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1.
Effects of salts and moisture content on N2O emission and nitrogen dynamics in Yellow soil and Andosol in model experiments 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The effects of salt type and its concentration on nitrification, N mineralization and N2O emission were examined under two levels of moisture content in Yellow soil and Andosol samples as simulated to agriculture
under arid/semi-arid conditions and under heavy application of fertilizer in a glass-house, respectively. The salt mixtures
were composed of chlorides (NaCl and NH4Cl) or sulphates [Na2SO4 and (NH4)2SO4] and were added at various concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 M as in the soil solution). These salts were added to
non-saline Yellow soil at different moisture contents (45 or 40 and 65% of maximum water-holding capacity; WHC) and their
effects on the changes in mineral N (NH4
+-N and NO3
–-N) concentration as well as N2O emission were examined periodically during laboratory incubation. We also measured urease activities to know the effect
of salts on N mineralization. Furthermore, Ca(NO3)2 solution was added at various concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.8 M as in the soil solution) to a non-saline Andosol
taken from the subsurface layer in a glass-house and incubated at different moisture contents (50% and 70% of WHC) to examine
their effects on changes in mineral N. Nitrification was inhibited by high, but remained unaffected by low, salt concentrations.
These phenomena were shown in both the model experiments. It was considered that the salinity level for inhibition of nitrification
was an electric conductivity (1 : 5) of 1 dS m–1. This level was independent of the type of salts or soil, and was not affected by soil moisture content. The critical level
of salts for urease activities was about 2 dS m–1. The emission rate of N2O was maximum at the beginning of the incubation period and stabilized at a low level after an initial peak. There was no
significant difference in N2O emission among the treatments at different salt concentrations, while higher moisture level enhanced N2O emission remarkably.
Received: 29 July 1998 相似文献
2.
Nitrous oxide emission from wetland rice soil as affected by the application of controlled-availability fertilizers and mid-season aeration 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
N2O emission from a wetland rice soil as affected by the application of three controlled-availability fertilizers (CAFs) and
urea was investigated through a pot experiment. N2O fluxes from the N fertilized paddy soil averaged 44.8–69.3 μg N m–2 h–1 during the rice growing season, accounting for 0.28–0.51% of the applied N. The emission primarily occurred during the mid-season
aeration (MSA) and the subsequent re-flooding period. Fluxes were highly correlated with the NO3
– and N2O concentrations in the soil water. As there were relatively large amounts of NH4
+-N present in the soil of the CAF treatments at the beginning of MSA, leading to large amounts of NO3
–-N during the MSA and the subsequent re-flooding period, the tested CAFs were not effective in reducing N2O emission from this paddy soil. The potential of applied CAFs to reduce N2O emissions from paddy soil is discussed.
Received: 25 May 1999 相似文献
3.
M. D. Serna J. Bañuls A. Quiñones E. Primo-Millo F. Legaz 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2000,32(1):41-46
The objectives of this work were to evaluate the inhibitory action on nitrification of 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP)
added to ammonium sulphate nitrate [(NH4)2SO4 plus NH4NO3; ASN] in a Citrus-cultivated soil, and to study its effect on N uptake. In a greenhouse experiment, 2 g N as ASN either with or without 0.015 g
DMPP (1% DMPP relative to NH4
+-N) was applied 6 times at 20-day intervals to plants grown in 14-l pots filled with soil. Addition of DMPP to ASN resulted
in higher levels of NH4
+-N and lower levels of NO3
–-N in the soil during the whole experimental period. The NO3
–-N concentration in drainage water was lower in the ASN plus DMPP (ASN+DMPP)-treated pots. Also, DMPP supplementation resulted
in greater uptake of the fertilizer-N by citrus plants. In another experiment, 100 g N as ASN, either with or without 0.75 g
DMPP (1% DMPP relative to NH4
+-N) was applied to 6-year-old citrus plants grown individually outdoors in containers. Concentrations of NH4
+-N and NO3
–-N at different soil depths and N distribution in the soil profile after consecutive flood irrigations were monitored. In
the ASN-amended soil, nitrification was faster, whereas the addition of the inhibitor led to the maintenance of relatively
high levels of NH4
+-N and NO3
–-N in soil for longer than when ASN was added alone. At the end of the experiment (120 days) 68.5% and 53.1% of the applied
N was leached below 0.60 m in the ASN and ASN+DMPP treatments, respectively. Also, leaf N levels were higher in plants fertilized
with ASN+DMPP. Collectively, these results indicate that the DMPP nitrification inhibitor improved N fertilizer efficiency
and reduced NO3
– leaching losses by retaining the applied N in the ammoniacal form.
Received: 31 May 1999 相似文献
4.
Nitrogen fertilizers promote denitrification 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
A laboratory study was conducted to compare the effects of different N fertilizers on emission of N2 and N2O during denitrification of NO3
– in waterlogged soil. Field-moist samples of Drummer silty clay loam soil (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Haplaquoll) were
incubated under aerobic conditions for 0, 2, 4, 7, 14, 21, or 42 days with or without addition of unlabelled (NH4)2SO4, urea, NH4H2PO4, (NH4)2HPO4, NH4NO3 (200 or 1000 mg N kg–1 soil), or liquid anhydrous NH3 (1000 mg N kg–1 soil). The incubated soil samples were then treated with 15N-labelled KNO3 (250 mg N kg–1 soil, 73.7 atom% 15N), and incubation was carried out under waterlogged conditions for 5 days, followed by collection of atmospheric samples
for 15N analyses to determine labelled N2 and N2O. Compared to samples incubated without addition of unlabelled N, all of the fertilizers promoted denitrification of 15NO3
–. Emission of labelled N2 and N2O decreased in the order: Anhydrous NH3>urea<$>\gg<$> (NH4)2HPO4>(NH4)2SO4≃NH4NO3≃NH4H2PO4. The highest emissions observed with anhydrous NH3 or urea coincided with the presence of NO2
–, and 15N analyses indicated that these emissions originated from NO2
– rather than NO3
–. Emissions of labelled N2 and N2O were significantly correlated with fertilizer effects on soil pH and water-soluble organic C.
Received: 17 January 1996 相似文献
5.
Nitrous oxide emission from herbicide-treated soybean 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Zhang Lifeng Pascal Boeckx C. Guanxiong Oswald Van Cleemput 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2000,32(2):173-176
The emission of N2O from soybean plants treated with the herbicides dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and bromoxynil was studied. The N2O flux from 2,4-D- and bromoxynil-treated soybean was 14.1 ng N2O-N g–1 fresh weight h–1 and 19.7 ng N2O-N g–1 fresh weight h–1, respectively, i.e. approximately twice that of the controls. The NO2
–-N concentration in 2,4-D- and in bromoxynil-treated soybean was about 8 μg N g–1 fresh weight, i.e. fivefold the concentration found in control plants. The NO3
– content in herbicide-treated soybean did not differ significantly from that of the control plants. Consequently, the accumulation
of NO2
–-N during the assimilation of NO3
–-N was thought to cause the observed N2O release. Probably, N2O is a by-product produced during either the reaction of NO2
–-N with plant metabolites or NO2
–-N decomposition. Final conclusions must await further experiments.
Received: 5 November 1999 相似文献
6.
Estimation of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in grassland soil associated with urea-N using 15N and nitrification inhibitor 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A low efficiency of use of N fertilisers has been observed in mid-Wales on permanent pasture grazed intensively by cattle.
Earlier laboratories studies have suggested that heterogeneity in redox conditions at shallow soil depths may allow nitrification
and denitrification to occur concurrently resulting in gaseous losses of N from both NH4
+ and NO3
–. The objective of the investigation was to test the hypothesis that both nitrification and denitrification can occur simultaneously
under simulated field capacity conditions (∼5 kPa matric potential). Intact soil cores were taken from grassland subjected
to both grazing and amenity use. The fate of applied NH4
+ was examined during incubation. 15N was used as a tracer. Nitrapyrin was used as a nitrification inhibitor and acetylene was used to block N2O reductase. More than 50% of N applied as NH4
+ disappeared over a period of 42 days from the soil mineral-N pool. Some of this N was evolved as N2O. Accumulation of NO3
––N in the surface 0–2.5 cm indicated active nitrification. Addition of nitrapyrin increased N recovery by 26% and inhibited
both the accumulation of NO3–N and emission of N2O. When intact field cores were incubated after addition of 15N-urea, all of the N2O evolved was derived from added urea-N. It was concluded that nitrification and denitrification do occur simultaneously in
the top 7.5 cm or so, of the silty clay loam grassland topsoils of mid-Wales at moisture contents typical of field capacity.
The quantitative importance of these concurrent processes to N loss from grassland systems has not yet been assessed.
Received: 15 December 1998 相似文献
7.
Influence of different agricultural practices (type of crop, form of N-fertilizer) on soil nitrous oxide emissions 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
N2O emissions were periodically measured using the static chamber method over a 1-year period in a cultivated field subjected
to different agricultural practices including the type of N fertilizer (NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4, CO(NH2)2 or KNO3 and the type of crop (rapeseed and winter wheat). N2O emissions exhibited the same seasonal pattern whatever the treatment, with emissions between 1.5 and 15 g N ha–1 day–1 during the autumn, 16–56 g N ha–1 day–1 in winter after a lengthy period of freezing, 0.5–70 g N ha–1 day–1 during the spring and lower emissions during the summer. The type of crop had little impact on the level of N2O emission. These emissions were a little higher under wheat during the autumn in relation to an higher soil NO3
– content, but the level of emissions was similar over a 7-month period (2163 and 2093 g N ha–1 for rape and wheat, respectively). The form of N fertilizer affected N2O emissions during the month following fertilizer application, with higher emissions in the case of NH4NO3 and (NH4)2SO4, and a different temporal pattern of emissions after CO(NH2)2 application. The proportion of applied N lost as N2O varied from 0.42% to 0.55% with the form of N applied, suggesting that controlling this agricultural factor would not be
an efficient way of limiting N2O emissions under certain climatic and pedological situations.
Received: 1 December 1997 相似文献
8.
Nitrogen monoxide production and consumption in an organic soil 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Factors controlling NO production, consumption, and emission rates were examined in an organic soil. Emission rates were
measured in the enclosed headspaces of intact soil cores under three fertilisation treatments (unfertilised or 100 kg N ha–1 as NH4Cl or as NaNO3), with and without the nitrification inhibitor C2H2 (20–70 μl l–1). Nitrification was always the main source of NO emitted across the soil surface, even when the soil was nearly saturated.
Fertilisation of soil with NH4Cl increased NO emission both by stimulating NO production from nitrification, and by decreasing the NO consumption rate constant.
Addition of NaNO3 also stimulated the production of NO and N2O during nitrification in aerobic soil slurry experiments. This effect was eliminated by adding C2H2 and was therefore not related to denitrification. In loose soil samples, the increase in NO-N production after NH4Cl addition represented as much as 26% of the added N. However, in intact cores, 95% of the NO produced through nitrification
was oxidised within the soil column rather than emitted to the atmosphere. We concluded that nitrification is the primary
NO source from this organic soil, that surface NO emissions are much lower than gross NO production rates, and that gaseous
N oxide (NO and N2O) losses during nitrification can be affected by both soil NH4
+ and NO3
–.
Received: 15 December 1998 相似文献
9.
Nitrous oxide emissions from an irrigated sandy-clay loam cropped to maize and wheat 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions were measured from an irrigated sandy-clay loam cropped to maize and wheat, each receiving urea at 100 kg N ha–1. During the maize season (24 August–26 October), N2O emissions ranged between –0.94 and 1.53 g N ha–1 h–1 with peaks during different irrigation cycles (four) ranging between 0.08 and 1.53 g N ha–1 h–1. N2O sink activity during the maize season was recorded on 10 of the 29 sampling occasions and ranged between 0.18 and 0.94 g
N ha–1 h–1. N2O emissions during the wheat season (22 November–20 April) varied between –0.85 and 3.27 g N ha–1 h–1, whereas peaks during different irrigation cycles (six) were in the range of 0.05–3.27 g N ha–1 h–1. N2O sink activity was recorded on 14 of the 41 samplings during the wheat season and ranged between 0.01 and 0.87 g N ha–1 h–1. Total N2O emissions were 0.16 and 0.49 kg N ha–1, whereas the total N2O sink activity was 0.04 and 0.06 kg N ha–1 during the maize and wheat seasons, respectively. N2O emissions under maize were significantly correlated with denitrification rate and soil NO3
–-N but not with soil NH4
+-N or soil temperature. Under wheat, however, N2O emissions showed a strong correlation with soil NH4
+-N, soil NO3
–-N and soil temperature but not with the denitrification rate. Under either crop, N2O emissions did not show a significant relationship with water-filled pore space or soil respiration.
Received: 11 June 1997 相似文献
10.
Nitrogen excretion rates of 15N-labeled earthworms and contributions of 15N excretion products to organic (dissolved organic N) and inorganic (NH4-N, NO3-N) soil N pools were determined at 10 °C and 18 °C under laboratory conditions. Juvenile and adult Lumbricus terrestris L., pre-clitellate and adult Aporrectodea tuberculata (Eisen), and adult Lumbricus rubellus (Hoffmeister) were labeled with 15N by providing earthworms with 15N-labeled organic substrates for 5–6 weeks. The quantity of 15N excreted in unlabeled soil was measured after 48 h, and daily N excretion rates were calculated. N excretion rates ranged
from 274.4 to 744 μg N g–1 earthworm fresh weight day–1, with a daily turnover of 0.3–0.9% of earthworm tissue N. The N excretion rates of juvenile L. terrestris were significantly lower than adult L. terrestris, and there was no difference in the N excretion rates of pre-clitellate and adult A. tuberculata. Extractable N pools, particularly NH4-N, were greater in soils incubated with earthworms for 48 h than soils incubated without earthworms. Between 13 and 40% of
excreted 15N was found in the 15N-mineral N (NH4-N+NO3-N) pool, and 13–23% was in the 15N-DON pool. Other fates of excreted 15N may have been incorporation in microbial biomass, chemical or physical protection in non-extractable N forms, or gaseous
N losses. Earthworm excretion rates were combined with earthworm biomass measurements to estimate N flux from earthworm populations
through excretion. Annual earthworm excretion was estimated at 41.5 kg N ha–1 in an inorganically-fertilized corn agroecosystem, and was equivalent to 22% of crop N uptake. Our results suggest that the
earthworms could contribute significantly to N cycling in corn agroecosystems through excretion processes.
Received: 12 April 1999 相似文献
11.
The spatial in situ variability of soil N2O emissions (measured by micro-chambers, radius 0.033 m), N2O content, water content, NO3
–, NH4
+, inorganic carbon and organic carbon concentrations was investigated on a silt loam by means of geostatistical methods and
nonparametric statistics. The sampling grid consisted of different spacings between sampling points which ranged from 0.1 m
to 50 m. There were no significant correlations between N2O emissions and soil parameters (P>0.1) when all the sampling points were considered. In the centre of the grid a "hot area" was localized with significantly
higher N2O emissions, and NO3
– and NH4
+ concentrations (P≤0.05). Within this hot area the N2O soil content significantly correlated with N2O emissions (P≤0.05). When semiovariograms were computed without data of the hot area samples, N2O emissions showed a weak spatial correlation (range: 4.3 m). The calculations including all data led to pure nugget effects
for all parameters except for soil water content (range >40 m) and N2O soil content (range 16.4 m).
Received: 19 December 1997 相似文献
12.
Nitrous oxide emissions from a fallow and wheat field as affected by increased soil temperatures 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
T. Kamp H. Steindl R. E. Hantschel F. Beese J.-C. Munch 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1998,27(3):307-314
In order to determine the effects of increased soil temperature resulting from global warming on microbiological reactions,
a 21-month field experiment was carried out in the Bavarian tertiary hills. The major objective was to focus on N2O releases as either a positive or negative feedback in response to global warming. The soils of a fallow field and a wheat
field were heated 3 °C above ambient temperature and N2O fluxes were measured weekly from June 1994 to March 1996. During the experimental period, measured temperature differences
between the control plots and the heated plots were 2.9±0.3 °C at a depth of 0.01 m and 1.0–1.8 °C at a depth of 1 m. Soil
moisture decreased with the elevated soil temperatures of the heated plots. The mean differences in soil moisture between
the treatments were 6.4% (fallow field) and 5.2%DW (wheat field dry weight, DW), respectively. Overall N2O releases during the experimental period from the fallow field were 4.8 kg N2O–N ha–1 in the control plot against 5.0 kg N2O–N ha–1 in the heated plot, and releases from the wheat field were 8.0 N2O–N ha–1 in the control plot and 7.6 N2O–N kg ha–1 in the heated plot. However, on a seasonal basis, cumulated N2O emissions differed between the plots. During the summer months (May–October), releases from the heated fallow plot were
3 times the rates from the control plot. In the winter months, N2O releases increased in both the fallow and wheat fields and were related to the number of freezing and thawing cycles.
Received: 1 December 1997 相似文献
13.
The short-term effects of excessive NH4+-N on selected characteristics of soil unaffected (low annual N inputs) and affected (high annual N inputs) by cattle were
investigated under laboratory conditions. The major hypothesis tested was that above a theoretical upper limit of NH4+ concentration, an excess of NH4+-N does not further increase NO3− formation rate in the soil, but only supports accumulation of NO2−-N and gaseous losses of N as N2O. Soils were amended with 10 to 500 μg NH4+-N g−1 soil. In both soils, addition of NH4+-N increased production of NO3−-N until some limit. This limit was higher in cattle-affected soil than in unaffected soil. Production of N2O increased in the whole range of amendments in both soils. At the highest level of NH4+-N addition, NO2−-N accumulated in cattle-affected soil while NO3−-N production decreased in cattle-unaffected soil. Despite being statistically significant, observed effects of high NH4+-N addition were relatively weak. Uptake of mineral N, stimulated by glucose amendment, decreased the mineral N content in
both soils, but it also greatly increased production of N2O. 相似文献
14.
Chemical and biological characteristics of alkaline saline soils from the former Lake Texcoco as affected by artificial drainage 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
M. L. Luna-Guido R. I. Beltrán-Hernández N.A. Solís-Ceballos N. Hernández-Chávez F. Mercado-García J. A. Catt V. Olalde-Portugal L. Dendooven 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2000,32(2):102-108
Soils from the former Lake Texcoco are alkaline saline and were artificially drained and irrigated with sewage effluents
since the late 1980s. Undrained soil and soil drained for 1, 5 and 8 years were sampled, characterized and incubated aerobically
for 90 days at 22±1 °C while production of CO2, available P and concentrations of NH4
+, NO2
– and NO3
– were monitored. Artificial drainage decreased pHH2O, water holding capacity, organic C, total N, and Na+, K+, Mg2+, B, Cl– and SO4
2– concentrations, increased inorganic C and Ca2+ concentrations more than 5-fold while total P was not affected. Microbial biomass C decreased with increased length of drainage
but bacteria, actinomycetes, denitrifiers and cellulose-utilizing bacteria tended to show opposite trends. CO2 production was less in soils drained ≥5 years compared to undrained soil but more than in soils drained for 1 year. Emission
of NH3 was negligible and concentrations of NH4
+ remained constant over time in each soil. Nitrification, as witnessed by increases in NO3
– concentrations, occurred in soil drained for 8 years. NO2
– concentrations decreased in soils drained ≤1 year in the first 7 days of the incubation and remained constant thereafter.
It was found that artificial drainage of soils from the former Lake Texcoco profoundly affected soil characteristics. Decreases
in pH and Na+, K+, Cl– and SO4
2– concentrations made conditions more favourable for plant growth, although low concentrations of inorganic N and available
P might be limiting factors.
Received: 1 December 1999 相似文献
15.
N. Bogaert J. Salomez A. Vermoesen G. Hofman O. Van Cleemput M. Van Meirvenne 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2000,32(3):186-193
The within-field variability of soil mineral nitrogen (Nmin) in a grazed grassland of 8000 m2 was examined. NO3
–-N concentrations were characterized by a high spatial variability. This can be explained by the uneven deposition of animal
excreta. All NH4
+-N as well as NO3
–-N values were lognormally distributed, before and after the grazing season. At the end of the grazing season the largest
part of the variability of NO3
–-N was found for NO3
–-N concentrations measured within a distance of a few metres. A high variability for NO3
–-N over very short distances was also indicated by a large nugget variance. During the grazing season, observed mean Nmin values increased from 22 to 132 kg N ha–1. Regions with clearly higher NO3
–-N concentrations could be identified. These zones matched with the drinking place and the entrance of the pasture, places
which were more frequently visited than others. High residual N levels in autumn led to relatively high losses of N, mostly
by leaching, during the subsequent drainage period. Knowing the variability of Nmin, the number of samples needed to estimate the average Nmin in a field could be calculated for different probabilities and various degrees of precision. From the spatial distribution
of the Nmin concentrations and the restrictions imposed by the new European decree, adapted fertilizer strategies can be proposed at
least for places where systematically higher Nmin concentrations can be expected.
Received: 14 December 1999 相似文献
16.
Factors influencing nitrous oxide and methane emissions from minerotrophic fens in northeast Germany
At two field sites representing northeastern German minerotrophic fens (Rhin-Havelluch, a shallow peat site; Gumnitz, a partially
drained peat site) the influence of different factors (N fertilization, groundwater table, temperature) on N2O and CH4 emissions was investigated. The degraded fens were sources or sinks of the radiatively active trace gases investigated. The
gas fluxes measured were much higher than those found in other terrestrical ecosystems such as forests. Lowering the groundwater
table increased the release of N2O and the oxidation of CH4. High CH4 emission rates occurred when the groundwater tables and soil temperatures were high (>12 °C). N fertilization stimulated
the release of N2O only when application rates were very high (480 kg N ha–1). A moderate N supply (60 or 120 kg N ha–1) hardly increased the release of N2O in spite of high soluble soil NO3
– contents.
Received: 31 October 1997 相似文献
17.
Soils are a major source of atmospheric NO and N2O. Since the soil properties that regulate the production and consumption of NO and N2O are still largely unknown, we studied N trace gas turnover by nitrification and denitrification in 20 soils as a function
of various soil variables. Since fertilizer treatment, temperature and moisture are already known to affect N trace gas turnover,
we avoided the masking effect of these soil variables by conducting the experiments in non-fertilized soils at constant temperature
and moisture. In all soils nitrification was the dominant process of NO production, and in 50% of the soils nitrification
was also the dominant process of N2O production. Factor analysis extracted three factors which together explained 71% of the variance and identified three different
soil groups. Group I contained acidic soils, which showed only low rates of microbial respiration and low contents of total
and inorganic nitrogen. Group II mainly contained acidic forest soils, which showed relatively high respiration rates and
high contents of total N and NH4
+. Group III mainly contained neutral agricultural soils with high potential rates of nitrification. The soils of group I produced
the lowest amounts of NO and N2O. The results of linear multiple regression conducted separately for each soil group explained between 44–100% of the variance.
The soil variables that regulated consumption of NO, total production of NO and N2O, and production of NO and N2O by either nitrification or denitrification differed among the different soil groups. The soil pH, the contents of NH4
+, NO2
– and NO3
–, the texture, and the rates of microbial respiration and nitrification were among the important variables.
Received: 28 October 1999 相似文献
18.
Incubation of soil under low partial pressures of acetylene (10 Pa) is a widely used method to specifically inhibit nitrification
due to the suicide inhibition of ammonium monooxygenase (AMO), the first enzyme in NH4
+ oxidation by nitrifying bacteria. Although the inhibition of AMO is irreversible, recovery of activity is possible if new
enzyme is synthesized. In experiments with three different soils, NH4
+ concentrations decreased and NO3
– concentrations increased soon after acetylene was removed from the atmosphere. Recovery of NO production started immediately
after the removal of acetylene. The release rates of NO and N2O were higher in soil samples which were only preincubated with 10 Pa acetylene than in those which were kept in the presence
of 10 Pa acetylene. In the permanent presence of 10 Pa acetylene, NH4
+ and NO3
– concentrations stayed constant, and the release rates of NO and N2O were low. These low release rates were apparently due to processes other than nitrification. Our experiments showed that
the blockage of nitrification by low (10 Pa) acetylene partial pressures is only reliable when the soil is kept in permanent
contact with acetylene.
Received: 17 July 1996 相似文献
19.
Exchangeable ammonium and nitrate from different nitrogen fertilizer preparations in polyacrylamide-treated and untreated agricultural soils 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
J. L. Kay-Shoemake M. E. Watwood L. Kilpatrick K. Harris 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2000,31(3-4):245-248
High molecular weight, anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) is currently being used as an irrigation water additive to significantly
reduce soil erosion associated with furrow irrigation. PAM contains amide-N, and PAM application to soils has been correlated
with increased activity of soil enzymes, such as urease and amidase, involved in N cycling. Therefore we investigated potential
impacts of PAM treatment on the rate at which fertilizer N is transformed into NH4
+ and NO3
– in soil. PAM-treated and untreated soil microcosms were amended with a variety of fertilizers, ranging from common rapid-release
forms, such as ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4] and urea, to a variety of slow-release formulations, including polymerized urea and polymer-encapsulated urea. Ammonium
sulfate was also tested together with the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD). The fertilizers were applied at a concentration
of 1.0 mg g–1, which is comparable to 100 lb acre–l, or 112 kg ha–1. Potassium chloride-extractable NH4
+-N and NO3
–-N were quantified periodically during 2–4 week incubations. PAM treatment had no significant effect on NH4
+ release rates for any of the fertilizers tested and did not alter the efficacy of DCD as a nitrification inhibitor. However,
the nitrification rate of urea and encapsulated urea-derived NH4
+-N was slightly accelerated in the PAM-treated soil.
Received: 16 January 1998 相似文献
20.
Mohammad Mofizur Rahman Jahangir Dries Roobroeck Oswald Van Cleemput Pascal Boeckx 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2011,47(7):753-766
Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, soil microbial community structure, bulk density, total pore volume, total C and N, aggregate mean weight diameter
and stability index were determined in arable soils under three different types of tillage: reduced tillage (RT), no tillage
(NT) and conventional tillage (CT). Thirty intact soil cores, each in a 25 × 25-m2 grid, were collected to a depth of 10 cm at the seedling stage of winter wheat in February 2008 from Maulde (50°3′ N, 3°43′ W),
Belgium. Two additional soil samples adjacent to each soil core were taken to measure the spatial variance in biotic and physicochemical
conditions. The microbial community structure was evaluated by means of phospholipid fatty acids analysis. Soil cores were
amended with 15 kg NO3−-N ha−1, 15 kg NH4+-N ha−1 and 30 kg ha−1 urea-N ha−1 and then brought to 65% water-filled pore space and incubated for 21 days at 15°C, with regular monitoring of N2O emissions. The N2O fluxes showed a log-normal distribution with mean coefficients of variance (CV) of 122%, 78% and 90% in RT, NT and CT, respectively,
indicating a high spatial variation. However, this variability of N2O emissions did not show plot scale spatial dependence. The N2O emissions from RT were higher (p < 0.01) than from CT and NT. Multivariate analysis of soil properties showed that PC1 of principal component analysis had
highest loadings for aggregate mean weight diameter, total C and fungi/bacteria ratio. Stepwise multiple regression based
on soil properties explained 72% (p < 0.01) of the variance of N2O emissions. Spatial distributions of soil properties controlling N2O emissions were different in three different tillages with CV ranked as RT > CT > NT. 相似文献