长翅型与短翅型褐飞虱对杀虫剂的敏感性比较

采用稻苗浸渍法测定了长、短翅型褐飞虱对烯啶虫胺、环氧虫啶、呋虫胺、噻虫嗪、噻虫胺、吡虫啉、毒死蜱、敌敌畏、噻嗪酮、异丙威、吡蚜酮和醚菊酯的敏感性,并对其体内解毒酶活力进行了比较分析。结果表明:长翅型与短翅型褐飞虱若虫对新烟碱类杀虫剂呋虫胺、噻虫嗪、噻虫胺和吡虫啉的敏感性存在显著差异,长翅型比短翅型更敏感;相反,对于有机磷类杀虫剂毒死蜱,短翅型褐飞虱则更敏感;2种生物型对烯啶虫胺、环氧虫啶、敌敌畏、噻嗪酮、异丙威、吡蚜酮和醚菊酯的敏感性无显著差异。解毒酶相对比活力测定结果表明,长翅型褐飞虱若虫酯酶比活力显著高于短翅型,细胞色素P450单加氧酶比活力显著低于短翅型,而谷胱甘肽S-转移酶比活力无显著性差异。本研究结果可为褐飞虱的有效防控提供科学参考。     

荆州地区褐飞虱对吡虫啉、噻嗪酮的抗药性测定

为了解褐飞虱田间种群的抗性水平,笔者采用稻茎浸渍法测定了湖北荆州地区褐飞虱田间种群对吡虫啉和噻嗪酮的抗药性.结果表明,荆州地区褐飞虱田间种群对吡虫啉的抗性倍数为57.22～177.00,达到高水平至极高水平抗性;对噻嗪酮的抗性倍数为5.70～16.81,为低水平至中等水平抗性.     

中国水稻主产区褐飞虱对3种杀虫剂的抗性监测

2006-2009年,用稻茎浸渍法连续监测了广西南宁市、广东阳江市、湖南东安县、福建福清市、江西上高县、湖北孝感市、浙江金华市、江苏通州市和安徽和县共9个地区褐飞虱种群对吡虫啉、噻嗪酮和氟虫腈的抗性变化。结果表明:褐飞虱种群对吡虫啉的抗性仍处于高水平至极高水平抗性阶段(105.5~459.7倍),但2009年监测到东安、孝感、上高种群对吡虫啉的抗性已有下降趋势;褐飞虱种群对氟虫腈的抗性有增长趋势,2006到2009年褐飞虱种群对氟虫腈由敏感至低水平抗性(<6.9倍)发展到了中水平至高水平抗性(13.5~43.3倍);由于2005年吡虫啉在高抗地区的禁用,褐飞虱种群对噻嗪酮的抗性上升速度加快,2009年已处于低水平至中水平抗性阶段(7.0~14.4倍)。这表明在吡虫啉、氟虫腈被禁用后,大面积单一使用噻嗪酮进行防治,褐飞虱对噻嗪酮的抗性有可能加速发展。     

施氮量对噻嗪酮防治褐飞虱效果的影响

为提高水稻产量,农民大量施用化学氮肥,适量的施用氮肥可以提高水稻产量,但是连续过量施用氮肥不仅污染水和土壤,还会影响农田生态系统(Zhang et al.,2015),甚至会使褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(stal)种群对杀虫剂的敏感性发生变化,如Lu et al(.2005)研究结果表明过量施用氮肥不但增加褐飞虱种群的抗药性,而且增加褐飞虱对水稻为害的敏感性。为明确施氮量对噻嗪酮防治褐飞虱的影响,拟采用室内试验和田间试验分别测定不同氮素水平下褐飞虱对噻嗪酮的抗性和噻嗪酮对褐飞虱的防治效果,以期为化肥和农药减施增效综合管理策略的制定提供参考依据。     

褐飞虱对吡虫啉、噻嗪酮和氟虫腈的抗性监测

2005年10月至2007年10月,用稻茎浸渍法测定12个褐飞虱种群对吡虫啉、噻嗪酮和氟虫腈的敏感性。结果表明：12个褐飞虱种群对吡虫啉均达高或极高水平抗性;除2005年南宁、韶关和阳江,2006年阳江及2007年永州5个褐飞虱种群对噻嗪酮仍处于敏感水平外,其余种群处于敏感性降低或达到低水平抗性;而2006年阳江褐飞虱种群对氟虫腈处于敏感性降低阶段,其余的8个种群均达到了低或中等水平抗性。     

褐飞虱对吡虫啉、噻嗪酮和氟虫腈的抗陛监测

2005年10月至2007年10月,用稻茎浸渍法测定12个褐飞虱种群对吡虫啉、噻嗪酮和氟虫腈的敏感性。结果表明：12个褐飞虱种群对吡虫啉均达高或极高水平抗性;除2005年南宁、韶关和阳江,2006年阳江及2007年永州5个褐飞虱种群对噻嗪酮仍处于敏感水平外,其余种群处于敏感性降低或达到低水平抗性;而2006年阳江褐飞虱种群对氟虫腈处于敏感性降低阶段,其余的8个种群均达到了低或中等水平抗性。     

科技文摘

稻褐飞虱对噻嗪酮抗性的检测技术 /庄永林… (南京农业大学 210095)∥南京农业大学学报 .－ 2000， 23(3).－ 114～ 117　　鉴于噻嗪酮作用比较缓慢，而用点滴法、药膜法及浸苗法等方法处理后检查结果的时间较短，不能反映它的这种特点，作者研究并建立了稻茎浸渍法检测技术。从 1996和 1997年抗性监测的初步结果来看，褐飞虱对噻嗪酮产生抗性的速度比较缓慢，其原因可能是：首先褐飞 虱是迁飞性害虫，敏感性程度不同的褐飞虱种群在迁飞过程中可能有明显的稀释作用；其次褐飞虱是一种间歇性暴发成灾的害虫，通常每 10 a中有 2～ 3 a暴发成灾…     

褐飞虱对甲胺磷、扑虱灵的抗药性现状及发展趋势

本文报道采用点滴法和浸苗法监测江苏地区褐飞虱对甲胺磷、扑虱灵抗药性的现状及发展趋势。从１９９３年到１９９５年褐飞虱对甲胺磷的抗药性指数为４．９～１０．２，属耐药到低抗性水平；对扑虱灵的抗药性指数为２．４～３．１，耐药性明显增加。经连续筛选８代，褐飞虱对甲胺磷和扑虱灵的抗性分别增加５倍和６．５倍，显示这２种药剂大面积连续使用抗药性会继续增加，其中对扑虱灵的抗药性上升速度略快于对甲胺磷。     

乙虫腈10％悬浮剂和吡蚜酮25％可湿性粉剂防治稻飞虱田间药效试验

灰飞虱和褐飞虱是为害本地水稻的主要飞虱种群,近年来有加重发生的趋势,目前大部分药剂对其已产生较明显的抗性。乙虫腈10％悬浮剂、吡蚜酮25％可湿性粉剂是目前防治这2种飞虱比较理想的药剂,乙虫腈10％悬浮剂使用剂量为60-75ga．i．／hm^2时,其对褐飞虱20d的防效保持在85％以上．吡蚜酮25％可湿性粉剂使用剂量为75～93．75ga．i．／hm^2时,其对灰飞虱和褐飞虱均具有较好的持效性。     

褐飞虱对甲胺磷的抗性遗传

室内抗性筛选表明，褐飞虱对甲胺磷抗性的发展呈不规则的“S”形，第5代前抗性上升很慢，第5～15代间迅速上升，第15代后上升再次变慢。利用选育的抗甲胺磷褐飞虱品系和敏感品系，研究了褐飞虱对甲胺磷的抗性遗传形式。结果显示，正交和反交子代的显性度D值分别为0．5130和0．4673，表明抗性主效基因是不完全显性遗传的。利用剂量对数-死亡机率值曲线分析法，初步判断抗性遗传不是单基因控制的；卡方(χ^2)测验进一步证实，抗性遗传可能是两个或两个以上的基因控制。抗性筛选全过程和F5～F13的现实遗传力(h^2)分别为0．2190和0．2457，说明褐飞虱对甲胺磷抗性产生的速率较快，出现高抗性的风险较大。     

Insecticide resistance management of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Australian cotton – pyriproxyfen,spirotetramat and buprofezin

BACKGROUND

Bemisia tabaci is a globally significant agricultural pest including in Australia, where it exhibits resistance to numerous insecticides. With a recent label change, buprofezin (group 16), is now used for whitefly management in Australia. This study investigated resistance to pyriproxyfen (group 7C), spirotetramat (group 23) and buprofezin using bioassays and available molecular markers.

RESULTS

Bioassay and selection testing of B. tabaci populations detected resistance to pyriproxyfen with resistance ratios ranging from 4.1 to 56. Resistance to spirotetramat was detected using bioassay, selection testing and sequencing techniques. In populations collected from cotton, the A2083V mutation was detected in three populations of 85 tested, at frequencies ≤4.1%, whereas in limited surveillance of populations from an intensive horticultural region the frequency was ≥75.8%. The baseline susceptibility of B. tabaci to buprofezin was determined from populations tested from 2019 to 2020, in which LC₅₀ values ranged from 0.61 to 10.75 mg L⁻¹. From the bioassay data, a discriminating dose of 200 mg L⁻¹ was developed. Recent surveillance of 16 populations detected no evidence of resistance with 100% mortality recorded at doses ≤32 mg L⁻¹. A cross-resistance study found no conclusive evidence of resistance to buprofezin in populations with high resistance to pyriproxyfen or spirotetramat.

CONCLUSIONS

In Australian cotton, B. tabaci pest management is challenged by ongoing resistance to pyriproxyfen, while resistance to spirotetramat is an emerging issue. The addition of buprofezin provides a new mode-of-action for whitefly pest management, which will strengthen the existing insecticide resistance management strategy. © 2023 Commonwealth of Australia. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

噻嗪酮在水和水稻植株中的残留动态及转运

采用反相高效液相色谱法研究了噻嗪酮在水和水稻植株中的残留动态。该法的平均回收率为72.70％—91.46％,水和水稻植株中的最低检出浓度分别为0.002mg/ks和0.005mg/kg。研究结果表明:水稻茎部能不断从水中获取噻嗪酮并使之浓缩,噻嗪酮在水稻植株中存在一定的内渗和内吸传导,其中由下向上传导率较高。作者还讨论了噻嗪酮在水和水稻植株中的残留动态及转运与其对稻飞虱具高效、长效防治作用的关系。     

Relationship between esterase activity and acrinathrin and methiocarb resistance in field populations of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis

The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is a serious pest in the south-east of Spain owing to its direct feeding on crops, transmission of the tomato spotted wilt virus and its very high level of resistance to insecticides. Mechanisms of resistance were examined using field populations of F. occidentalis with different susceptibilities to acrinathrin, methiocarb (selective insecticides), endosulfan, metamidophos and deltamethrin (broad-spectrum insecticides). Esterase activity towards alpha-naphthyl acetate and p-nitrophenyl acetate in resistant strains was significantly higher than in the reference strain (MLFOM) for both model substrates. This higher activity was significantly correlated with acrinathrin and methiocarb resistance.     

水稻穗期褐稻虱为害对米粒干物质积累的影响

作者就褐稻虱在水稻扬花后对米粒灌浆的影响进行定量研究。结果表明,米粒干物质的累积量与扬花后的天数呈极显著的logistic曲线关系。干物质积累总量、起始增长势、干物质积累旺盛期以及最大日增量均与褐稻虱虫量呈极显著的负相关。仅占籽粒充实总日数38.6％的灌浆盛期中,积累的干物质重为成熟时籽粒干重的65.84％,这是决定稻谷千粒重的关键时期。在孕穗末期到齐穗后的20d内,应尽可能地将褐稻虱种群控制到最低水平,孕穗末期在使用高活性药剂扑虱灵、吡虫啉时,用药有效剂量需确保控制效果30～35d,可获得最大的经济效益。     

草酸诱导黄瓜抗炭疽病的机理研究

 本文进一步证明草酸能显著诱导黄瓜对炭疽病的系统抗性,同时发现硫酸亚铁亦具有显著的诱抗效果。草酸能诱导局部叶片及系统叶片中壁共价键结合态、壁离子键结合态和可溶态过氧化物酶(POD)活性提高,其中离子键结合态POD活性提高量最大,共价键结合态POD活性提高倍数最大。草酸处理后还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)与氧化型抗坏血酸(DHAsA)的比值和亚铁离子(Fe²⁺)与三价铁离子(Fe³⁺)的比值均明显增加。对壁结合态POD、Fe²⁺、As A在草酸诱导抗病性中的作用进行了较深入的讨论。     

Buprofezin susceptibility survey, resistance selection and preliminary determination of the resistance mechanism in Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae)

BACKGROUND: Buprofezin has been used for many years to control Nilaparvata lugens (Stål). Assessment of susceptibility change in the insect is essential for maintaining control efficiency and resistance management. RESULTS: Eleven‐year surveys showed that most field populations were susceptible before 2004. However, substantially higher levels of resistance (up to 28‐fold) were found in most of the rice fields in China after 2004. A field population was collected and periodically selected for buprofezin resistance in the laboratory. After 65 generations (56 were selected), the colony successfully obtained 3599‐fold resistance to buprofezin. Synergism tests showed that O,O‐diethyl‐O‐phenyl phosphorothioate (SV1), piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and diethyl maleate (DEM) increased buprofezin toxicity in the resistant strain by only 1.5–1.6 fold, suggesting that esterases, P450‐monooxygenases and glutathione S‐transferases had no substantial effect on buprofezin resistance development. CONCLUSION: The results from this study indicate that N. lugens has the potential to develop high resistance to buprofezin. A resistance management program with rotation of buprofezin and other pesticides may efficiently delay or slow down resistance development in the insect. Further investigation is also necessary to understand the resistance mechanisms in N. lugens. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

New developments in insecticide resistance in the glasshouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) and the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) in the UK

A recent survey of insecticide resistance in two of the most problematic pests in UK glasshouses revealed some new developments. At least some individuals in all UK samples of Trialeurodes vaporariorum that were tested resisted the insect growth regulator (IGR) buprofezin. The most strongly resistant strains were unaffected by the field application rate of this compound, and even samples from populations that had never been exposed to buprofezin contained individuals that survived the highest concentration applied (10,000 mg litre-1). The field rate of buprofezin was shown to select for resistance through vapour action alone. The benzophenylurea teflubenzuron, an unrelated IGR, was cross-resisted by buprofezin-resistant individuals. There was no evidence of resistance to imidacloprid, but all T vaporariorum strains tested, regardless of origin, exhibited a high innate tolerance to nicotine, when compared with another whitefly species, Bemisia tabaci. Marked resistance to fenbutatin oxide and tebufenpyrad was found in single glasshouse populations of Tetranychus urticae, but these compounds and abamectin appeared to remain highly effective against all other strains collected.     

稻飞虱寄生性天敌两索线虫田间制约因素的研究

通过异地多点调查和室内测定,分析稻飞虱寄生性天敌两索线虫Amphimermis sp.成虫的田间基数、垂直分布和活力的制约因子。结果表明:①土壤墒情是两索线虫成虫期的主要影响因素。黑墒条件下,成虫基数高、活力强,垂直分布趋向0—10cm耕作层;②免(少)耕和稻茬后越冬作物种植种类对成虫的影响因地而异;③在土壤pH5.45—7.32范围内,两索线虫成虫适宜生活于黑墒偏酸性土质;④尿素、碳酸铵和硫酸铵对成虫有很强的刺激性和不同程度的致死作用,碳酸铵作用最强;⑤三唑酮等11种药剂对成虫无可见影响,杀虫双等其它10种化学农药则有不同程度的刺激性和致死作用;⑥比较测定杀虫双等9种农药对两索线虫成虫的LC_(50)。     

稻飞虱寄生性天敌两索线虫田间制约因素的研究

通过异地多点调查和室内测定,分析稻飞虱寄生性天敌两索虫Ａｍｐｈｉｍｅｒｍｉｓｓｐ．成虫的田间基数、垂直分布和活力的制约因子。结果表明：①土壤墒性是两索线虫成虫期的主要影响因素,黑墒条件下,成虫基数高,活力强,垂直分布趋向向０－１０ｃｍ耕作层;②免（少）耕和稻茬后越冬作用种植种类对成虫的影响因地而异;③在土壤ＰＨ５．４５－７．３２范围内,两索线虫成虫适宜生活于黑墒偏酸性土质;④尿素、碳酸铵和硫酸铵对