Fluorescence decay times: proteins, coenzymes, and other compounds in water

The fluorescence decay time (tau) was 2 to 5 nanoseconds for proteins and 4 to 5 nanoseconds for flavin, pyridine nucleotide, and vitamin B(6)coenzymes; tau varied widely in 48 compounds measured in water. Altholugh reported values of tau for a few of the soluttions studied were in excellenlt agreement. previously "calculated" lifetimes, in severall instances, are apparently erroneous. Nonexponential decay was detectable with our "nanosecond-flash" apparatus, a modification of the first commercially aavilable unit for determination of tau.     

Around-the-World Atomic Clocks: Predicted Relativistic Time Gains

During October 1971, four cesium beam atomic clocks were flown on regularly scheduled commercial jet flights around the world twice, once eastward and once westward, to test Einstein's theory of relativity with macroscopic clocks. From the actual flight paths of each trip, the theory predicts that the flying clocks, compared with reference clocks at the U.S. Naval Observatory, should have lost 40 +/- 23 nanoseconds during the eastward trip, and should have gained 275 +/- 21 nanoseconds during the westward trip. The observed time differences are presented in the report that follows this one.     

Around-the-World Atomic Clocks: Observed Relativistic Time Gains

Four cesium beam clocks flown around the world on commercial jet flights during October 1971, once eastward and once westward, recorded directionally dependent time differences which are in good agreement with predictions of conventional relativity theory. Relative to the atomic time scale of the U.S. Naval Observatory, the flying clocks lost 59 +/- 10 nanoseconds during the eastward trip and gained 273 +/- 7 nanoseconds during the westward trip, where the errors are the corresponding standard deviations. These results provide an unambiguous empirical resolution of the famous clock "paradox" with macroscopic clocks.     

Intensity Dependence of the Fluorescence Lifetime of in vivo Chlorophyll Excited by a Picosecond Light Pulse

New data on intensity-dependent lifetimes indicate that all previous in vivo fluorescence studies of chlorophyll by picosecond techniquies must be reinterpreted. Anomalously short lifetimes result from high-intensity effects due to exciton-excition annihilation processes. Measurements in Chlorella pyrenoidosa with single-pulse, low-intensity excitation indicate a longer "true" lifetime of 650 +/- 150 picoseconds.     

Stimulated Raman scattering in hydrogen-filled hollow-core photonic crystal fiber

We report on stimulated Raman scattering in an approximately 1-meter-long hollow-core photonic crystal fiber filled with hydrogen gas under pressure. Light was guided and confined in the 15-micrometer-diameter hollow core by a two-dimensional photonic bandgap. Using a pulsed laser source (pulse duration, 6 nanoseconds; wavelength, 532 nanometers), the threshold for Stokes (longer wavelength) generation was observed at pulse energies as low as 800 +/- 200 nanojoules, followed by a coherent anti-Stokes (shorter wavelength) generation threshold at 3.4 +/- 0.7 microjoules. The pump-to-Stokes conversion efficiency was 30 +/- 3% at a pulse energy of only 4.5 microjoules. These energies are almost two orders of magnitude lower than any other reported energy, moving gas-based nonlinear optics to previously inaccessible parameter regimes of high intensity and long interaction length.     

新丰和新光两个核桃品种光合特性及产量比较

[目的]通过对核桃品种新丰、新光的叶绿素含量、光合特征参数、叶绿素荧光特征参数和单株产量等指标的差异性研究,为核桃生产中的合理调整株行距及丰产品种的选择提供理论参考依据.[方法]利用SPAD-502叶绿素仪、Licor-6400光合系统和FMS-2叶绿素荧光仪,测定两个核桃品种的光合特征参数和叶绿素荧光特征参数及单株产量、单株仁产.[结果]与新光相比,新丰叶片含有极显著高的叶绿素含量(SPAD值),其光补偿点(LCP)、呼吸速率均低于新光,而表观光量子效率(AQY)和光合速率(Pn)均极显著高于新光,其Pn比新光高29.1;;两个核桃品种的Fv/ Fm、ΦPSⅡ、ETR、NPQ之间差异不显著;而新丰的单株产量和单株仁产极显著高于新光,新丰和新光的单株产量分别为(1.20±0.22)、(0.55±0.10)kg/株.[结论]核桃品种新丰的光能利用效率观显高于新光,在生产上具有较高的丰产潜在特性.     

PEG渗透胁迫对不同品种大麦荧光参数的研究

采用盆栽试验,以西安91-2、甘啤3号和扬饲麦3号为材料,研究不同浓度PEG6000(5%、10%、15%、20%、25%和30%)渗透胁迫下大麦苗期叶片光能利用和能量耗散的影响。结果表明,随着PEG渗透胁迫的增加,3个大麦品种叶片叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量,最大荧光(Fm)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(PSⅡ)都有不同程度的降低,初始荧光(F0)、表观光合量子传递速率(ETR)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)、非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)等则表现出增加的趋势。3个品种在低浓度的PEG处理下只是通过减少光能的利用和增加热耗散维持光合机构的稳定,但高浓度的PEG处理造成了光合机构的破坏,不同品种的表现不同。与甘啤3号相比,西安91-2各项生理参数值变化幅度小,与西安91-2相比,扬饲麦3号各项生理参数值变化幅度小。     

NaCl胁迫对葡萄砧木光合特性与叶绿素荧光参数的影响

为探究葡萄（Vitis sp.）砧木对盐胁迫的响应机制,以耐盐葡萄砧木品种101-14M（V. riparia×V. rupestris）和盐敏感品种188-08（V. berlandieri × V. riparia）的一年生苗为试材,比较研究了0、4、6、8、10 g·kg-1的NaCl胁迫对2种砧木叶片叶绿素含量、光合气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明：随着盐浓度升高,净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间二氧化碳浓度和蒸腾速率显著下降,同时最大荧光产量、最大光化学效率、实际光化学效率和光化学淬灭系数也呈下降趋势,初始荧光产量、非光化学淬灭系数和叶绿素含量表现为先升高后降低。在6 g·kg-1 NaCl胁迫下,188-08光合速率降低主因由气孔限制转向叶绿素限制,并在8 g·kg-1 NaCl胁迫下PSⅡ受到严重损伤;而101-14M叶片在8 g·kg-1盐胁迫下主要因叶绿素限制造成光合受限,并在10 g·kg-1盐胁迫下PSⅡ反应中心遭受损伤。     

Meteorite phosphates show constant 176Lu decay rate since 4557 million years ago

The use of radioactive decay of 176Lu to 176Hf to study the evolution of the Earth requires a precise and accurate value for the 176Lu decay constant. Recent determinations of this decay constant by age comparison to the more precisely calibrated U-Pb isotopic system produced internally consistent but discrepant values between terrestrial minerals and meteorites. New highly radiogenic Lu-Hf data for phosphate minerals from Richardton (ordinary chondrite) and Acapulco (primitive achondrite) yield decay constant values of 1.864 x 10(-11) +/- 0.016 x 10(-11) and 1.832 x 10(-11) +/- 0.029 x 10(-11) year(-1), respectively, identical to the value determined from terrestrial minerals.     

锌胁迫对汉麻光合特性及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

[目的]研究汉麻在重金属锌胁迫下的光合特性及叶绿素荧光参数的响应。[方法]通过温室水培试验,研究不同浓度锌胁迫对汉麻光合特性及叶绿素荧光参数的影响。[结果]与2μmol/L锌浓度处理(CK)相比,缺锌0μmol/L和高浓度锌处理(50、100、200μmol/L)的汉麻,其叶片的叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素均下降,叶绿素a减少速率最快;高锌处理随着锌浓度的增加,净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)呈下降趋势,胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)缓慢上升。胁迫40 d后,高锌处理的PSⅡ原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光量子产量(Y)、光化学淬灭系数(q P)、光合电子传递速率(ETR)随锌浓度的升高呈下降趋势,非光化学荧光猝灭系数(NPQ)在200μmol/L锌浓度水平下胁迫10 d后取得最大值,而后随时间延长而迅速衰减,叶绿素b与非光化学荧光猝灭机制对汉麻的光合作用起重要保护作用。[结论]锌对汉麻光合机制有明显的影响,缺锌和高浓度锌对汉麻光合代谢过程有抑制和损害。     

GA_3对葡萄果实成熟期叶片光合及荧光特性的影响

以3 a生全球红葡萄(Vitis vinifera L. cv. Red Globe)为试材,用不同质量浓度的GA3在花前花后两次处理葡萄果穗后,研究其对葡萄果实成熟期叶片光合色素含量、光合及荧光特性的影响。结果表明,①GA3处理增加了葡萄叶片光合色素(PPC)的含量,20 mg.L-1GA3处理效果最显著,Chla、Chlb和Car含量分别较对照增加了13.2%、23.3%和38.6%(P0.05),但由于Chla增加幅度小于Chlb,所以Chla/b降低;②GA3处理后叶片净光合速率(Pn)、光合有效辐射(PAR)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2摩尔分数(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用效率(WUE)都有不同程度的增加,但在一天当中发生改变的时间不同;③经不同质量浓度GA3处理,叶片初始荧光(Fo)、最大荧光(Fm)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)和PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ФPSⅡ)升高,暗适应下最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)增大,但不明显。     

冷冻胁迫下方竹抗氧化酶活性和叶绿素荧光特性

以1年生盆栽实生方竹为材料,人工模拟冷害(4℃)、冻害(-5,-10,-20℃)和短时间(15,30,60 min)胁迫,测定抗氧化酶(CAT,POD,SOD)活性的变化,同时通过Imaging-PAM观测叶绿素荧光参数的变化,探讨方竹抵抗冷冻胁迫的机制。结果表明,冷害和冻害胁迫均可诱导方竹体内防御体系发挥作用,方竹叶片的相关抗氧化酶活性均表现出先升高后降低再升高的趋势,其中CAT和POD活性对低温胁迫的应答较为迟缓,而SOD活性对冷害和冻害胁迫的反应更灵敏。在冷害与冻害胁迫下,方竹叶片的叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm、Y(Ⅱ)、qP、ETR均呈现先降低后升高的趋势;与4℃低温的冷害胁迫相比较,冻害胁迫对光合作用的损伤更严重,其中在-20℃处理下,ETR、Y(Ⅱ)、qP皆为0,表明此时方竹已失去光合能力。     

Excited singlet absorption in 1,2-benzanthracene by the use of nanosecond laser photolysis and spectroscopy

Using the technique of laser photolysis and spectroscopy, we have observed excited singlet state absorption bands in 1,2-benzanthracene at 560 and 520 nanometers. The bands decay in less than 50 nanoseconds and are replaced by the known absorption spectrum of the lowest triplet state.     

苗期不同抗性大豆荧光参数及叶绿素含量对大豆花叶病毒胁迫的响应

[目的]研究苗期不同抗性大豆荧光参数和叶绿素含量对大豆花叶病毒(SMV)胁迫的响应。[方法]以感SMV品种合丰25和抗SMV品系牡304为材料,以东北地区SMVⅠ号株系为毒源,测定接种SMV后苗期不同抗性大豆荧光参数及叶绿素含量的变化。[结果]与对照相比,SMV胁迫下,除Fo和q N升高外,其他荧光参数均有所降低,抗SMV品种(系)的变化幅度较小。随着胁迫时间的推移,Fm、Fm’、ΦPSII和Fv/Fm逐渐降低,Fo和q N逐渐升高,q P先降低后升高,且抗SMV品系牡304和感SMV品种合丰25分别在6 d和12 d出现最低值。受SMV胁迫后,叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量的变化趋势相同,抗病品种(系)叶绿素含量的上升幅度大于感病品种(系),感病品种(系)叶绿素含量的降低率大于抗病品种(系)。[结论]苗期荧光参数以及叶绿素含量可作为鉴定大豆对SMV抗性的重要依据。     

水分胁迫对滇润楠和香樟幼苗叶绿素荧光和叶水势的影响

以一年生云南乡土树种滇润楠和引进外来树种香樟幼苗为试验材料,研究不同程度的水分胁迫对二树种幼苗叶绿素荧光和叶水势的影响。干旱初期当植物的叶水势尚无明显变化时,植物的可变荧光(Fv)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和PSⅡ的潜在活性(Fv/F_0)都有明显下降,而初始荧光(F_0)增加明显,说明此时干旱胁迫已经对二树种幼苗叶绿素荧光产生强烈的抑制作用。随着水分胁迫程度的加剧导致幼苗PSⅡ反应中心受到破坏,二树种幼苗的叶水势以及各种荧光指标发生不同规律性变化。相对而言,香樟幼苗的叶水势下降较快,其叶绿素荧光各个指标变化均大于滇润楠,说明香樟对水分胁迫较敏感,滇润楠的耐旱性较强。     

利用甘蔗叶绿体荧光参数及活性氧代谢等指标评价甘蔗品种的耐旱性

利用ＯＳ５－ＦＬ叶绿素荧光仪研究干旱胁迫下蔗叶叶绿体荧光参数的变化及其与甘蔗耐旱性关系。应用干旱胁迫下蔗叶活性氧代谢变化等耐旱鉴定指标鉴定参试品种的相对耐旱性。结果表明,干旱胁迫下甘蔗生长受抑制,蔗叶叶绿素含量、相对含水量、叶绿体ＤＣＩＰ光还原活性下降,ＭＤＡ含量和质膜相对透性提高;叶绿体荧光参数Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ、Ｆｖ／Ｆｏ、Ｔ１／２均明显降低,表明干旱胁迫使蔗叶光系统Ⅱ（ＰＳⅡ）原初光能转换效率、ＰＳⅡ潜在活性受到抑制;研究还表明干旱胁迫下蔗叶叶绿体光合量子产额（Ｙｉｅｌｄ）及其潜在活性（Ｆｄｓ／Ｆｓ）降低,说明干旱胁迫直接影响了光合作用的电子传递和二氧化碳同化过程。上述荧光参数的受抑程度因品种抗逆性能而异,不抗旱品种降幅明显高于抗旱品种。最后讨论了叶绿素荧光动力学在甘蔗抗旱育种及抗旱鉴定上应用的可能性。     

间作遮荫对花生光合作用及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以花生单作为对照,设置30、35、40、45、50 cm 5个木薯花生间作行距,播种90d后测定花生叶片的净光合速率、叶绿素含量及叶绿素荧光参数.结果表明,与单作对照相比,间作花生的光合速率(Pn)、叶绿素含量(Chl a+b)、初始荧光(Fo)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)降低;最大荧光(Fm)、可变荧光(Fv)、最大光化学效率(Fv/ Fm)、潜在光化学活性(Fv/Fo)、非光化学淬灭系数(qN)升高;且窄行距(30～35 cm)处理的Pn、Fv、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、表观光合电子传递速率(ETR)、实际光化学量子效率(Yield)高于宽行距(45～50cm)处理.间作遮荫使花生功能叶片的光合速率和叶绿素含量降低,叶绿素荧光参数的一系列变化是花生对间作遮荫的适应性反应.     

Aluminum-26 in deep-sea sediment

The activity of (26)A1 in a North Pacific core was found to be 0.081 +/- 0.046 disintegration per minute per kilogram of dry sediment, which corresponds to a (26)A1/(10)Be ratio of 0.018 +/- 0.011 (or 0.019 +/- 0.012 when this ratio is corrected for decay). This ratio is in good agreement with that measured in Greenland ice, 0.017 +/- 0.008. These ratios are also in agreement with the calculated values for the production of these isotopes by cosmic rays in the atmosphere: 0.013 +/- 0.006. The contribution of cosmic dust bearing (26)Al seems small in comparison with the production of this nuclide in the atmosphere.     

低温胁迫对咖啡2种嫁接方式叶绿素荧光参数的影响

为研究低温胁迫对咖啡2种嫁接方式叶绿素荧光参数的影响,以兴1为接穗,中粒种(ZN)和大粒种(ZJ)为砧木进行嫁接,在人工气候箱内模拟低温条件,对咖啡苗嫁接的叶绿素荧光参数相关指标进行测定。结果表明:随着处理温度的降低和时间的延长,ZN和ZJ 2种嫁接苗的光化学淬灭系数(qP)、非光化学淬灭系数(qN)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)和光合电子传递速率(ETR)等叶绿素荧光参数均呈不同幅度的下降趋势,而初始荧光(Fo)呈上升趋势。结合叶绿素荧光各单项指标抗寒系数分析,8℃处理,ZN嫁接苗抗寒系数的平均值较高,为59.30%,ZJ为56.42%。当温度降至0℃时,2种处理的抗寒系数相近。     

移植胁迫对枣苗叶片叶绿素a荧光参数的影响

[目的]为了研究移植胁迫对枣苗叶片叶绿素a荧光参数的影响。[方法]移栽前对1年生灰枣嫁接苗进行不同程度的晾晒胁迫处理,试验分为蘸浆、晾晒0.5、1、1.52、d和留床苗(CK)6个处理,测定其叶绿素a荧光参数。[结果]结果表明:移植胁迫并没有改变灰枣叶绿素a荧光参数的日变化进程,却使枣树的初始荧光(Fo)、最大荧光(Fm)和可变荧光(Fv)升高,原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)和PSII潜在活性(Fv/Fo)及实际光化学量子效率(ΦPSII)降低,这些指标的升高或降低幅度随胁迫程度的增强而增大。[结论]该研究为苗木移栽的生产实践提供了理论依据。