Ecology Habits of Equus hemionus and Gazella subgutturosa in Kalamaili Ungulate Reserve in Autumn

IntroductionKalamailiUngulateReserVe(88"30,-90o001E,44o46,-46o00'N),beingfoundedin1982andcovering17,000km',issituatedinsoutheasternDzungariaBasininXinjiang.Wildass(Equushemionus)andGoitredgazelle(GazedssUbgutturosa)arerankedrespectivelyasclass1and11proteCtedanimalsinChina11].ThereservebelongstoinlandlowhillydesertwitheXtremehotsumm\erandcoldwinter.Thevegetationfeaturepresentsscarcecoverage,dwarfplantsandlowbiomes.DominantplantsareHaIOXyIOnammodondfon,ReaumUfissoogaFI'Ca,Art6miSiBsp…     

卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区蒙古野驴的数量与分布

2005年9—10月在新疆北部卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区调查了蒙古野驴的数量和分布。调查过程共设置样线8条,总长640.90km,共发现野驴53群1 039头,平均群体大小为(11.90±7.84)头/群,最大群为189只,2～10头的小群遇见率最高,占总群体数的43.40%。采用实体观测垂距法计算,蒙古野驴的平均密度为(1.231±0.196)头/km~2。结合有效分布面积,可计算得出保护区内约有野驴(5 234±834)头。调查显示蒙古野驴主要分布于保护区北部和中部食物和水源条件较好的区域。     

Ecology of tertiary relict endemic Liquidambar orientalis Mill. forests

The oriental sweetgum, Liquidambar orientalis Mill. is a tertiary period relict endemic taxon of the east Mediterranean. The flat deep hydromorphic soils rich in surface waters during summer months are the most productive sites for the dense stands of L. orientalis. It is mainly distributed on sandy soils, with an alkaline pH. The CaCO₃ content in the soils show a medium value and the percentage of total salt content is very low, but organic matter content is higher. The monoecious trees are on an average 15–20 m tall and form dense forests confined to floodplains, valleys and along streams and in a few dry habitats. The plant shows a typical leaf dimorphism with sparsely lobed leaves at the top and many lobed leaves on the lower parts. Fresh seeds germinate well and the percentage varies from 60 to 80. A syntaxonomical synthesis of these forests was carried out. All associations of L. orientalis including the newly defined Querco ilicis-Liquidambaretum orientalis association have been evaluated within the alliance Platanion orientalis Karpati & Karpati 1961. This alliance is included in the order Platanetalia orientalis Knapp 1959, and class Alno-populetea Knapp 1959.     

Parasitism of canola aphids in France in autumn

In light of a recent increase in the aphid populations on young canola (Brassica napus) in autumn in Northwestern Europe, we carried out a survey of their parasitoid species during this season. The study was done in France from 1998 to 2001 using different sampling methods. Results highlighted the presence of two main species of Aphidiinae, Aphidius matricariae and Diaeretiella rapae (and to a lesser extent Aphidius ervi) on Myzus persicae, and of D. rapae on Brevicoryne brassicae. Nine other Aphidiinae species were found occasionally as well as some Aphelinidae parasitoids and hyperparasitoids. There was no difference in parasitoid species pattern between fields in Northern and Southern France. The principal parasitoid species found in the fields were reared in the laboratory to confirm their ability to develop on the canola aphids. Aphidius matricariae and D. rapae were reared successfully on M. persicae, but a low parasitism rate was obtained for A. ervi on this aphid. This study showed that A. matricariae and D. rapae could develop on aphids on canola and that they are present naturally in canola in autumn. However, the parasitism rate is low in autumn, so the options could be the use of these parasitoids in augmentative release biological control programs or in an IPM project on canola fields during this time of the year.     

轿子山国家级自然保护区重点保护植物生存状况及保护建议

采取样线和样方相结合的方法,对轿子山国家级自然保护区的保护植物资源现状展开全面调查。结果表明：轿子山共有保护植物35种,新增发现国家Ⅱ级保护植物云南梧桐、箭叶大油芒和西藏杓兰;珍稀濒危植物喜马拉雅红豆杉从原有7株增至13株;攀枝花苏铁的种群数量通过人工扩繁和野外监测进一步增加,其他保护植物的生存状况得到了不同程度的改善。基于此,提出建立健全管护机构、各管理部门有效配合、适时开展本底资源调查等保护建议。     

西双版纳曼稿子保护区勐遮片区印度野牛活动研究

2020年1月至12月,利用样线调查法并结合红外相机调查对勐海县曼稿保护区勐遮片区的印度野牛种群进行了初步调查。结果表明,区域内印度野牛活动时间主要集中于1—2月以及4—5月,活动区域主要为勐遮片区的南双岭村周边范围内,分布面积约173 hm²,红外相机拍摄到个体数量最多为5头,成年雄性2头,成年雌性2头,未成年个体1头,印度野牛常于夜晚20点至清晨6点间活动。为有效保护该区域印度野牛,并吸引印度野牛进入保护区内,应加强日常巡护管理,扩充及增大现有人工硝溏。     

五道峡自然保护区锐齿槲栎群落物种组成与群落特征研究

锐齿槲栎是广泛分布于我国暖温带和亚热带山地中海拔地段的主要优势种,以五道峡国家级自然保护区内的锐齿槲栎群落为研究对象,通过种群年龄结构及数量动态变化,生活型谱及生长模型方面的研究,分析五道峡国家级自然保护区锐齿槲栎群落特征。结果表明,锐齿槲栎龄级结构中,个体数量在Ⅲ~Ⅵ龄级占比最大,种群中低龄个体数量充足;种群数量动态指数显示锐齿槲栎种群呈现增长趋势,但种群稳定性差且抗干扰能力较弱;生活型谱分析发现,占比最高的属于高位芽植物,且呈随海拔升高占比逐渐降低的趋势,植物生活型谱大致呈现“L”型;生长模型的研究表明,三次函数模型的决定系数R2达到最大值,且经过T检验,表明三次函数模型可以很好地用来拟合锐齿槲栎胸径—树高的关系。建议在原地保护的基础上进行科学的管理,并充分调动群众的积极性,为种群营造稳定的生存环境,促进种群的长期发展。     

大老岭自然保护区日本落叶松林凋落物分解及养分释放研究

[目的]研究外来引进树种日本落叶松林凋落物对土壤养分的影响。[方法]采用分解袋法分别对18年生和24年生日本落叶松林以及周围针阔混交林凋落物的分解和养分释放规律进行了研究。[结果]凋落物分解和养分释放速率均表现为针阔混交林日本落叶松纯林;24年生日本落叶松林18年生日本落叶松林。其中不同林分的凋落物残留率与时间呈指数相关,凋落物年分解系数(K)也表现为针阔混交林(0.555 6)24年生日本落叶松林(0.445 0)18年生日本落叶松林(0.366 2)。凋落物分解速率与初始N元素含量呈极显著正相关,而与C/N比呈显著负相关,高的木质素含量对凋落物的分解有一定影响。C元素、K元素表现为直接释放模式,而研究中C/N比和C/P比相对较高,使N元素和P元素均表现为先富集后释放的模式。各养分元素的残留率总体呈现出18年生日本落叶松林24年生日本落叶松林针阔混交林的格局。[结论]不同林分凋落物分解和养分释放速率差异较大。凋落物年分解系数表现为针阔混交林24年生日本落叶松林18年生日本落叶松林。     

卧龙自然保护区珙桐林下资源调查初报

为了解卧龙自然保护区珙桐林下乔木、灌木和草本的资源情况,2021年2月至11月,采用设置样方的形式进行珙桐调查,综合参考文献,本次调查发现珙桐林中乔木层物种48种、灌木层物种34种和草本层物种56种,研究其种类及隶属科、属,分析珙桐天然林与日本落叶松人工林林下群落生态、优势属种间的差异,以期为保护野生珙桐资源提供基础信息和科学依据。     

Ramet population structure of Fargesia nitida in different canopy conditions of the subalpine dark coniferous forest in the Wolong Nature Reserve, China

The bamboo Fargesia nitida, one of the giant panda’s main food sources and the dominant shrub species of the forest understory, is mainly distributed in the dark coniferous belt in western Sichuan and southern Gansu in China. To study the impact of different forest canopy conditions on subalpine dwarf bamboo populations, ramet population structures of clonal Fargesia nitida were surveyed in: forest understory (FU), moderate gap (MG), large gap (LG) and marginal open space (MOS). In order to determine how the ramet structures could be affected and its effects on these four canopy conditions, a field survey of the age structure of Fargesia nitida population, its morphological traits and biomass was conducted in the Abies faxoniana forest situated in the Wolong Nature Reserve, western Sichuan, China. The main results were as follows. First, at the ramet level, the structures of the ramet populations in four canopy conditions were significantly different, and as the canopy density decreased, the mean height, basal diameter and biomass of the populations increased following the order: LG<MG<FU. Second, the biomass proportions of ramets modularly varied with different canopy conditions and leaf biomass proportion was positively related to the canopy density except for the MOS where the biomass proportions of rhizome and roots were both higher than those in the three other canopy conditions. Third, ramet specific leaf weight increased in parallel with the decrease in canopy density. In the MG, the values of the individual leaf biomass and leaf area were the largest, followed by those in the MOS. Both the individual leaf biomass and leaf area were significantly different from those in the FU and LG. Leaf number per ramet was significantly different among the four different canopy conditions and the biggest in the LG. Fourth, the ramet population mortality was the lowest in the FU (Chi-square test, p < 0.01), while there was no significant difference in the average population age (Mann-Whitney test, p > 0.05). All the results indicated that it was not ramet age, but the morphological changes and biomass distribution that exhibited the response of the ramet population of Fargesia nitida to the changed canopy conditions. Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 40(1): 730–736 [译自: 生态学报]     

松墨天牛成虫行为与化学生态学研究进展

[目的]通过对松材线虫的媒介松墨天牛的防控以达到控制松材线虫病的目的。[方法]通过查阅国内外相关文献,对松墨天牛成虫行为与化学生态学进行归纳总结。[结果]松墨天牛成虫活动范围较小,当食物短缺时会远距离迁飞。大部分成虫补充营养10 d后才开始交配,交配分为三个阶段:雌雄成虫共同受寄主植物挥发物吸引,雄虫通过短距离信息素吸引雌虫,再通过接触信息素识别雌虫。植物挥发物如α-蒎烯和乙醇等可以引起松墨天牛成虫的反应,樟子松墨天牛雄虫分泌的聚集信息素2-undecyloxy-1-ethanol能同时引诱雄虫和雌虫,使用植物挥发物与聚集信息素复配研制出的引诱剂如APF-I型引诱剂引诱松墨天牛时,效果比单独使用更加显著,是一种灵敏高效、环境友好、不易产生抗性的防治方法。视觉在松墨天牛活动中具备一定的指导作用,使其对褐色有较大的选择偏向性,当复眼被涂黑后交配成功率也相对下降。进行取食选择时,选择健康木优先于衰弱木,进行产卵选择时则相反。未交配松墨天牛对健康松枝挥发物的触角电位反应值比被害松枝挥发物的反应值大,交配后的松墨天牛触角电位反应与交配前相反。产卵后雌虫会在产卵孔分泌包含产卵忌避信息素的胶状物,防止其他雌虫在此处产卵。[结论]可以使用引诱剂防治松墨天牛,也可以应用天敌生物花绒寄甲、白僵菌和管氏肿腿蜂等防控松墨天牛。     

Habitat selection of Guizhou golden monkey （Phinopithecus roxellanae brelichi）in Fanjing Mountain Biosphere Reserve, China

Guizhou golden monkey (Phinopithecus roxellanae brelichi) is a peculiar, rare and endangered species. It is distributed most narrowly and requires a rigorous habitat. In this study the habitats of Guizhou Golden Monkey were divided into three habitats: most suitable habitats, suitable habitats and marginally suitable habitats. The characteristics of the vegetation community, environmental factors and extreme environmental factors in the three habitats were systematically analyzed. The seasonal activity rule, activity area and the food characteristic of Guizhou golden monkey were also study at the same time. The results indicate that the evergreen and deciduous broadleaf mixed forest is the optimal living vegetation community for Guizhoug olden Monkey, and the suitable annual temperature is 8-15℃, the extremely lowest temperature is -2.5℃, the extremely highest temperature is 25℃, and the optimal living altitude is 1500-1700 m. In the same area, the higher the vegetation diversitythe more suitable it is for the life of Guizhou golden monkey. Temperature and food are the main habitat factors in determining the activity scope of the guizhou golden monkey community. The Altitude, temperature and the characteristics of the vegetation community are the main limitina factors for habitat selection.     

玉溪市红塔山自然保护区病虫害调查与防治

采用线路踏查、专项调查、标准地调查、辅助调查等方法,对玉溪市红塔山自然保护区的病虫害进行调查。结果表明,区内分布的主要病虫害种类分属6目17科共35种;造成危害的有10种,其中以蛀干害虫鞘翅目小蠹科、象虫科、天牛科和膜翅目蚁科、檀香目桑寄生科危害最重。对危害严重的云南切梢小蠹、松褐天牛、红火蚁等10种病虫害的主要形态特征、生物学特性、危害情况进行阐述,提出了防治技术措施。     

Food habits and selective grazing of Mongolian gazelle (Procapra gutturosa) in Hulunber Grassland

The food availability, composition of the diets and selective grazing of the Mongolian gazelle (Procapra gutturosa) were studied in Hulunber Grassland in Nei Monggol. The food availability of Mongolian gazelle showed seasonal changes. The plant biomass was higher in spring and summer than that in autumn and winter. The fecal compositions of the gazelle demonstrated that fibrous parts occupied 62.4%, 74.8%, and 66.0% in spring, autumn, and winter, respectively. The Mongolian gazelle preferred to grazeCompositeae, Leguminosae, Allium spp. and other forbs in spring and autumn, while the grasses, such asAneurolepidium chinense andStipa spp. were selectively feeding in winter. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong     

乌拉山自然保护区油松种群结构与分布格局研究

针对乌拉山自然保护区天然油松种群的分布特点,设置了3个具有代表性的样地,采用种群径级结构代替年龄结构、点格局分析(Ripley's K-Function)方法对油松种群年龄结构和空间分布格局进行了研究,以期为干旱半干旱地区山地森林生态系统的评价及管理提供依据.结果表明:不同样地油松种群年龄结构处在不同发育阶段,这主要是...     

Stand structure and establishment process of an old-growth stand in the mixed deciduous broadleaf/conifer forest of Mt. Moiwa Forest Reserve, central Hokkaido, Northern Japan

Stand structure of an old-growth forest was studied by tree (≥4.0 cm in DBH) census in a main plot of 1.3 ha and 8 additional plots (0.525 ha in total) located in the Mt. Moiwa Forest Reserve, central Hokkaido, northern Japan. Major tree species with ≥1.0% of the relative basal area and of relative number of trees (Acer mono, A. mono var.mayrii, Kalopanax pictus, Magnolia kobus var.borealis, M. obovata, Prunus ssiori, Tilia japonica, andUlmus laciniata) have positive values of skewness in DBH, which shows the abundance of smaller-sized stems. All stems over 1.3 m high in the main plot were mapped to clarify the relationship between stem densities and canopy states. Although advances from sapling (>1.3 m tall and <4.0 cm DBH) to small tree (10.0 cm ≤ DBH <25 cm) for all major component species, exceptP. ssiori andU. laciniata, were independent of canopy states, those ofP. ssiori andU. laciniata depended on canopy gaps.Betula spp. was the most abundant gap makers, butT. japonica andA. mono (including var.mayrii) were dominant species in the main plot. This suggests the shift of dominant species in the forest of the study site. Historical records of disturbance demonstrated that selective cuttings of conifers during the late 19th century were responsible for the dominance ofBetula spp. and the subsequent shift of dominant species. This fact suggests that artificial disturbance plays an important role in the establishment ofTilia japonica-Acer mono forest considered to be a climax of the mixed deciduous broadleaf/conifer forests.     

Food habits of sika deer as assessed by fecal analysis in Mt. Ohdaigahara,central Japan

Food habits of sika deer,Cervus nippon centralis temminck, in Mt. Ohdaigahara, central Japan, were investigated by the fecal analysis method from September, 1990, to June, 1991. The fecal analysis showed that the percentage ofSasa nipponica Makino et Shibata in the fecal composition was approximately 50% throughout the year, indicating that it was the main food plant. Bark and twigs were also found in the feces in all seasons, suggesting that the deer ate bark throughout the year. Even though the amount of the bark eaten per capita was small, the high density of deer may possibly cause serious bark damage. Barking can be one of the main causes of the mortality ofPicea jezoensis Sieb. et Zucc. var.hondoensis (Mayr) Rehder andAbies homolepis Sieb. et Zucc. in Mt. Ohdaigahara. A part of this study was presented at the 105th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Forestry Society (1994).     

梵净山国家级自然保护区植被分布与黔金丝猴生境选择

以2004年6月份的SPOT 5 遥感影像为基础,结合野外调查数据,运用ERDAS软件对梵净山自然保护区的植被进行遥感解译,分辨出7种植被类型。然后应用ARCGIS软件进行数据合成,获得保护区各植被类型的分布范围及其他相关信息。对黔金丝猴在各种植被类型中的出现频率进行统计,结果指出中山常绿、落叶阔叶混交林和低山常绿阔叶林是黔金丝猴主要选择的植被类型。这一结果可为梵净山自然保护区的规划、管理和黔金丝猴的保护提供科学依据。     

云龙天池云南松自然种群分布格局分析

[目的]对云南松种群年龄结构和空间分布格局的变化以及不同生长阶段个体的空间分布格局及空间关联性进行了研究,从空间格局角度深入认识云南松林群落结构和分布格局及其形成的内在机制。[方法]基于云南省云龙县天池自然保护区云南松天然林的样地调查数据,基于云南松的种群径级结构,采用Ripley’s L函数点格局方法,对云南松自然种群的龄级结构、空间分布格局及其不同生长阶段空间关联性进行了系统分析。[结果]云南松自然种群径级和高度级结构完整,分布呈倒"J"型;云南松自然种群整体上在0 40 m的空间尺度上呈"聚集-随机"的分布格局;云南松自然种群个体在幼树和小树阶段,在较大的尺度上呈聚集分布,随着尺度的增加转变为随机分布,而在中树阶段完全呈聚集分布,随着龄级的递增,大树阶段的空间分布格局呈随机分布;云南松自然种群不同生长阶段个体间空间关联在所有尺度上基本都呈显著正相关。[结论]云南松自然种群结构属增长型种群;云南松自然种群不同生长阶段的个体呈现不同的分布格局,表现出强烈的空间动态特性;云南松种群各生长阶段间正向的关系,有利于种群的维持。     

滇中高原雕林山云南松混交林群落结构特征

研究了滇中高原雕林山云南松天然混交林的群落结构特征,结果表明:所有林木平均胸径、云南松平均胸径、所有树种大树(DBH≥30 cm)密度和云南松大树密度在不同亚类红壤土上存在显著差异,呈现暗红壤>黄红壤>红壤变化趋势;所有树种立木密度和云南松立木密度存在显著差异,以红壤上的最高;总胸高断面积和云南松胸高断面积百分比存在显著差异,前者呈现暗红壤>红壤>黄红壤变化趋势,后者与前者相反;草本层盖度在不同亚类红壤土上也存在显著差异,暗红壤和黄红壤显著高于红壤。林木层在暗红壤上分为4层,在黄红壤和红