｌ的等位变异（亚基５＋１０和２＋１２）对ＳＤＳ沉淀值、和面时间、耐揉性和ＧＭＰ含量有显著影响,对蛋白质含量、和面图峰高的影响较小。亚基１和５＋１０与强