Total phenolics,flavonoids, antioxidant capacity in rice grain and their relations to grain color,size and weight

Total phenolics, flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity from a wide collection of rice germplasm were measured, and their relations to grain color, grain size and 100-grain weight were investigated. Highly significant genotypic differences were observed in total phenolics, flavonoid contents and 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ehylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical cation antioxidant capacity. They displayed an increasing order in the white rice, red rice and black rice, yet several white rice had higher phenolics and flavonoids contents than the red rice. Significant positive pair-wise correlations were found among the phenolics, flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity, and the coefficient between the phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity was extremely high (r = 0.96). Among all rice accessions, the grain color parameters had negative correlations with the phenolics, flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity (p < 0.001). The negative correlation between a* and antioxidant capacity, and the positive correlation between H° and antioxidant capacity were consistent within the respective white rice and red rice groups. Flavonoid contents had positive correlation with grain length and length to width ratio, and had negative correlation with the 100-grain weight among all rice accessions. It was also found that 100-grain weight still had negative correlations with phenolics, flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity within the white rice genotypes. These relationships may serve as indexes to indirectly select breeding lines high in the phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity. Principal component analysis including the information for phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidant capacity, grain color parameters, grain size and 100-grain weight extracted five principal components that explained 83.7% of the total variances. The results of this study may provide new opportunities for rice breeders and eventually commercial rice growers to promote the production of rice with enhanced nutritional quality.     

Whole grain phytochemicals and health

Phytochemicals and antioxidants in whole grains have not received as much attention as the phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables although the increased consumption of whole grains and whole grain products has been associated with reduced risk of developing chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, some cancers and all-cause mortality. Recent research has shown that the total phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of whole grains have been commonly underestimated in the literature, and that whole grains contain more phytochemicals than was previously reported. Most whole grain phenolics are in bound form, 85% in corn, 76% in wheat, and 75% in oats. In addition, whole grains contain unique phytochemicals that complement those in fruits and vegetables when consumed together. The beneficial effects associated with whole grain consumption are in part due to the existence of the unique phytochemicals of whole grains. The majority of phytochemicals of whole grains that are beneficial for health are present in the bran/germ fraction. In whole wheat flour, the bran/germ fraction contributed 83% of total phenolic content, 79% of total flavonoid content, 78% of total zeaxanthin, 51% of total lutein, and 42% of total β-cryptoxanthin. The bran/germ fraction of whole wheat may therefore impart greater health benefits when consumed as part of a diet, and help reduce the risk of chronic diseases. This paper will review recent research on the phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of whole grains and their unique contribution to the health benefits of whole grains.     

Applicability of lignins from different sources as antioxidants based on the protective effects on lipid peroxidation induced by oxygen radicals

Increasing evidence suggest that excessive concentrations of reactive oxygen species in the human body are involved in a number of pathological events and that oxidative damage to cell components may play an important pathophysiological role in many types of human diseases. Several studies have shown the possible benefits of antioxidants from plant sources in altering, reversing or forestalling the negative effects of oxidative stress.The study was designed to evaluate whether lignins prevent H₂O₂-induced lipid peroxidation. The protective effect of industrial lignins obtained from different sources against hydrogen peroxide induced oxidation was investigated in normal human red blood cells (RBCs). RBCs, preincubated with different amounts of lignins and challenged with hydrogen peroxide were analyzed for lipid peroxidation. The high molecular weight can be considered as one of the main factors decreasing the radical scavenging activity. When comparing different lignins the inhibitory effects against lipid peroxidation were notably related to their molecular weights. In this sense bagasse with the lowest Mn was the greatest antioxidant and lignosulfonate with the highest Mn was the lowest antioxidant lignin.These results open the possibility of new applications of lignins. The potential health benefits and industrial applications of lignins make them a promising research resource.     

磷对盐胁迫下玉米幼苗脂质过氧化特性及抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用水培试验,研究不同浓度磷对盐胁迫下玉米幼苗生长、叶片和根系中脂质过氧化特性及其抗氧化酶活性的变化.研究表明,盐胁迫下,增施磷可明显缓解盐胁迫对玉米幼苗生长的抑制,各器官含水量增加,改善植株体内的水分代谢状况.随磷含量增加,玉米幼苗叶片细胞膜透性逐渐降低,叶绿素含量增加,叶片和根系中SOD、CAT和POD活性明显增加...     

外源NO对NaCl胁迫下玉米幼苗脂质过氧化和抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用营养液培养法,以硝普钠（SNP）为外源NO供体,分析不同浓度外源NO对NaCl胁迫下玉米幼苗叶片电解质渗出率、叶片和根系中MDA含量和SOD、POD、CAT活性的影响。研究结果表明,盐胁迫下不同浓度SNP处理可以降低玉米幼苗叶片的电解质渗出率,使叶片和根系中MDA含量降低,不同程度增加玉米叶片和根系中SOD、POD、CAT活性;对玉米叶片和根系中3种保护酶活性的影响具有不同的剂量效应。适量外源NO能够缓解NaCl胁迫带来的伤害,增强叶片和根系抗氧化能力。     

Changes in soluble carbohydrates, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities in the embryo during ageing in wheat grains

Soluble sugar contents and antioxidant enzyme activities were measured in the embryo of wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv Charger) seeds throughout their storage under two conditions (45 °C and 100% relative humidity (RH), and 30 °C and 75% RH) to investigate whether grain deterioration during ageing was related to lipid peroxidation resulting in a decrease in the efficiency of the antioxidant defence system, and in changes in sugar metabolism. The half-viability period (P₅₀) was only 6 d at 45 °C and 100% RH against about 3.75 months at 30 °C and 75% RH. However, sensitivity of grains to accelerated ageing carried out at 45 °C and 100% RH increased during their pre-storage at 30 °C and 75% RH. Loss of grain viability at 45 °C and 100% RH was associated with an accumulation of H₂O₂ which was concomitant with a progressive decrease in catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, and with an increase in glutathione reductase (GR) activity. However, malondialdehyde content did not change, suggesting that there was no lipid peroxidation during such an ageing. In return, ageing of grains at 30 °C and 75% RH was not associated either with strong changes in CAT, SOD and GR activities or with an accumulation of H₂O₂. When there was no correlation between CAT, SOD and GR activities and seed viability, there was a linear correlation between CAT activity and seed vigour evaluated by the T₅₀ during ageing at 45 °C and 100% RH. Sugar metabolism in wheat embryo largely depended on ageing conditions. Loss of grain viability at 45 °C and 100% RH was associated with a marked decrease in sucrose (Su) and a slight increase in raffinose (Ra), and subsequently in the Ra/Su ratio. At 30 °C and 75% RH, seed ageing was associated with an increase in both sugars but with no strong increase in Su/Ra ratio. Our results suggest that ageing was associated with various mechanisms depending on the conditions of ageing, and that accelerated ageing at 45 °C and 100% RH was not the only model to consider in order to understand the mechanisms involved in seed deterioration.     

Variation of wheat grain lipid fraction and its antioxidative status under the impact of delayed sowing

This study determined the profile of hydrophobic phytochemicals (steroid-like components and lipophilic phenolics) and antioxidant potential (DPPH and Rancimat tests) of wheat grain in relation to sowing date (standard vs. delayed) using six cultivars of Triticum aestivum wheat grown in Poland. The study found that “sowing time” generally had a low impact on sterols, carotenoids, squalene and total lipophilic phenolics in wheat grain. The highest impact of “sowing time” was noted for α-tocopherol, C19:0 alkylresorcinol and campesterol. Delayed sowing reduced their content by up to 9%. The antioxidant potential of grain extracts obtained by the use of water-saturated butanol (WSB) was mostly cultivar-dependent (depending on assay: DPPH 56.3% and Rancimat 75.1% of explained variation, respectively). Wheat grain WSB extracts increased rapeseed oil induction time by up to 21% and their antioxidant capacity was up to 1.24 μM TEg⁻¹.     

有机酸对甘薯紫色素热稳定性与抗氧化性的影响

甘薯紫色素在酸性条件下呈稳定的红色,可作为天然红色素.优化了甘薯紫色素提取条件,研究4种有机酸不同浓度对甘薯紫色素热稳定性及抗氧化性的影响.结果表明,苯甲酸、乙酸和乙二酸可显著提高甘薯紫色素的热稳定性,程度依不同浓度而异,而抗坏血酸则显著降低其热稳定性.苯甲酸、乙酸、乙二酸和抗坏血酸可以显著提高甘薯紫色素加热后的抗氧化性,程度依不同浓度而异.     

Radical scavenging activity of einkorn (Triticum monococcum L. subsp. monococcum) wholemeal flour and its relationship to soluble phenolic and lipophilic antioxidant content

The present research assessed the radical scavenging activity against the synthetic 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)hydrazyl radical of the water-saturated 1-butanol extracts of wholemeal flour from 63 Triticum monococcum accessions, which originated from different eco-geographical areas. On average, T. monococcum had higher radical scavenging activity than T. turgidum and T. aestivum species, which served as controls (0.90, 0.64 and 0.70 mmol TE/kg DM, for T. monococcum, T. turgidum and T. aestivum, respectively). A significant correlation between radical scavenging activity and tocol content was observed, while no correlation existed with soluble phenolics and carotenoid contents.     

Amino acid composition and chemical evaluation of protein quality of cereals as affected by insect infestation

A significant decrease in essential amino acids of wheat, maize and sorghum was observed due to grain infestation caused by mixed populations ofTrogoderma granarium Everts andRhizopertha dominica Fabricius (50:50). Non-essential amino acids were also adversely affected. Among the essential amino acids, maximum reduction was found in methionine, isoleucine and lysine in infested wheat, maize and sorghum grains, respectively. Lysine, with lowest chemical score in uninfested and infested grains of three cereals, is the first limiting amino acid. Insect infestation caused significant (p<0.05) reduction in the chemical score of all the essential amino acids, yet did not change the position of first and second limiting amino acids in wheat and sorghum. However, in case of maize, isoleucine became the second limiting amino acid. Infested grains also showed substantial reduction in essential amino acid index, calculated biological value and requirement index.     

Antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds obtained by autohydrolysis of corn residues

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of autohydrolysis temperature of corn residues in the antioxidant activity of the phenolic compounds extracted from the liquid phase. The treatments were carried out at 160, 180, 190 and 200 °C for 30 min in a pressurized batch reactor. Two different methods for phenolic compounds extraction from the autohydrolysis liquors were investigated. For that purpose, solvent extraction with ethyl acetate and acidic precipitation were performed for phenolic compounds recovery. These methods have been compared in terms of extraction yield, physicochemical properties of obtained polyphenols (characterization by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric Analysis and Gel Permeation Chromatography), total phenolic content, total antioxidant capacity and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) values, measured in DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) test system. The maximum phenolic contents ranged from 6.04 mg GAE/100 mg extract in acidic precipitated samples to 16.45 mg GAE/100 mg extract in ethyl acetate soluble fractions. The results indicated that the ethyl acetate fractions possessed the highest antioxidant activity, reaching after 30-60 min the same capacity reported for the reference synthetic antioxidants (Trolox).     

紫薯花色苷的提取及抗氧化活性研究

以紫薯‘济黑’为原料,酸化乙醇为溶剂提取其中的花色苷成分,单因素实验探讨不同因素对提取效果的影响,并通过响应面法建立二次多项数学模型,确定紫薯花色苷最佳浸提条件为:乙醇浓度60%、浸提时间127 min、液料比18∶1,该条件下紫薯花色苷实际浸提值为2.680 mg/g。以VC作为对照,从DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子自由基(O2·-)、羟自由基(·OH)清除率及总抗氧化活性4个方面考察了紫薯花色苷的体外抗氧化能力,结果表明,紫薯花色苷粗提物对DPPH、O_2~-·和·OH均有较好的清除活性,其IC50值分别为1.245、332.291和70.830 mg/L,均小于VC的IC50值,紫薯花色苷粗提物的总抗氧化能力为101.38 U/mg,具有较强的抗氧化活性。     

香蕉茎秆单宁酸提取纯化及其抗氧化性

以香蕉茎秆为原料,采用溶剂提取法进行单宁酸提取,在单因素试验设计的基础上,通过正交试验优化香蕉茎秆单宁酸提取工艺,采用大孔树脂吸附技术对粗提物进行分离纯化。纯化物采用傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)测定其官能团,通过凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)测定纯化物的分子量及分子量分布。通过测定其清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基的能力,考察香蕉茎秆单宁酸的抗氧化性。结果表明:香蕉茎秆单宁酸最佳提取工艺为:乙醇浓度50%,提取时间90 min,料液比1∶11,提取温度50℃,在此条件下单宁酸提取量为17.9 mg/g。纯化工艺为:5 mg/m L上样,流速为1.5 m L/min过AB-8型大孔树脂柱,最后用60%乙醇洗脱。FTIR结果表明,该纯化物为多羟基酚酯类化合物;GPC结果显示香蕉茎秆单宁酸分子质量在3.43×10~4~4.43×10~4之间。经过DPPH法测出样品浓度达到0.6 mg/m L时,其DPPH自由基清除率为86.59%。     

Comparative study on the effects of buckwheat by roasting: Antioxidant properties,nutrients, pasting,and thermal properties

The increasing need to prolong the shelf life of buckwheat has prompted the use of roasting techniques in buckwheat processing. For effective roasting, the responses of common buckwheat (CB) and tartary buckwheat (TB) to the process should be explored. Herein, the antioxidant properties, nutrients, pasting, and thermal properties of raw and roasted buckwheat flours (roasted at 200 °C for 50 s) from two CB and three TB varieties were investigated. Results showed that roasting considerably reduced the total flavonoid content (TFC) and total phenolic content (TPC) of TB. The TPC of CB was significantly improved by roasting, whereas the TFC significantly decreased. The total antioxidant capacities were consistent with the TPCs. Additionally, the colour deepened as the amount of antioxidant compounds increased. Unexpectedly, roasting enhanced the protein and fat contents of CB and decreased those of TB. Roasting improved the nutritional quality and antioxidant capacity of CB, and opposite results were obtained in TB. In conclusion, CB was more suitable to the development of roasted specialty products with nutritional applications than TB. We suggest that differences among varieties should be considered first in the buckwheat roasting process.     

槟榔壳多酚组分及抗氧化活性的测定

建立 测定槟榔壳中多种酚类物质的高效毛细管电泳方法,分析不同浓度和不同pH值硼酸缓冲液对10种标准品的分离效果,最后确定最佳缓冲液为0.1 mol/L,pH 9.0的硼酸缓冲液,紫外检测波长为280 nm,分离电压为20 kV。方法简便快速,能在20 min之内将10种酚类物质完全分离开,检测限为0.5～4.5 mg/L。此外,进一步测定了槟榔壳多酚的抗氧化活性,选用3个评价抗氧化能力的指标,即：对DPPH自由基的清除能力、对还原能力以及对ABTS自由基的清除能力。     

不同品种鲜食玉米的营养成分及抗氧化活性比较

测定6个不同鲜食玉米品种的粗脂肪、蛋白质、淀粉、还原糖和总酚含量,对脂肪酸组成进行气相色谱分析。通过比较玉米浸膏的Fe~(3+)还原力和羟自由基(·OH)、超氧阴离子(O_2-·)、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基清除率,评价其抗氧化活性,探讨抗氧化活性与玉米总酚的相关性。结果表明,鲜食玉米含粗脂肪6.17%~13.63%、蛋白质9.57%~15.30%、淀粉58.90%~69.52%、还原糖33.51%~42.12%、总酚1.52~2.68 mg/g。迪甜6号、晋超甜1号和超甜1825的粗脂肪、蛋白质、还原糖、总酚含量较高;京科糯2000、美玉糯13和都市丽人淀粉含量较高;美玉糯13饱和脂肪酸含量较高;晋超甜1号不饱和脂肪酸含量较高。超甜1825的Fe~(3+)还原力最强,迪甜6号清除·OH、O_2-·、DPPH自由基能力较强,抗氧化活性与玉米总酚含量呈正相关。     

花生秆水溶性膳食纤维的超声波提取及抗氧化活性研究

研究以花生秆为原料,用超声波法提取花生秆水溶性膳食纤维(SDF),并对SDF的抗氧化活性进行了研究.单因素和正交试验结果显示超声波提取SDF的最佳工艺条件为:超声波频率28kHz、反应温度80℃、反应时间120min、超声波功率240W.在此条件下,SDF的得率为5.35%,SDF中非淀粉多糖(NSP)含量为65.49...     

海南白沙绿茶的抗氧化活性及其酚酸类组成的HPLC-MS分析

采用DPPH体系、ABTS体系和Oyaizu法对白沙绿茶的甲醇提取物、70%乙醇提取物和水提取物的抗氧化活性进行测定,并利用HPLC-MS对活性较高的乙醇提取物的抗氧化特征性成分进行分析。结果表明:白沙绿茶3种提取物均具有一定的抗氧化能力,呈浓度效应关系。其中3种提取物中以70%乙醇提取物对DPPH和ABTS清除能力最强,而还原力则弱于水提取物和甲醇提取物。通过HPLC-MS从70%乙醇提取物中得到24个酚类物质,其中15个酚类物质被鉴定为新绿原酸、花旗松素-3-O-芸香糖苷、绿原酸、隐绿原酸、去甲氧基姜黄素、表儿茶素、山奈酚-3-O-芸香糖苷、花旗松素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、槲皮素-双己糖苷、Di-O-咖啡酰奎宁酸、槲皮素、山奈素-3-O-戊糖苷、牛蒡子苷、杨梅素和山奈素。     

2种提取工艺对橄榄果实多酚含量及抗氧化活性的影响

以橄榄果实为原料,利用正交实验探讨有机溶剂和超声波提取对多酚提取量和总还原力FRAP的影响,并分析比较2种提取方法,以确定最佳提取条件和参数。结果表明:有机溶剂提取的最佳工艺参数料液比为1∶60、提取时间60 min、提取温度60℃、乙醇浓度50%,其多酚提取量和总还原力FRAP分别为79.07 mg/g和740.45μmol/g。超声波提取的最佳工艺参数料液比1∶40、提取时间20 min、超声功率180 W及乙醇浓度60%,该条件下多酚提取量和总还原力FRAP分别为85.26 mg/g和952.27μmol/g。超声波提取具有多酚提取量高、抗氧化活性强、提取时间短、溶剂耗量少的特点,优于有机溶剂提取。