A weight‐of‐evidence approach for defining thermal sensitivity in a federally endangered species

1. Managing for threatened and endangered species under changing environmental conditions is a challenge faced by resource managers worldwide. Lack of basic knowledge of the biology and habitat requirements of these species can contribute to this difficulty but is exacerbated by the limitations of working with rare species (i.e. few individuals) or unrefined and non‐lethal methods for evaluating stress.
2. A weight‐of‐evidence approach was used to evaluate the thermal biology of the federally endangered dwarf wedgemussel (Alasmidonta heterodon), using cumulative results from multiple experimental assessments, co‐occurring species, and their host fish to begin defining the thermal limits and optimal conditions for the species.
3. Results suggest that dwarf wedgemussel and its host fish are thermally sensitive species compared with other Atlantic‐slope mussels, with a lower critical thermal maximum (CTM) and the selection of reduced temperatures during choice experiments.
4. Physiological studies resulted in a lack of statistical significance, primarily owing to low power, which was a function of sample size – an unavoidable problem when studying rare species. Given these limitations, thermal choice and CTM may be more useful end points than physiological processes such as clearance and respiration rates when dealing with sample‐size limitations.
5. These results suggest that management strategies that avoid exposing dwarf wedgemussel and its thermally sensitive host fish to extreme temperatures could be important for species conservation.

     

Hydroacoustic assessment of mono‐ and polymorphic Coregonus density and biomass in subarctic lakes

Density and biomass estimates of pelagic fish are essential to understand food web interactions and ecosystem functioning. We conducted surveys of six subarctic lakes for assessing both mono‐ and polymorphic whitefish Coregonus lavaretus (L.) populations. Monomorphic whitefish lakes were inhabited by a habitat and diet generalist, large sparsely rakered (LSR) morph, whereas polymorphic whitefish lakes had a littoral benthivorous LSR morph, a pelagic planktivorous densely rakered (DR) morph and in two cases a benthivorous small sparsely rakered (SSR) morph inhabiting the profundal zone. In addition, an introduced specialist zooplanktivore, vendace Coregonus albula (L.), inhabited one of the monomorphic lakes. Hydroacoustics was found to be an appropriate method for estimating coregonid densities and biomasses in large and deep polymorphic lakes occupied by the planktivorous DR morph or vendace, but only during dark nights in autumn. The suitability of hydroacoustic assessment for benthivorous LSR and SSR morphs was low, especially in polymorphic whitefish lakes due to their preference for near‐bottom habitat or shallow areas not sampled with hydroacoustics. The pelagic density of DR morph varied from 330 to 1780 fish·ha^?1 and biomass from 1.4 to 13.3 kg·ha^?1 in polymorphic whitefish lakes, whereas corresponding estimates for LSR morph were 10–320 fish·ha^?1 and 0.5–8.4 kg·ha^?1 in monomorphic whitefish lakes. In general, polymorphism tended to increase the density and biomass of whitefish in the pelagic area compared with monomorphic systems.     

Environmental changes in man‐made coastal dune pools since 1850 as indicated by sedimentary and epiphytic diatom assemblages (Belgium)

• 1. Diatom assemblages of man‐made coastal dune wetlands between Blankenberge and Heist (Belgium), dating from 1852 to 1929 and sampled from herbarium specimens of macrophytes, were compared with more recent samples collected in the remaining calcareous dune marshes and pools in this area.
• 2. Overall, nutrient conditions inferred from the reference assemblages were fairly eutrophic for phosphorus. Only a minority of the historical assemblages pointed to presumably nitrogen‐limited conditions.
• 3. Significant alterations in general assemblage composition were observed, including a marked decline of epiphytic species, and a decrease in the compositional variation in sediment diatom assemblages. These changes can be attributed mainly to an increased availability of nutrients and degradable organic matter since the mid 1970s. No changes in the salinity range seem to have occurred, suggesting fairly stable hydrological conditions.
• 4. Possible causes for eutrophication include increased atmospheric deposition of nutrients, but also more site‐related phenomena such as guanotrophication, angling and, perhaps, effects of nature management on soil–nutrient cycling. Their relative importance needs to be established and further monitoring is necessary.
• 5. Measures are required to reduce nutrient levels of both permanently and periodically inundated sites and to promote small‐scale habitat differentiation. Due to physical constraints, the latter will be possible only by mimicking the processes that act upon more natural dune systems in management practice.

Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Does habitat occupancy by lake trout and lake whitefish in large lakes match published thermal habitat envelopes?

Habitat occupancy patterns of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) in two large Canadian Shield lakes were modelled based on detections of fish from repeated depth‐stratified surveys over several summers. Lake trout and lake whitefish consistently occupied sites outside traditional thermal envelopes and were not detected at some sites within these ranges. This included the metalimnion and shallow epilimnion for lake trout and lake whitefish in Lake Opeongo. Physical habitat covariates were not important in defining lake trout habitat in both lakes. Physical habitat as represented by the hardness/softness gradient based on acoustic substrate surveys was important for lake whitefish in Lake Opeongo but not in Smoke Lake. In addition, thermal envelopes for lake whitefish differed between the lakes possibly because of differences in substrate slope. The wash zone of lakes, where the thermocline contacts the substrate, appears to be a physical habitat feature for lake whitefish in some lakes. Lake whitefish also exhibited diurnal activity behaviour that was reflected through greater detection rates in the morning versus the afternoon. By accounting for imperfect detection, true estimated overall occupancy of lake trout and lake whitefish increased 0.15–0.30 over naïve occupancy. Thermal habitat envelopes for lake trout and lake whitefish are wider than previously thought. Lake trout occupied a consistent thermal habitat envelope while lake whitefish varied between lakes likely because of lake specific differences in basin morphology and wash zone.     

Habitats for the Atlantic sturgeons in Russia

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Fishless shallow lakes of Southern Patagonia as habitat for waterbirds at the onset of trout aquaculture

• 1. The Strobel Meseta, a basaltic plateau of Patagonia (Santa Cruz Province, Argentina), holds thousands of shallow fishless lakes that are prime habitat for many species of waterbirds, including some considered ‘near threatened’. In recent years, several lakes have been stocked with trout which has created uncertainty about the potential effects on the recipient ecosystem.
• 2. Limnological and topographical analyses were performed in a group of 32 lakes of the Strobel Meseta in order to characterize and classify individual lakes of the meseta based on their limnological and topographic features, analyze the association between lake type and use by aquatic birds in general and by the endemic hooded grebe (Podiceps gallardoi) in particular, and evaluate the overlap between trout aquaculture and critical habitat for waterbirds.
• 3. The lakes were classified by multivariate analyses into four characteristic types: turbid, high conductivity lakes (T), small vegetated lakes (SV) and larger lakes which were subdivided into either vegetated (LV) or unvegetated (LU). In general, macrophyte cover was the main classificatory variable, whereas conductivity, pH, surface, and depth contributed moderately. Large vegetated lakes were generally found to be important for waterbirds and provided critical habitat for the hooded grebe, whereas trout farmers largely favoured large unvegetated lakes. However, since some large vegetated lakes have already been stocked, there is some level of geographical overlap between waterbird habitat and trout farming.
• 4. The existence of some level of spatial segregation between production and critical waterbird habitat affords opportunities for designing a spatially‐based management system for trout aquaculture.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

Climate variability and trends in the reproductive habitat of the critically endangered hooded grebe

1. The population of the critically endangered hooded grebe (Podiceps gallardoi) has decreased drastically during recent decades. The effects of climate change on their reproductive area (Southern Patagonia) have been proposed as one of the potential causes of their critical situation. However, there is much uncertainty about climate variability and climate trends at local scales in Patagonia, and their effects on the hooded grebe habitat.
2. Variability and trends in temperature, precipitation, and wind from 1960 to 2016 in one of the most important reproductive areas of hooded grebe – the Lake Strobel plateau – were analysed. A Landsat satellite image series (1973–2016) was used to evaluate changes in lake area in the region.
3. Generalized linear models were used to analyse the relationship between the variation in lake area and climatic variables, including the Antarctic Oscillation Mode (AAO) index, which is the most important year to year pattern in climate variability at high latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere.
4. High inter‐annual variability and increasing coefficients of variation in precipitation and wind were found, as well as a significant positive trend in temperature. Total lake area, as well as the area specifically used by hooded grebe to reproduce, decreased significantly over time, with high inter‐annual variability. Variation in lake area was significantly correlated with variation in precipitation, and with the AAO index.
5. The loss of reproductive habitat may force the hooded grebe to use sub‐optimal environments, such as lakes with lower food supply, lower macrophyte cover, and less protection from wind – a potential major handicap for this declining species.
6. Information on lake variation in response to climatic variability could be used to guide hooded grebe conservation strategies, directing more resources and special efforts to those reproductive lakes that are more resilient to the effects of climate fluctuations.

     

Limnological perspectives on conservation of floodplain lakes in the Amazon basin

1. Limnological aspects of Amazon floodplain lakes are examined in the context of aquatic conservation.
2. A prerequisite to detecting and evaluating changes that could threaten the ecological health and organisms in floodplain lakes is understanding variation under present conditions. Based on one of the few studies with regular measurements over 2 years, chlorophyll, total phosphorus, dissolved oxygen, transparency, and total suspended solids in Lake Janauacá indicate that the lake is naturally quite variable with a mesotrophic to eutrophic status.
3. Direct threats to ecological health of floodplain lakes include mining operations that can increase turbidity and trace metals and reduce nutritional quality of sediments. Mercury contamination and methylation leads to bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms.
4. Deforestation in uplands increases nitrogen and phosphorus inputs to floodplain lakes and can alter trophic status. Deforestation in floodable forests alters the habitat and food of the fish that inhabit these forests.
5. Cumulative limnological responses as catchments are altered by urban, agricultural, and industrial developments, and as inundation is altered by changes in climate and construction of dams, have major implications for the ecology of floodplain lakes.
6. To improve understanding and management of threats to the conservation of aquatic Amazon biota and ecosystems requires considerably expanded and coordinated research and community-based management that includes the spectrum of floodplain lakes throughout the basin.

     

Ocean scale hypoxia‐based habitat compression of Atlantic istiophorid billfishes

Oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) below near‐surface optimums in the eastern tropical seas are among the largest contiguous areas of naturally occurring hypoxia in the world oceans, and are predicted to expand and shoal with global warming. In the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP), the surface mixed layer is defined by a shallow thermocline above a barrier of cold hypoxic water, where dissolved oxygen levels are ≤3.5 mL L^?1. This thermocline (～25–50 m) constitutes a lower hypoxic habitat boundary for high oxygen demand tropical pelagic billfish and tunas (i.e., habitat compression). To evaluate similar oceanographic conditions found in the eastern tropical Atlantic (ETA), we compared vertical habitat use of 32 sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) and 47 blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) monitored with pop‐up satellite archival tags in the ETA and western North Atlantic (WNA). Both species spent significantly greater proportions of their time in near‐surface waters when inside the ETA than when in the WNA. We contend that the near‐surface density of billfish and tunas increases as a consequence of the ETA OMZ, therefore increasing their vulnerability to overexploitation by surface gears. Because the ETA OMZ encompasses nearly all Atlantic equatorial waters, the potential impacts of overexploitation are a concern. Considering the obvious differences in catchability inside and outside the compression zones, it seems essential to standardize these catch rates separately to minimize inaccuracies in stock assessments for these species. This is especially true in light of global warming, which will likely exacerbate future compression impacts.     

Explaining spatial variability in stream habitats using both natural and management‐influenced landscape predictors

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A review of the Leon springs pupfish (Cyprinodon bovinus) long‐term conservation strategy and response to habitat restoration

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Niche‐based species distribution models and conservation planning for endangered freshwater crayfish in south‐western Germany

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Distribution and habitat associations of the endangered Oxleyan pygmy perch,Nannoperca oxleyana Whitley,in eastern Australia

• 1. Detailed knowledge of habitat requirements is particularly relevant to the conservation of rare and threatened fish species because habitat fragmentation and loss are usually the major threats to species with limited distributions and restricted habitat requirements, and habitat restoration is typically the first step in species' recovery plans. This paper documents the macro‐, meso‐ and microhabitat habitat associations of a small threatened percichthyid, the Oxleyan pygmy perch, Nannoperca oxleyana, in south‐eastern Queensland and north‐eastern New South Wales (NSW), Australia.
• 2. The species' range encompasses approximately 530 km of coastline from Coongul Creek on Fraser Island, Queensland (25° 16′S, 153° 09′E) south to Tick Gate Swamp near the township of Wooli, NSW (29° 54′S, 153° 15′E). It is confined primarily to dystrophic, acidic, freshwater systems draining through sandy coastal lowlands and Banksia ‐ dominated heath ecosystems.
• 3. Both lentic and lotic environments provide habitat for N. oxleyana but the species is found only in slow‐flowing pools and backwaters of river channels and tributaries as well as in swampy drainages, lakes, ponds and dams.
• 4. Trapping studies found that an abundance of structural aquatic habitat was a defining microhabitat feature either in the form of beds of emergent or submerged plants or the presence of steep/undercut banks fringed with the semi‐submerged branches and fine rootlets of riparian vegetation. When present, leaf litter and snags also provided cover.
• 5. Recent and historical survey data suggest that human activities have had a significant influence on contemporary species presence/absence patterns and may have been responsible for the prominent gaps within the Queensland‐NSW distribution of N. oxleyana.
• 6. The distinctive relationships of N. oxleyana with features of aquatic habitat at the macro‐, meso‐ and microhabitat scale demonstrate principles applicable to any study focused on the conservation of an endangered fish species.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Beware of changes: Conservation of Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphins in disturbed habitats

1. Protecting critical habitats of the Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphin, Sousa chinensis, is a hot topic of discussion for marine biodiversity conservation in China and many Southeast Asian countries. In practice, sound habitat protection action (HPA) planning often suffers from information gaps in macroscopic habitat configurations and changes in the habitat conditions of humpback dolphins.
2. Recent publications in the journal Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems (AQC) have served to advance humpback dolphin conservation in Chinese waters by resolving such habitat configurations and indicating significant changes in distribution patterns and habitat characteristics under intense coastal anthropogenic activity.
3. We highlight an integrative research framework to investigate habitat configuration and long‐term habitat changes when planning a holistic HPA programme for humpback dolphins. When constructing habitat configuration baselines, field surveys should be designed and conducted in a systematic manner to ensure survey efforts cover diverse environments equally, in either a spatially stratified or gridded pattern, to minimize potential spatial sampling biases. Long‐term habitat changes can be revealed by comparing satellite images from different decades. Changes in habitat preferences and habitat characteristics can be explored through questionnaire surveys on local ecological knowledge, associating historical occurrences with coastline features and projecting historical habitat configuration by species distribution modelling exercises.
4. A lack of good communication and sharing of information between research and management sectors can still be an obstacle to the implementation of sound conservation practices, however, even though there is robust scientific evidence to fill knowledge gaps in distribution and habitat baselines. We have addressed the need to establish a mechanism to improve and streamline information sharing between research teams, management sectors, and stakeholder groups.

     

Need for speed: Preference for fast‐flowing water by the endangered semi‐aquatic Pyrenean desman (Galemys pyrenaicus) in two contrasting streams

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Rainbow trout effects on zooplankton in the reproductive area of the critically endangered hooded grebe

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Spatial differences across the French Pyrenees in the use of local habitat by the endangered semi‐aquatic Pyrenean desman (Galemys pyrenaicus)

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Gastropod egg mass deposition on a temperate,wave‐exposed coastline in New South Wales,Australia: implications for intertidal conservation

• 1. The identification and protection of known breeding grounds is a high priority for the conservation of marine biodiversity. Here, we examine the intertidal habitats used by marine gastropods for the deposition of benthic egg masses along a wave‐exposed coastline in New South Wales, Australia.
• 2. A total of 200 surveys were conducted on 13 intertidal reefs. The egg masses of 46 species were identified, with a further eight distinct types recorded but remaining unidentified. Over half of the gastropods were found to deposit egg masses exclusively on the underside of boulders. Other intertidal substrata used for gastropod egg mass deposition included vertical and horizontal exposed rock surfaces, algal fronds and sand. Only eight species were found to attach their egg masses to more than one type of substratum.
• 3. Twelve reefs were classified into three categories according to exposure to wave action and habitat diversity. The mean number of species found depositing egg masses was compared using a standard eight surveys from each site. Sub‐maximally wave‐exposed reefs with maximal habitat diversity were found to support a significantly higher species richness of gastropod egg masses, compared with maximally wave‐exposed reefs with either maximal or sub‐maximal habitat diversity (p=0.000).
• 4. Gastropods that deposit egg masses on the underside of boulders were more likely to be found on sub‐maximally wave‐exposed reefs, whereas species that deposit egg masses in all other microhabitats were equally likely to be found breeding on sub‐maximally or maximally exposed reefs.
• 5. Gastropods with pelagic larvae tended to occur at a greater number of sites than those that hatch post‐metamorphosis. A significant difference was found between species grouped according to these two developmental modes for the mean number of sites at which egg masses were recorded (p=0.008).
• 6. Variation in the species richness of gastropods found depositing egg masses on different intertidal reefs appears to be influenced by the availability of suitable boulders and exposure to wave action. These factors should be taken into consideration during the selection of locations for intertidal protected areas.

Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hydrological and substrate requirements of the thick‐shelled river mussel Unio crassus (Philipsson 1788)

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Multibiomarker response shows how native and non‐native freshwater bivalves differentially cope with heat‐wave events

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