不同菜地土壤硝化与反硝化活性

硝化作用和反硝化作用是氮素气态损失的主要途径,在实验室培养条件下,研究了3种菜地土壤之间硝化反硝化活性的差异,反硝化作用利用乙炔抑制培养法对其进行测定。结果表明,培养33d后红泥土、灰沙土和灰泥土的氮素硝化率均很高,分别为96．1％、88.3％和70．4％,其中红泥土与灰泥土的硝化率差异达到了极显著水平（P〈0．01）,而灰沙土与红泥土、灰泥土之间的差异不显著（P〉0．05）。pH值最高和最低的菜地土壤其硝化率分别表现出最高和最低,值得注意的是,在pI-14．61条件下灰泥土的硝化率可达70．4％。氮肥的施用显著或极显著增加了3种土壤硝化过程的N2O排放量,占施氮量的0．59％-0．70％。3种菜地土壤之间氮肥的反硝化活性表现为灰泥土〉红泥土〉灰沙土,其差异也极显著（P〈0．01）,氮肥的反硝化损失量占施氮量的-0．02％-0．20％。土壤硝化和反硝化氮素损失累积量随时间t的变化均符合修正的Elovich方程：y=bln（t）＋a。     

农田土壤N2O生成与排放影响因素及N2O总量估算的研究

综述了国内外农田土壤N2 O生成与排放及其影响因素、N2 O排放测定技术及总量估算等方面的研究进展 ,指出硝化与反硝化过程均可产生N2 O ,而影响硝化、反硝化过程的土壤水分含量、温度、pH、有机碳含量和土壤质地等是影响农田土壤N2 O生成与排放的重要因素。根据我国各地农田土壤N2 O排放通量测定结果及相应模型分析 ,初步估算全国农田土壤N2 O年排放总量为N 398Gg ,约占全球农田土壤排放总量的 1 0 % ,其中旱田N2 O年排放总量为N 31 0Gg ,水田为N 88Gg。     

丘陵区稻田N2O排放的特点

１９９３－１９９４年在中国科学院红壤生态试验站通过田间试验研究了丘陵区稻田Ｎ２Ｏ排放的特点。结果表明,稻田Ｎ２Ｏ排放主要集中在水分落干期间,淹水状态下几乎没有Ｎ２Ｏ排放。由于早稻稻草还田、晚稻稻田Ｎ２Ｏ排放量即使在水分离落干期间也不高。稻田Ｎ２Ｏ排放量随地形降低而逐渐增加,１９９３－１９９４年两年中坡底、坡腰和坡顶稻田水稻生长期平均Ｎ２Ｏ－Ｎ排放通量分别为１０．９０、５．６０和２．１１μｇ／（ｍ＾     

不同水分条件下土壤N2O排放的动力学方程模拟

[目的]水分对土壤N₂O排放有重要影响。运用混合动力学方程模拟不同水分条件下土壤N₂O累积排放的过程,分析土壤水分对N₂O产生途径的影响及其变化规律,为通过改善土壤管理降低N₂O气体排放提供理论和实践指导。[方法]通过室内培养试验,研究了不同水分条件[40%WHC,60%WHC,80%WHC,100%WHC和淹水处理,WHC(田间持水量)]下土壤N₂O排放特征、硝铵态氮含量和氧气消耗动态变化。[结果](1)N₂O排放速率24 h时达到最大,淹水处理[3.46μg/(kg·h)]是其他处理的54.5～178.9倍。(2)土壤N₂O累积排放量均随着培养时间的延长而增加,淹水处理的快速上升阶段为前48 h,而其他处理为前96 h。培养结束时的土壤N₂O累积排放量,淹水处理(44.6μg/kg)分别是40%WHC,60%WHC,80%WHC和100%WHC的67.1,29.2,20.8,10.4倍。(3)除淹水条件下,伪...     

硝化反硝化细菌菌落与N_2O排放关系研究

虽然硝化反硝化细菌菌落组成成分与从土壤中排放出来的N2O之间的关联尚不清楚,但是,硝化反硝化细菌的菌落组成、数量与N2O的排放活动已在两个常见的耕地型湿地(CW)与非耕地型湿地(UW)上做过探讨。本研究的假设有:1)不同的硝化反硝化菌落选择不同的地形;2)反硝化是产生N2O的主要步骤;3)在硝化反硝化细菌菌群组成、数量与N2O排放之间是有某种联系的。选在圣丹尼斯国家野生动物保护区(SDNWA)的3块CW与3块UW上进行比较试验。结果表明:1)硝化作用是N2O排放的根本来源;2)耕作土壤增加了硝化细菌的产量,同时消减了硝化细菌的数量;3)反硝化细菌的数量没有因为耕作活动而增加;4)在土地利用和地形为变量的前提下,硝化细菌、反硝化细菌菌落组成和数量与N2O的排放是没有关联的。     

减氮及硝化抑制剂对菜地氧化亚氮排放的影响

利用静态暗箱—气相色谱法,周年监测集约化菜地四种蔬菜种植过程中N2O的排放和蔬菜产量变化,探究减氮(640、960 kg hm-2 a-1)以及施用硝化抑制剂氯甲基吡啶(CP)对菜地N2O排放的影响。结果表明,与常规施氮(Nn)处理相比,减量施氮(Nr)在不显著降低产量的情况下平均降低菜地N2O排放27.1%;与仅施用尿素的处理相比,在减量和常规施氮水平的基础上添加硝化抑制剂又分别能降低菜地N2O排放总量29.4%、26.0%,降低N2O排放系数60.9%、42.4%,而对蔬菜产量没有显著影响,因此显著降低菜地单位产量N2O排放量32.1%、30.3%,以减氮结合CP(CP-Nr)处理减排效果最佳。因此,减氮结合CP应用于集约化蔬菜生产是一种有效的菜地减排农业措施。     

不同土地利用方式土壤温室气体排放对碳氮添加的响应

揭示不同土地利用方式下土壤N2O产生机制及其CO2和CH4的排放,有助于土壤温室气体减排措施的制定。本研究以长沙金井河流域酸性红壤上菜地、稻田、茶园和林地土壤为研究对象,控制温度和土壤含水量,采用静态培养-气相色谱法,研究4种利用方式土壤N2O、CO2和CH4的排放对不同碳氮和硝化抑制剂添加的响应。结果表明,由于土壤pH较低,酸性红壤外加氮源后仅有较小的N2O排放。葡萄糖能够促进尿素添加后N2O的排放及土壤反硝化作用N2O的排放。异养硝化作用可能是酸性红壤N2O产生的主要途径。硝化抑制剂双氰胺（DCD）对酸性红壤N2O减排无明显效果。碳氮添加后土壤N2O的总排放量表现为茶园 > 菜地 > 稻田 > 林地。外源有机碳能够显著促进4种利用方式土壤CO2的排放,表现为茶园、稻田 > 菜地、林地。但除稻田土壤CH4排放增加外,菜地、茶园和林地土壤CH4排放对外源有机碳无明显响应。     

林分类型和氮添加对亚热带森林土壤氧化亚氮排放的影响

为揭示亚热带森林土壤N₂O排放对林分类型和氮添加的响应特征,选取位于福建省三明市的中亚热带米槠次生林、杉木人工林和马尾松人工林土壤为研究对象,分别设置无氮添加(N0 mg/kg)、低氮添加(N10 mg/kg)、中氮添加(N25 mg/kg)和高氮添加(N50 mg/kg)4个氮添加水平,进行微宇宙培养试验,测定土壤N₂O排放。结果表明：与无氮添加处理相比,氮添加整体上降低3种林分土壤pH,增加土壤NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N含量。无氮添加处理中杉木人工林和马尾松人工林土壤N₂O累积排放量分别为9.67和9.62 mg/kg,显著高于米槠次生林土壤N₂O累积排放量6.81 mg/kg。低氮添加处理中杉木人工林和马尾松人工林土壤N₂O累积排放量显著高于米槠次生林。但在中氮和高氮添加处理中,3种林分土壤N₂O累积排放量均无显著性差异。不同氮添加处理均促进3种林分土壤N     

添加葡萄糖对不同深度红壤碳矿化及其温度敏感性的影响

  目的  探讨不同水分条件下土壤 N₂O 排放对外源碳添加的响应,明确N₂O排放与碳源的关系,为农田土壤N₂O减排提供理论依据。  方法  设置不添加碳源（C0）、按2 g kg⁻¹含碳量添加葡萄糖（C1）、蔗糖（C2）、甘露醇（C3）共4个不同处理,同时设置低水分（W1）和高水分（W2）两个水分条件,所有处理均添加等量氮肥,在室温25 ℃下培养一周,测定不同处理的土壤N₂O排放通量、CO₂排放通量以及土壤无机氮含量。通过统计分析,揭示外源碳和不同水分处理对鄂南棕红壤N₂O排放的影响。  结果  在不同水分条件下,外源碳的添加降低了土壤NO₃⁻-N含量和NH₄ ⁺ -N含量。土壤水分显著影响土壤N₂O的排放,高水分处理土壤N₂O的排放高于低水分处理。与对照相比,添加葡萄糖、蔗糖、甘露醇处理在低水分条件下的土壤N₂O-N累积排放量分别增加352.15倍、393.07倍、93.94倍;在高水分条件下,添加葡萄糖、蔗糖、甘露醇处理的土壤N₂O-N累积排放量分别增加1.92倍、0.63倍、1.88倍。  结论  3种外源碳输入显著促进土壤N₂O排放总量,其中以添加葡萄糖的处理 N₂O排放最高,高水分条件下土壤N₂O排放远高于低水分处理。     

中国稻田水稻生长季N_2O排放估算

由于土壤水分状况的不同,水稻生长季土壤N2O排放量明显不同于旱地作物。基于多元统计模型,通过多点代面的方法进行尺度扩展,并应用蒙特卡洛方法模拟影响因素的变异程度,模拟了中国稻田水稻生长季的N2O排放情况。所模拟的378个点的水稻生长季N2O排放通量为6.0～74.3μgN.m-2.h-1,其均值接近于原始观测结果;378个点位的N2O排放通量空间分布不均,排放量较高的点位于北纬20°到30°之间;378个点中单季稻、稻-旱轮作中的水稻和双季稻的生长季N2O平均排放量分别占年总排放量的53%、34%和59%。多点代面的尺度扩展结果显示2008年中国稻田水稻生长季N2O排放量均值为22.48Gg,其95%的概率区间为20.5～24.8Gg;化肥氮的N2O排放系数为0.27%,与IPCC缺省值0.3%接近。用秩相关关系表征影响因子对中国稻田水稻生长季N2O排放量的不确定性的贡献,结果表明水分管理类型、有机肥类型、土壤属性、氮用量等对结果均有显著影响。     

Biochar mitigates N2O emissions by promoting complete denitrification in acidic and alkaline paddy soils

Biochar is an efficacious amendment for mitigating nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions in soils. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms responsible for reduced N₂O emissions by biochar in paddy soils remain inadequately elucidated. Here, using two typical paddy soils with contrasting pH values (5.40 and 7.56), the N₂ and N₂O fluxes and the associated functional genes were investigated in soil amended with varying amounts of biochar (0%, 0.5%, and 5%, weight/weight) via soil slurry incubation integrated with the N₂/Ar technique and qPCR analysis. The results showed that N₂O fluxes were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced by 0.65–3.64 times following biochar amendment, concomitant with a significant (p < 0.05) increase in N₂ fluxes (5.47–46.14%) in both acidic and alkaline paddy soils. As a result, the N₂O/(N₂O + N₂) ratios were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced by 1.53–4.65 fold in both soil types. In acidic paddy soils, the enhanced denitrification rates and the decreased N₂O/(N₂O + N₂) ratios exhibited a strong correlation with increased pH values. In alkaline paddy soil, these changes were ascribed to the enhanced nosZ Clade I gene abundance and nosZ/(nirS + nirK) ratio. Our findings reveal that biochar primarily mitigates N₂O emissions in paddy soils by promoting its reduction to N₂.     

设施菜田土壤剖面中的反硝化特征

利用田间原位硅胶管法和自动连续在线培养监测体系（Robot 系统）,分别监测了设施菜田不同施肥处理土壤剖面N2O浓度以及不同土层土壤反硝化潜势、NO和N2O产生潜势。结果表明:灌溉施肥后,传统施肥处理（CN）土壤剖面50 cm和90 cm处的N2O浓度都会出现峰值,50 cm处的N2O浓度峰值都高于90 cm处; 50 cm处的N2O变幅在2.15～50.77 l/L 之间,90cm处的变幅在2.57～14.05 l/L 之间;空白处理（CK）剖面N2O浓度几乎不受灌水的影响,50 cm和90 cm处的N2O浓度变幅较小,在1.43～2.75 l/L 之间。反硝化潜势、NO和N2O产生潜势的监测结果显示,040 cm土层反硝化较为强烈;40100 cm土层中由于受碳源限制,反硝化发生及强度明显滞后,添加碳源,经过48 h培养后,能够达到与表层反硝化潜势相当的程度;厌氧条件下,上层040 cm土壤的N2O和NO产生量远高于底层40100 cm的。由此推测,原位监测的高N2O浓度,可能来源自上层的扩散,因而田间表层通量观测数据可能会低估N2O产生量。底层土壤有一定反硝化潜势,当施用有机肥后,底层土壤氮素反硝化损失不容忽视。     

菜地土壤CO2与N2O排放特征及其规律

为了解不同集约化类型菜地土壤CO2和N2O排放特征及影响因子,选取京郊20年露地老菜地(OV20)、3年菜地种植历史的露地新菜地(OV3)、3年大棚菜地(GV3),以及相邻的当地典型粮田玉米地(Maize)4个类型地块,研究了春黄瓜生育期间土壤CO2和N2O排放特征及影响因子。结果表明:1)春黄瓜生育期间的土壤CO2排放通量主要受土壤5 cm处温度(指数关系)和土壤水分(对数关系或二次抛物线关系)影响;期间玉米地土壤CO2平均排放通量为(346.8±56.5)mg.m-2.h-1,20年露地菜地、3年露地菜地有机肥处理、3年露地菜地配施处理、3年大棚菜地的土壤CO2平均排放通量分别是玉米地的1.38、1.21、1.39和1.56倍。2)土壤N2O排放通量与施肥活动密切相关,排放高峰都出现在氮肥施用后,并受土壤温度和水分的影响。基肥后土壤温度低(15～20℃),排放峰出现在第5 d,排放峰持续时间(长达20 d)与施肥量相关;追肥后土壤温度高(>20℃),排放高峰发生早(追肥后第3 d),但因追肥用量低,因此持续时间短(仅一周)。3)黄瓜生长期内玉米地N2O累积排放量为N(1.95±0.10)kg.hm-2,20年老菜地、3年大棚菜地和3年新菜地N2O累积排放量分别是同期大田玉米地的1.67、1.95和1.99倍。4)本实验中春黄瓜生长季菜地土壤化肥氮N2O排放系数在1.86%～4.71%之间,显著高于IPCC旱地排放缺省值1%。其中,新菜地排放系数高于老菜地,设施菜地排放系数高于露地菜地;但有机肥氮的N2O排放系数则远远低于化肥氮的排放系数,仅为0.11%。     

外加氮源在Cd超标菜地上的应用效果

探讨外加氮源对Cd超标菜地不同叶菜吸收Cd及土壤Cd有效性的影响,以明确施氮对土壤Cd的影响效应,并试图对不同氮源的应用效果进行综合评价,为合理利用氮肥来降低叶菜Cd含量提供参考。在Cd含量为0.628 mg·kg?1的Cd超标菜地上,试验研究了氮用量水平为150 kg·hm?2时,4种氮肥(尿素、硝酸钙、硝酸铵、碳酸氢铵)对矮脚葵扇黑叶白菜(Brassica chinensis L.)和白梗尖叶苋菜(Amaranthus mangostanus L.)Cd含量、品质及土壤Cd有效性的效应。结果表明,田间条件下,与不施氮处理相比,4种氮肥均不同程度地增加了Cd超标菜地上2种叶菜产量,降低了其地上部和根系Cd含量。4种氮肥中,尿素对白梗尖叶苋菜的增产效果最好,增产幅度达47.5%;碳酸氢铵对葵扇黑叶白菜的增产效果最好,增幅达59.7%;硝酸钙降低2种叶菜地上部和根系Cd含量的效果均优于其他氮肥,该处理的白梗尖叶苋菜地上部和根系Cd含量分别比对照降低41.6%和24.1%,葵扇黑叶白菜降低32.2%和25.9%。4种氮源对2种叶菜地上部Cd吸收总量、NO3?-N、NO2?-N、维生素C及可溶性糖含量等的影响各异,对土壤p H和DTPA-Cd含量影响也不同。其中,硝酸铵处理的土壤p H分别比对照降低0.12和0.25个单位,而土壤DTPA-Cd含量则显著增加15.3%和14.6%;碳酸氢铵处理则呈相反变化趋势。综合评价结果显示,4种氮肥的综合加权平均值均高于对照处理,以硝酸钙相对最高,表明硝酸钙在Cd超标菜地上的综合应用效果相对最好。因此,在Cd超标土壤上,硝酸钙可作为优选氮源使用。     

不同配比有机无机肥料对菜地N2O排放的影响

【目的】 采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法,研究有机无机肥料配施对菜地N₂O排放的影响。【方法】 试验期间连续种植了4季蔬菜,分别为香菜、空心菜、菜秧、菠菜,其中香菜和菠菜种植期间有塑料大棚覆盖。每季蔬菜收获后至下季蔬菜种植前有时间不等的休耕期。每季蔬菜种植前肥料作为基肥一次性施入,施肥量均为N 250 kg/hm2,其中空心菜在第二茬收获后追施N 250 kg/hm2一次,整个观测期共施肥5次,总施氮量为N 1250 kg/hm2,同时施入等量P₂O₅、K₂O。试验共设4个处理:不施氮对照（CK）、单施化肥（NPK）、有机无机肥料1:1配施（M1N1）和有机无机肥料2:1配施（M2N1）。N₂O排放通量测定频率为每周一次,每次施肥后则每2天测定一次。【结果】 观测期内各处理菜地N₂O排放主要集中在4~10月份,并与10 cm土层土壤温度呈显著正相关;NPK处理菜地N₂O排放通量与土壤无机氮含量显著相关,其他处理N₂O排放通量与土壤铵态氮、硝态氮以及无机氮含量间无显著相关。整个观测期内土壤充水孔隙度（WFPS）介于39%~59%之间,土壤水分含量的变化对N₂O排放通量无显著影响。与NPK处理相比,M1N1和M2N1处理均能保证蔬菜产量稳定,并显著提高空心菜的产量。与NPK处理相比,M1N1处理显著降低菜地N₂O周年累积排放量36%,显著降低N₂O周年排放系数64%。与M2N1处理相比,M1N1处理的N₂O周年累积排放量和周年排放系数分别显著降低29%和56%;而M2N1处理较NPK处理的减排效果不显著。【结论】 在集约化菜地适宜的无机有机肥料配比既能保证蔬菜产量,又能减少N₂O排放,不施或施用有机肥比例过高均不利于减少N₂O周年排放。本试验条件下,有机无机肥料以1:1配施是合适的稳产减排措施。     

有机无机肥料配合施用对设施菜田土壤N2O排放的影响

采用静态箱气相色谱法研究了有机无机肥料配合施用对设施菜田土壤N2O排放的影响。结果表明: 1）设施芹菜和番茄施基肥后57 d（灌溉后13 d）出现土壤N2O排放通量峰值,追肥后（施肥与灌溉同步）1 d出现土壤N2O排放通量峰值; 芹菜季和番茄季施用基肥后20 d内N2O排放量分别占当季总排放量的40%65%左右,是土壤N2O主要排放期。2）施用基肥后至定植灌水前各处理土壤N2O排放量逐渐降低,灌水后N2O排放通量迅速上升。各处理土壤N2O排放通量与土壤含水量之间呈显著相关,相关系数在0.43~0.72之间。3）土壤N2O排放主要发生在番茄季,番茄生育期各处理土壤N2O总排放量是芹菜生育期的3.1倍; 各处理土壤N2O排放通量与5 cm土层温度之间总体上呈显著相关,相关系数在0.40~0.58之间。4）设施菜田大幅减施化肥的有机无机肥配合施用模式可显著降低土壤N2O排放量和肥料损失率,芹菜季和番茄季土壤N2O排放量较习惯施肥处理分别降低66.3%和85.1%,肥料损失率分别降低45.2%和74.9%。5）等氮量投入时,施用秸秆较施用猪粪可有效降低土壤N2O排放,芹菜季和番茄季分别降低43.4%和74.2%。     

Nitrification is the key process determining N use efficiency in paddy soils

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer use efficiency (NUE) in flooded paddy fields is relatively low. Many N fertilizer management options have been proposed to enhance NUE and minimize environmental damage. However, few investigations are focusing on the role of the characteristics of soil N transformations in regulating NUE and N losses in paddy fields. In this study, we test the role of soil N transformations on NUE and N losses under rice growth conditions in two paddy soils collected from Jiangxi (JX) and Sichuan (SC) in China. The N recoveries of applied ¹⁵N either as nitrate or ammonium in plant and soil, and N losses estimated by ¹⁵N balance were investigated in rice pot experiments using a ¹⁵N tracing technique. The results showed that gross nitrification rates in soil collected from JX were much lower than those in soils collected from SC either at 60% water holding capacity (WHC) or rice growth (flooding) conditions, which could be due to the difference in soil pH. The ‐N concentration in soil solution was maintained at a relatively high level for a long time period after N fertilizer application in the JX soil (41 d) compared to the SC soil (26 d), caused by different nitrification rates owing to different soil pH. The ¹⁵N uptake by rice in the JX soil (29–78%) was always significantly higher than that in the SC soil (22–54%), while N losses from the plant–soil system in the JX soil (17–21%) were always significantly lower than those from the SC soil (20–34%) at the same rice growth stage in the labeled ¹⁵N ammonium treatment. However, there were no significant differences in ¹⁵N uptake by rice and N losses in applied treatment between the two studied soils. These results indicate that nitrification, not denitrification, was the key process determining NUE and N losses in paddy soils. The results of the N application gradient experiment also indicated that higher amounts of N fertilizer should be applied for the same amount of N uptake, however, this caused higher N losses, in soils characterized by high nitrification rate (e.g ., the alkaline soil). Results highlighted that soil N transformations in particular nitrification rate provided a very good guideline for an optimized N management.     

Effect of mineral nitrogen fertilizer forms on N2O emissions from arable soils in winter wheat production

Nitrogen fertilizers are supposed to be a major source of nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from arable soils. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of N forms on N₂O emissions from arable fields cropped with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In three field trials in North‐West Germany (two trials in 2011/2012, one trial in 2012/2013), direct N₂O emissions during a one‐year measurement period, starting after application of either urea, ammonium sulfate (AS) or calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), were compared at an application rate of 220 kg N ha^?1. During the growth season (March to August) of winter wheat, N₂O emission rates were significantly higher in all three field experiments and in all treatments receiving N fertilizer than from the non‐fertilized treatments (control). At two of the three sites, cumulative N₂O emissions from N fertilizer decreased in the order of urea > AS > CAN, with emissions ranging from 522–617 g N ha^?1 (0.24–0.28% of applied fertilizer) for urea, 368–554 g N ha^?1 (0.17–0.25%) for AS, and 242–264 g N ha^?1 (0.11–0.12%) for CAN during March to August. These results suggest that mineral nitrogen forms can differ in N₂O emissions during the growth period of winter wheat. Strong variations in the seasonal dynamics of N₂O emissions between sites were observed which could partly be related to weather events (e.g., precipitation). Between harvest and the following spring (post‐harvest period) no significant differences in N₂O emissions between fertilized and non‐fertilized treatments were detected on two of three fields. Only on one site post‐harvest emissions from the AS treatment were significantly higher than all other fertilizer forms as well as compared to the control treatment. The cumulative one‐year emissions varied depending on fertilizer form across the three field sites from 0.05% to 0.51% with one exception at one field site (AS: 0.94%). The calculated overall fertilizer induced emission averaged for the three fields was 0.38% which was only about 1/3 of the IPCC default value of 1.0%.