猕猴桃果实贮藏期间细胞壁多糖物质降解特性及组织结构差异分析

为了深入了解猕猴桃果实采后细胞壁多糖物质降解及组织结构变化与果实贮藏性的关系,本研究以红阳和华特猕猴桃果实为试材,对25和4℃贮藏期间的细胞壁多糖物质含量及果胶降解酶活性进行测定,并比较两品种果实在25℃贮藏期间的细胞显微结构和钙组分含量差异。结果表明,在25和4℃贮藏条件下,随着贮藏时间的延长,红阳和华特猕猴桃果实中半纤维素（HCL）、纤维素（CL）和共价结合型果胶（CSP）含量不断降低,水溶性果胶（WSP）含量不断上升,离子结合型果胶（ISP）含量相对稳定。红阳猕猴桃各细胞壁多糖组分含量变化速度较快。两品种猕猴桃果实硬度均与WSP含量呈显著负相关,与CSP含量呈显著正相关。果胶降解酶活性检测结果显示,25℃贮藏前期,红阳猕猴桃中果胶酸裂解酶（PL）和β-半乳糖苷酶（β-Gal）活性显著高于华特;贮藏中后期,红阳中果胶甲酯酶（PME）活性显著高于华特。4℃贮藏期间,红阳中PME活性仍显著高于华特;4℃贮藏前期,红阳中β-Gal活性与华特无显著差异,而PL活性低于华特。相关性分析表明,25℃贮藏期间,与红阳和华特果实软化显著相关的果胶降解酶分别是PME和PL;4℃贮藏期间,与华特果实软...     

热处理抑制采后龙眼果肉自溶及细胞壁物质降解

为了阐明热水处理抑制采后龙眼果实果肉自溶的作用机理,研究热水处理对采后龙眼果实果肉自溶和细胞壁组分含量、细胞壁降解酶活性的影响。将"福眼"龙眼果实经50℃热水处理10 min,用0.015 mm厚的聚乙烯薄膜袋密封包装,贮藏于(15±1)℃条件下。在贮藏期间定期测定龙眼果实果肉自溶指数、细胞壁组分含量和细胞壁降解酶活性。结果表明:与未经热水处理,相同贮藏条件下的对照果实比,热处理可显著(P0.05)抑制龙眼果实果肉自溶指数的上升,降低果胶甲酯酶(pectinmethylesterase,PME)、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(polygalacturonase,PG)、β-半乳糖苷酶(β-galactosidase,β-Gal)和纤维素酶(cellulase,CX)的活性,延缓水溶性果胶(water-soluble pectin,WSP)含量的上升和离子结合型果胶(ionic-soluble pectin,ISP)、共价结合型果胶(covalent-soluble pectin,CSP)、半纤维素和纤维素含量的下降。因此认为,热处理可通过降低采后龙眼果实果肉细胞壁降解酶的活性而减少细胞壁组分的降解,从而维持细胞壁结构的完整性,抑制果肉自溶的发生。研究结果为热处理技术在采后龙眼果实保鲜中的应用提供参考。     

草酸处理对桂七芒果冷害及细胞壁代谢的影响

为探讨草酸处理对低温冷藏下芒果冷害及细胞壁代谢的影响,本试验以桂七芒果果实为试材,采用5 mmol·L^-1草酸溶液浸泡处理,以清水浸泡处理为对照,并于4℃贮藏,分析芒果的冷害指数、丙二醛(MDA)含量、相对电导率、硬度、细胞壁物质含量、细胞壁代谢酶的变化。结果表明,与对照组相比,草酸处理显著降低了低温贮藏14 d后桂七芒果果实冷害指数、MDA含量、相对电导率、原果胶和纤维素含量,显著降低了低温贮藏28 d后果实的硬度;显著提高了低温贮藏14 d后果实水溶性果胶含量及多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)、果胶甲酯酶(PME)、纤维素酶(Cx)活性,显著提高了贮藏21 d后果实β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)活性。综上所述,草酸处理能减轻桂七芒果冷害,维持采后果实细胞壁降解酶较高活性和水溶性果胶含量。本研究为揭示草酸减轻芒果果实冷害机制提供了依据,可为草酸应用于其他冷敏型果实的贮藏保鲜提供理论参考。     

减压处理对新疆白杏果实软化和细胞壁代谢的影响

为了探讨减压贮藏对新疆白杏的保鲜效果,以新疆白杏果实为试料,研究了0℃贮藏条件下减压处理对白杏果实成熟软化和细胞壁代谢的影响。结果表明:减压处理不仅抑制了白杏果实呼吸作用和乙烯释放量的上升,还抑制了果实多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)、果胶甲酯酶(PE)和纤维素酶活性的增加,从而延缓了原果胶和纤维素的降解以及水溶性果胶含量的增加,较好地保持了果实的硬度,延缓果实的软化进程,延长贮藏期。其中,50kPa压力处理效果较好。研究结果为减压贮藏对新疆白杏果实贮藏作用机理的研究提供了依据。     

生长期喷钙提高锦橙果实品质及延长贮藏期

探讨钙对柑橘果实贮藏品质及衰老的影响,为合理调控柑橘钙素营养、延长果实的贮藏保鲜期提供理论和技术支撑。通过在北碚447锦橙(Citrus sinensis Osbeck cv.Jincheng)生长的不同时期进行树体补钙,研究钙对果实贮藏品质及酶活性的影响。结果表明,在锦橙的生长期喷钙能提高果实钙含量,抑制果实贮藏过程中维生素C等物质的氧化分解,提高果实可溶性固形物含量和糖酸比,改善果实品质。不同时期喷钙均能提高果实中抗氧化酶(CAT、SOD)活性,降低细胞壁水解酶(PG、CX)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性,减轻脂质过氧化程度,果胶的分解转化速度减慢,丙二醛、可溶性果胶的含量明显降低,从而维持果皮具有一定的强度,延缓了果实的衰老,降低烂果的发生率,延长了果实的贮藏保鲜期。其中以幼果期喷钙在提高果实钙含量、延长贮藏期等方面的效果较好,其次是果实膨大期喷钙,成熟期喷钙效果最差。在幼果期和果实膨大期喷钙是提高果实品质、延长采后果实贮藏保鲜期的重要措施。     

两种不同耐贮性桃果实采后乙烯合成和果实软化相关基因表达的差异

以商业成熟期的桃(Prunus persica)栽培品种秦王(极耐贮)和沙红(不耐贮)为试材,采用气相色谱测定乙烯释放量;利用实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative Real-time PCR,q RT-PCR)技术分析乙烯合成关键酶和果实软化相关基因在两个品种中的表达差异。研究结果表明,秦王果实在贮藏期间ACC合成酶基因(1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase gene,Pp ACS1)相对表达量极低,乙烯释放速率也极低,一直保持较高的硬度;而沙红果实在贮藏过程中Pp ACS1的相对表达量随软化进程迅速增加,释放大量乙烯,果实硬度下降快。秦王果实中ACC氧化酶基因(1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase gene,Pp ACO1)虽有一定的表达量,但没有随贮藏时间而增加;而Pp ACO1在沙红桃中随果实的软化表达量呈显著上升的趋势。秦王果实中细胞壁降解酶果胶甲酯酶基因(pectin methylesterase gene,Pp PME)和多聚半乳糖醛酸酶基因(polygalacturonase gene,Pp PG)的表达量都极低;而在沙红果实中其表达量均呈持续增加趋势。此外,秦王果实中扩张蛋白基因(expansin gene,Pp EXP)的表达量也较低;而在沙红中表达量较高。N-聚糖加工酶α-甘露糖苷酶基因(α-mannosidase gene,Ppα-Man)和β-氨基己糖苷酶基因(β-hexosaminidase gene,Pp Hex1,Pp Hex2)在沙红和秦王贮藏期间均有较高表达量,且秦王中的表达量显著高于沙红(P<0.05)。这表明秦王果实采后不软化是由于Pp ACS1的转录受阻,不能产生乙烯,从而致使细胞壁水解酶Pp PME和Pp PG几乎不表达,果胶代谢受阻,因而果实一直保持较高硬度;而沙红果实在采后贮藏中释放大量乙烯,促进了Pp EXP、Pp PME和Pp PG的表达,引起细胞壁果胶的大量降解,导致果实迅速软化。而Ppα-Man、Pp Hex1和Pp Hex2可能不是秦王软化过程的关键基因。本研究为阐明桃果实成熟软化机理及其高效培育耐贮品种提供基础资料。     

赤霉素及二氢茉莉酸丙酯对抑制温州蜜柑果实浮皮的影响

为探究抑制果实浮皮的方法及赤霉素(GA₃)与二氢茉莉酸丙酯(PDJ)抑制浮皮发生的机制,本研究以完熟栽培温州蜜柑宫川为试验材料,通过喷施钙或GA₃与PDJ,研究其对果实浮皮指数以及果实品质的影响,并分析GA₃与PDJ处理后果皮的细胞壁结构、细胞壁物质含量、相关水解酶活性、果皮激素含量及相关基因表达量的变化。结果表明,各处理均能降低果实浮皮指数,其中采前喷施2次GA₃和PDJ后果实浮皮指数始终维持在较低水平,且该处理条件下果实外观及内在品质无明显变化。同时,GA₃与PDJ处理下调了CitCx、CitPME等基因表达量,降低了果胶酯酶(PME)和纤维素酶(Cx)的活性,提高了果皮中原果胶和半纤维素含量,延缓了纤维素含量下降并增加了果实硬度,并且降低了果皮细胞膜脂过氧化程度。喷施GA₃与PDJ后果皮中乙烯合成量下降而生长素含量上升,CitACO基因表达下调,而CitETR1及CitIAA27表达上调。综上,采前喷施2次GA₃与PDJ是防治完...     

猕猴桃果实采后软化期间淀粉降解关键基因表达分析

为探究淀粉降解与果实采后软化的关系,以红阳猕猴桃果实为试验材料,研究外源乙烯和1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)处理对猕猴桃淀粉降解的影响。结果表明,猕猴桃果实采后贮藏期间硬度与淀粉含量均呈下降趋势,外源乙烯处理促进果实的软化与淀粉降解,而外源1-MCP处理则能使果实保持较高的硬度与淀粉含量。外源乙烯处理上调了Ac AMY1、Ac AMY3、Ac BAM1和Ac ABAM3的表达;1-MCP处理除了能抑制上述基因表达外,还抑制了Ac LDA1的表达,保持果实贮藏期间较高的Ac PWD和Ac ISA3的基因表达水平。表明,红阳猕猴桃采后淀粉降解与果实软化密切相关,乙烯能抑制Ac PWD表达,促进淀粉颗粒磷酸化进而促进淀粉降解和果实软化;外源1-MCP处理抑制葡聚糖聚合物脱支,延缓淀粉的降解进而减缓果实软化。本研究结果为揭示猕猴桃采后淀粉降解的机制及其与成熟软化进程之间的关系提供了理论依据。     

鸭梨果胶甲酯酶基因反义表达载体的构建及转化

果胶酯酶(pectin methylesterase,PME)催化细胞壁中多聚半乳糖醛酸的脱甲酯化,可以降解植物细胞壁中的果胶多糖而与果实软化有关。本研究根据白梨果胶酯酶基因PcPME4的序列,设计一对含有特定酶切位点的特异性引物,以鸭梨(Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.)cDNA为模板通过PCR扩增得到一段294bp的PME基因片段。将片段反向插入植物表达载体pBI121的CaMV35S启动子和NOS终止子之间,经限制性酶切分析和测序分析证明成功构建PME基因的反义表达载体pBI121-AsPME。将pBI121-AsPME电转化农杆菌EHA105,利用含pBI121-AsPME的农杆菌工程菌液侵染鸭梨外植体后于抗性培养基中诱导愈伤组织,获得的抗性愈伤组织经PCR初步检测含有反向PME基因片段,荧光定量PCR检测结果显示受侵染的愈伤组织中PME基因表达量降低,表明反向插入的PME基因片段起到了抑制内源基因表达的效果。     

桃果实采后可溶性糖和果胶类物质的变化与低温冷害的关系

研究了燕红水蜜桃果实低温贮藏期间果实冷害与可溶性糖和果胶类物质变化规律的关系.结果表明,桃果实采后低温(0℃)贮藏28 d后,果实冷害发生严重,正常的后熟过程无法完成,表现为果实出汁率上升缓慢,果实不能正常软化.同时发现,0℃贮藏期间,果实中蔗糖和葡萄糖含量变化不显著,但果糖却大幅度下降.低温抑制Na2CO3-溶性果胶的降解,减少了CDTA-溶性果胶和水溶性果胶的积累,表现为果实软化能力降低,正常的后熟进程被阻断.这些结果表明,桃果实采后低温贮藏期间果糖损失和果胶类物质的代谢异常可能是加剧果实冷害发生的重要原因.     

Growth dynamics and calcium content in mcintosh and Spartan apples

Abstract

The growth dynamics and Ca content of apple fruit were investigated over three growing seasons for the cultivar Spartan and two seasons for the cultivar McIntosh. Calcium content per fruit increased from fertilization to harvest, with some fluctuations during the season. The final Ca content ranged from 8 to 11 mg per fruit. Calcium concentration diminished markedly as a function of dilution during the first few weeks of growth after which it decreased less rapidly until reaching minimum values at 100 and 110 days after bloom for Mclntosh and Spartan respectively     

Boron-Calcium Synergically Alleviates Aluminum Toxicity in Wheat Plants (Triticum aestivum L.)

The effects of B and Ca treatments on root growth, nutrient localization and cell wall properties in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) plants with and without Al stress were investigated. Seedlings were grown hydroponically in a complete nutrient solution for 7 d and then treated with B (0, 40 μM), Ca (0, 2,500 μM), and Al (0, 100 μM) in a 500 μM CaCl₂ solution for 8 d. The cell wall materials (CWM) were extracted with a phenol: acetic acid: water (2:1:1 w/v/v) solution and used for subsequent pectin extraction with trans -1,2-diami-nocyclohexane- N,N,N,N -tetraacetic acid (CDTA) and Na₂CO₃ solutions. Boron, Ca, and B + Ca treatments enhanced root growth by 19.5, 15.2, and 27.2%, respectively, compared to the control (pH 4.5). Calcium and B+Ca treatments enhanced root growth with Al stress by 43 and 54%, respectively, while B did not exert any effect. The amounts of CWM and pectin per unit of root fresh weight increased by Al treatment, whereas the Ca and B+Ca treatments slightly reduced the contents of these components. Seventy-four percent of total B, 69% of total Ca, and 85% of total Al were located in the cell wall in the B, Ca, and Al treatments, respectively and 32% of total B, 33% of total Ca, and 33% of total Al were located in the CDTA-soluble and Na₂CO₃-soluble pectin fractions. A more conspicuous localization of B was observed in the presence of Al. Aluminum treatment markedly decreased the Ca content in the cell wall as well as pectin fractions, mainly in the case of the CDTA-soluble pectin fraction. Boron + Ca treatment decreased the Al content in the cell wall and pectin fractions compared to the Ca treatment alone in the presence of Al. It is concluded that the B+Ca treatment enhanced root growth and, B and Ca uptake, and helped to maintain a normal B and Ca metabolism in the cell walls even in the presence of Al.     

Effect of calcium sprays,time of harvest,cold storage,and ripeness on fruit quality of ‘anjou’ pears 1

Calcium chloride (CaCl₂), increased Ca concentrations in fruit cortex and peel of ‘Anjou’ pears (Pyrus communis L.). Calcium sprays reduced the fruit disorders: brown core, cork spot and superficial scald. Fruit size (weight) increased while fruit Ca concentrations decreased with fruit at the later harvest dates. The earliest harvest date was associated with a lower incidence of fruit disorders. Superficial scald increased in fruit held longer in cold storage and in ripened fruit. Shelf‐life and fruit quality of Ca‐sprayed fruit was improved due to higher Ca concentrations in fruit peel and cortex resulting in overall enhancement of fruit appearance, and in improvement in the control of the incidences of cork spot, scald, brown core, and external and internal rots, and in amelioration of fruit juiciness and fruit color.     

Compositional changes in 'Bartlett' pear ( Pyrus communis L.) cell wall polysaccharides as affected by sunlight conditions

Preharvest conditions can have a great impact on fruit quality attributes and postharvest responses. Firmness is an important quality attribute in pear, and excessive softening increases susceptibility to bruising and decay, thus limiting fruit postharvest life. Textural characteristics of fruits are determined at least in part by cell wall structure and disassembly. Few studies have analyzed the influence of fruit preharvest environment in softening, cell wall composition, and degradation. In the current work 'Bartlett' pears grown either facing the sun (S) or in the shade (H) were harvested and stored for 13 days at 20 °C. An evaluation of fruit soluble solids, acidity, color, starch degradation, firmness, cell wall yield, pectin and matrix glycan solubilization, depolymerization, and monosaccharide composition was carried out. Sun-exposed pears showed more advanced color development and similar levels of starch degradation, sugars, and acids than shaded fruit. Sunlight-grown pears were at harvest firmer than shade-grown pears. Both fruit groups softened during storage at 20 °C, but even after ripening, sun-exposed pears remained firmer. Sunlight exposure did not have a great impact on pectin molecular weight. Instead, at harvest a higher proportion of water-solubilized uronic acids and alkali-solubilized neutral sugars and a larger mean molecular size of tightly bound glycans was found in sun-exposed pears. During ripening cell wall catabolism took place in both sun- and shade-grown pears, but pectin solubilization was clearly delayed in sun-exposed fruit. This was associated with decreased removal of RG I-arabinan side chains rather than with reduced depolymerization.     

Effect of Foliar Application of Calcium on the Quality of Blueberry Fruits

Effect of foliar application of calcium (0.78 g, 4.68 g, and 7.8 g Ca^{2 +}) in pre-harvest, at three different growing conditions (tunnel, mesh, and ambient), on texture and pectin in blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum) was studied. Calcium contents in leaves as well in fruits were different (P ≤ 0.05), affected by growing conditions and time. Differences (P ≤ 0.05) in calcium content were found in tunnel cultivar fruit, during the period to cell expansion toward harvest, at calcium foliar level of 5 mL per L (7.8 g). Fruit texture was significantly higher at the beginning of the cell expansion period in the tunnel cultivar fruit, and a linear correlation between calcium concentration and texture was established. Increment in low methoxyl pectin (LMP) was influenced by growing conditions, and was different (P ≤ 0.05) for tunnel cultivar fruit. A good correlation between LMP and calcium content was obtained with the high dose of calcium (5 mL per L).     

Effect of preharvest application of calcium on the postharvest physiology of apricot fruit

The effect of preharvest calcium (Ca) foliar application on ethylene (C₂H₄) production, respiratory rate, soluble polyuronides, and fruit firmness of ‘Bebekou’ apricot fruits was determined. The study was carried out in two experimental years, 1991 and 1992. Calcium was applied 21, 17, and 13 days before harvest for 1991 at the concentration of 0.5% calcium chloride (CaCl₂) each time and 16 and 12 days before harvest for 1992 at the concentrations of 0.8 and 0.7% CaCl₂, respectively. Calcium treatment resulted in a 30–76% increase in the Ca content of fruit flesh. Treated fruits had significantly lower C₂H₄ production rates than control during (i) four (1991) or five days (1992) at 21°C out of the 7‐day period examined immediately after harvest, and (ii) one (1991) or two days (1992) at 21°C out of the seven‐day period examined immediately after a 3rd‐ (1991) or 4th‐week (1992) storage period at 0°C. After harvest, Ca‐treated fruits displayed one day delay to reach the peak rate of C₂H₄ production. Respiratory rate was significantly suppressed over a five‐day period at 21°C out of the seven‐day period examined immediately after harvesting. However, after four weeks of storage at 0°C, there was not any significant effect of Ca on the respiratory rate. The respiratory peak rate occurred earlier in the control fruits compared to that of the Ca‐treated fruits at harvest time. Calcium‐treated fruits were about 70% firmer than the untreated ones at harvest time. Furthermore, this difference persisted after four weeks of storage at 0°C. Foliar‐applied Ca produced a 29% decrease in the soluble polyuronide content of the fruits at harvest time, but not after four weeks of storage. Fruit firmness was positively correlated to the Ca content of fruits while the soluble polyuronide content of the fruit was negatively correlated to fruit Ca.     

涂膜和热处理对葡萄能量和贮藏生理及品质的影响

研究不同处理对欧亚种"维多利亚"葡萄组织能量水平和生理品质的影响。采后葡萄经钙联合涂膜和热处理,即在质量分数为0.2%Ca Cl2和1%壳聚糖中浸泡20 min,45℃的0.2%Ca Cl2溶液中浸泡20 min,晾干后(4±0.5)℃贮藏,每10d测定果实的呼吸强度、褐变指数(browning index,BI)、腐烂率、硬度、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量、三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)、二磷酸腺苷(adenosine diphosphate,ADP)、单磷酸腺苷(adenosine monophosphate,AMP)的含量,多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)、脂氧合酶(lipoxygenase,LOX)和超氧化物歧化酶(soperoxide dismutase,SOD)活性变化,以未处理为对照。结果显示对照组葡萄组织中能量物质处于亏损状态,呼吸强度减弱,细胞膜氧化增加,膜透性、BI、腐烂率增加,PPO、POD和LOX活性增加,SOD降低,果实软化。钙联合热和涂膜处理较好维持了果实的能量水平和生理品质,且涂膜优于热处理。ATP与硬度、SOD显著正相关(r=0.938,0.930,P0.01),与MDA、膜透性、LOX显著负相关(r=-0.896,-0.932,-0.940,P0.01);能荷(energy charge,EC)值与膜透性、LOX负相关(P0.05),与呼吸强度和SOD活性正相关(P0.05)。随贮藏时间的延长,葡萄组织的能量水平处于亏损状态,能量水平显著影响生理品质。经适当的采后处理可延缓能量亏损,涂膜优于热处理。