麦套春棉田间小气候的观测

近几年来，麦套春棉在黄淮海地区引起的田间小气候变化，不利于棉花生长发育。因此，对麦套春棉的地面蒸发，田间湿度、土壤容重与孔隙度、棉苗冠层风速等气候因子进行了研究，为进一步合理地促进棉花生长发育，制定适宜的栽培管理措施提供依据。     

枣棉间作条件下棉花各种植行生长差异研究

在3年生枣树田间作棉花条件下,研究棉花距枣树的不同种植行的生长发育情况,为枣树成林前与棉花间作的种植模式提供理论依据.结果表明：在3年生枣树与棉花间作且棉花边行距枣树0.9m以上条件下,不同种植行的生育期差异不大;棉花中间行较边行表现出生长优势,产量较边行高,但铃重、衣分和纤维品质无显著差异.     

辽西地区麦棉套种高产高效益栽培模式研究

本文对辽西特早熟棉区不同麦棉套种模式棉田生态环境和经济效益进行了研究，结果表明该地区实行麦棉套种，套种麦行不宜过多。各套种模式中４—２式表现出套种棉生态环境好，经济效益高，适于辽西地区采用。     

麦套棉高产栽培技术

麦棉套种地区是夏熟以行种啤酒大麦为主,秋熟以棉花为主,常年10月下旬至11月上旬在1·1~1·3 m的棉行中用机器条播一行50 cm宽的大麦幅,下年5月中、下旬在麦行间空地上移栽一行棉花,麦子可为棉花增高地温,有利于棉花苗期生长。这两年行种大麦每公顷产量都在5 250~6 750 kg之间,     

豫东地区机采棉种植模式初探

在豫东地区进行麦棉套种和麦后移栽条件下棉花统一密度、不同行距的试验,以探讨简化栽培并适用于机械收获的植棉模式.结果表明:麦套棉行距76 cm、株距19.5 cm,种植密度6.75万株·hm-2;麦后移栽棉行距76 cm、株距17.5 cm,种植密度7.50万株·hm-2;这两种种植模式下产量高,是较为理想的机采棉种植模式.     

棉花与西瓜、 绿豆间作栽培模式及效益分析

河北产棉区人口多耕地少,在自然条件适宜的地区,棉田实行问套复种,更有利于提高经济效益.经过近几年的生产实践,河北省深州市总结并筛选出了生产上技术成熟、便于推广、效益明显的棉田间套高效作物栽培模式,即棉花-西瓜双膜种植和棉花-绿豆间作种植.     

棉瓜套种高产高效与配套技术

近年 ,随着棉价下跌 ,棉农收入大幅度下降 ,如何找到一条既稳定棉花产量 ,又确保棉农增产的好路子 ,是目前农业结构调整和面对ＷＴＯ的工作重点。南昌市在 1998年就提出棉田要“放宽行距 ,缩小株距 ,改棉花传统栽植方式为宽行窄株种植 ,使之易于间作套种”。通过 3年对多种棉田间套模式的试验与摸索 ,得出棉田套种无籽西瓜效益较好。本文就其社会、经济效益及配套技术要点作简要介绍。1　效益分析1 1　经济效益增加　1999～ 2 0 0 1年试验、示范结果显示 ,棉瓜套种虽然棉花产量略减 4～ 5 % ,但经济效益提高了 86 7% ,扣除生产成本 ,比单作…     

“稻套菇”农田小气候分析

一、引言 稻套菇农田小气候分析的目的,在于摸清杂交水稻后期的田间小气候特征,研究平菇在这一生态环境下生长的可行性。为此,我们于1987年7月下旬至8月中旬在南京东郊摄山乡农科站进行为期一个月动田间小气候考察。组合为汕优63,株行距4.5×6寸,每亩苗数约25-26万,叶面积指数6.2。 二、“稻套菇”农用小气候特点　 1、气温气温是影响平菇生命活动过程极重要的因子,关系到稻田套菇的成败。 (1)平均气温考察期间的气候特点是凉夏多雨,气温比常年偏低。处在稻行放养平菇的20厘米高度,全期平均气温为26.5t,旬平均气温26.2—27.ZMf一以8月上旬…     

3-2式麦棉套种棉行的合理配置初探

３—２式麦棉套种棉行的合理配置初探①庄军年中国农科院棉花研究所安阳４５５１１２３—２式麦棉套种方式能有效缓解麦棉争光、争水等矛盾，有利于粮棉双高产，提高了单位土地面积的产出效益。但从生产实践中发现，东西行向套种时，如果两行棉花与两边小麦等距离配置，北...     

麦套棉红蜘蛛大发生原因及防治技术

本文从棉红蜘蛛自身生物学特性、棉花抗虫性和麦棉套种棉田生态因素变化分析，探讨了棉红蜘蛛大发生的原因，并提出了以压低越冬螨基数为基础，控制苗期螨害为重点，蕾铃期防治不放松，农业防治、生物防治、化学防治等多种措施综合应用的防治策略和几点具体防治措施     

Temperature-mediated developmental delay may limit yield of cotton in relay intercrops with wheat

In the Yellow River valley of China, more then 1.4 million ha of cotton are grown as relay intercrops with wheat. Cotton is sown in April when winter wheat is already in the reproductive phase; thus, a wheat crop with a fully developed canopy will compete for resources with cotton plants in the seedling stage. Yields of cotton are lower in relay intercropping systems than in a monocrop, but the aggregate yield of the cotton–wheat system is greater than of monocultures of the component crops. We study the hypothesis that the lower yield of intercropped cotton is a consequence of delayed development and fruit formation of the cotton as a result of a lowered temperature experienced by seedlings in the intercrop, compared to monoculture, due to shading by wheat.     

Light interception and utilization in relay intercrops of wheat and cotton

In China, a large acreage of cultivated land is devoted to relay intercropping of winter wheat and cotton. Wheat is sown in strips with interspersed bare soil in October and harvested in June of the next year, while cotton is sown in the interspersed paths in the wheat crop in April and harvested before the next wheat sowing in October. This paper addresses the question how strip width and number of plant rows per strip of wheat or cotton affect light interception (LI) and light use efficiency (LUE) of both component crops.     

Growth,yield and quality of wheat and cotton in relay strip intercropping systems

Intercropping of wheat and cotton is practiced at a large scale in northern China, but the productivity of intercrops, compared to monoculture, and the productivity and growth patterns of different alternative intercropping patterns have not been quantitatively documented. In this study, four typical wheat–cotton intercropping patterns were examined as to their growth and productivity in field experiments over three growing seasons in Anyang, Henan Province, China. The systems varied in the number of wheat and cotton rows in the alternating strips of either crop, and were labeled accordingly as 3:1, 3:2, 4:2 and 6:2. Dry matter accumulation, yield, land equivalence ratio (LER) and lint quality were determined.     

Integrating a simple shading algorithm into CERES-wheat and CERES-maize with particular regard to a changing microclimate within a relay-intercropping system

Wheat/maize related multi-cropping systems are the dominant cropping systems in North China. To improve and adjust those systems, and to study competition effects within intercropping, extended field experiments are necessary. As field experiments are time consuming, laborious and expensive, a viable alternative is the use of crop growth models that can quantify the effects of management practices on crop growth and productivity. Field experiments showed that intercropped maize yielded as high as monocropped maize, and grain yield of intercropped wheat increased by up to 32%. Based on a process-oriented modeling approach, this study focuses on analyzing and modeling competitive relationships in a wheat/maize relay intercropping system with regard to yield, solar radiation and microclimate effects. A simple shading algorithm was applied and integrated into the CERES models, which are part of the DSSAT software shell vs. 4.5. The algorithm developed estimates the proportion of shading as affected by neighbouring plant height. The model was tested to investigate the applicability of this shading algorithm within the CERES models in the simulation of grain yield and dry matter yield of wheat and maize. Model error of grain and dry matter yield for both species was below 10%. There was a tendency for grain yield to be simulated adequately but for dry matter yield to be slightly underestimated. Increased top soil temperature in intercropped wheat increased the mineralization of nitrogen and improved N supply. The wheat/maize system was N efficient. Thus, N dynamics were taken into account for simulation as well as CO₂ dynamics based upon modified wind speed. Wheat border rows were exposed to a higher wind speed until mid-June and to reduced wind speed thereafter. As a result, solar radiation, soil temperature and wind speed differed between monocropping and intercropping and could provide a starting point for simulating intercropping. Microclimate effects are often small, subtle or non-existent, while spatial and climate variability and the heterogeneity of plant populations can be considerable. Quantifying microclimatic effects may prove difficult but should not be neglected when simulating intercropping systems.     

水旱轮作制下蚕豆/小麦间作对小麦锰吸收的影响

为给水旱轮作制下小麦缺锰问题的解决提供依据,采用田间和盆栽试验研究了蚕豆/小麦间作对小麦锰吸收的影响。结果表明,在拔节期,蚕豆/小麦间作显著提高了小麦根际土壤中交换性锰的含量,其中,田间试验间作第1行、第3行小麦比单作分别增加了21.09%、7.78%,盆栽试验间作比单作增加了37.63%,但小麦锰的吸收却没有表现出间作优势。抽穗后,田间试验蚕豆/小麦间作显著促进了小麦对锰的吸收,其中,间作第1行、第3行小麦地上部锰的累积量比单作在抽穗期分别增加了39.30%、29.06%,灌浆期分别增加了51.50%、65.30%,成熟期分别增加了36.17%、13.86%;盆栽试验间作小麦地上部锰的累积量在分蘖期、拔节期、灌浆期和成熟期分别增加了107.46%、36.07%、26.67%、20.92%,但间作小麦根际土壤中交换性锰的含量处于劣势。总之,通过蚕豆/小麦间作在抽穗前提高了小麦根际土壤中交换性锰的含量,从而促进了在灌浆过程小麦地上部,尤其是叶和穗对锰的吸收。     

Does intercropping winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) with red fescue (Festuca rubra) as a cover crop improve agronomic and environmental performance? A modeling approach

The introduction of a living cover crop during a cash crop growth cycle (relay intercropping) and its maintenance after the cash crop harvest may help to preserve biodiversity, increase soil organic matter content and carbon sequestration and provide other ecosystem services, such as natural pest regulation or nutrient recycling, by increasing useful biotic interactions within the agroecosystem. We studied the impact of various approaches to manage a red fescue cover crop in a winter wheat crop in terms of light, water and nitrogen competition, using the STICS crop model adapted for intercropping. The STICS model for wheat/fescue intercropping was first evaluated on two years of experimental data obtained in the field. It gave satisfactory statistical results for the prediction of dry matter, leaf area index (LAI) and nitrogen accumulation in the two species, and for nitrogen and water dynamics in the soil. By simulating unmeasured variables, such as transpiration, the model improves our understanding of the performance of the intercrop in the field. For example, we showed that the intercropping system was more efficient that wheat grown as a sole crop, in terms of nitrogen accumulation and decreasing soil nitrogen levels before the leaching period. However, it also resulted in lower wheat yields. We then used the STICS model to compare four intercropping management scenarios differing in terms of the date of red fescue emergence, over 35 climatic years. We found that, in most climatic scenarios, the emergence of the fescue crop during the late tillering phase of the wheat crop gave the best compromise between wheat yield overall nitrogen accumulation and radiation interception.     

Intercropping potatoes in early spring in a temperate climate. 3. The influence of planting date, row width and temperature change on the potential for intercropping

Summary The effects of planting date and row width on canopy development, intercepted radiation and yield were studied in two experiments, with the variety Wilja in 1988 and Cara in 1989. Planting dates were between mid March and early May and were combined with row widths of 0.75 and 1.25 m. Increasing the row width decreased intercepted radiation and yields in both years. Delayed planting reduced the yield of Cara, but not of Wilja. Early planting increased radiation use efficiency of Cara. It is argued that intercropping in spring without potentially reducing tuber yield might be favoured by delaying the planting of a determinate variety such as Wilja but by increasing the row width for an indeterminate variety such as Cara. Trends in mean monthly and soil 10 cm temperatures however suggest that opportunities for intercropping potatoes in the spring in a temperate climate may become more restricted.     

玉米行距对大豆/玉米间作作物生长及种间竞争力的影响

为探明大豆玉米间作系统中玉米种植行距对间作作物生长及种间资源竞争的影响。在固定带宽的大豆/玉米间作系统中,设置10,20,45,60和70 cm 5个间作玉米种植行距,分析间作系统的间作优势、作物生长情况以及大豆相对于玉米的资源竞争力变化。结果表明:随间作玉米行距增加,间作优势增加,70 cm行距间作优势最大,达4 271.4 kg·hm^-2。Logistic生长拟合曲线表明:随玉米行距增加,大豆生物累积量减小,达到最大日生长速率峰值的天数缩短,玉米生物累积量最大值出现在D45处理下,达43 471.1 kg·hm^-2,D45处理达到最大日生长速率峰值的天数最长,达130 d,且生长后期日生长速率持续高于其它处理;共生期内,伴随作物生长,大豆相对于玉米的资源竞争力A_sm逐渐降低,共生后期,表现为随间作玉米种植行距增加,大豆相对于玉米的竞争力A_sm逐渐减小。综合分析表明:河西灌区大豆/玉米间作系统中,玉米是强竞争力作物,玉米种植行距为45 cm,有利于大豆和玉米的生长及产量形成,大豆和玉米种间竞争力较弱,可作为河西灌区大豆/玉米间作系统中间作玉米的最佳行距配置。     

Isoflavonoid Accumulation Pattern as Affected by Shading from Maize in Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in Relay Strip Intercropping System

Abstract

Soybean is the most common resource of isoflavonoid in human food. Wide development of relay strip intercropped soybean has contributed to the soybean industry in China. Due to the shading from maize, growth and grain production of soybean is reduced. However, whether soybean isoflavonoid accumulation pattern is influenced in the relay strip intercropping system is still unclear. Here, we studied the accumulation patterns of soybean isoflavones in the relay strip intercropping system and sole cropping system at the per-harvest stage. The accumulation patterns of soybean isoflavones at the postharvest stage were also studied. The results indicated that accumulation patterns of soybean isoflavones of all varieties in leaf and seed in the two systems were similar, but the trend was delayed in the relay strip intercropping system compared with the sole cropping system. During the pod filling stage, the total content of isoflavone, M-type isoflavone content, G-type isoflavone content in seed in the relay strip intercropping system were lower than those in the sole cropping system. During the after-ripening period, seed isoflavone content, M-type isoflavone content, G-type isoflavone content in seed increased in both systems, but were higher in the relay strip intercropping system. The temperature and photosynthetically active radiation were significantly lower in relay intercropping than in sole cropping, while relative humidity showed the opposite trend. Path analysis showed that total isoflavone content in leaves and seeds showed a significantly positive correlation with temperature and photosynthetically active radiation, but significantly negative correlation with relative humidity. Correlation analysis between the highest isoflavone content in sole cropping or relay intercropping seeds and agronomic traits revealed a significant positive correlation between the number of both branches and pods with total isoflavone, M-type isoflavone and G-type isoflavone in both systems.