我国口岸截获东盟实蝇疫情分析

近年来,随着我国和东盟果蔬贸易额逐年攀升,我国口岸从东盟进境的果蔬和旅客携带物中截获到大量的实蝇疫情。本文分别从截获年份、来源国、截获直属局、检疫类别以及检疫物种类等疫情特征对我国口岸2004～2010年截获的东盟实蝇数据信息进行了分析,结果表明:2004年我国口岸截获东盟实蝇批次最少,为128批次,2005年截获批次最多,为1789批次,其他年份均在600批次左右;在东盟10国中,除文莱外,在其他9国中均截获到疫情,从泰国进境的货物和旅客携带物中截获的实蝇批次最多,为3411批次,其次为越南538批次、马来西亚431批次、缅甸378批次;我国共有15个直属局从东盟进境的货物和旅客携带物中截获到实蝇害虫,其中广东局、深圳局和云南局截获批次最多,其次为上海局、福建局、厦门局和广西局等;货检途径实蝇截获批次较多的种类有番石榴实蝇、橘小实蝇和南亚实蝇;旅检途径实蝇截获批次较多的种类有辣椒实蝇、橘小实蝇、番石榴实蝇和木瓜实蝇;截获到的检疫物种类约有60余种。因此,加强对东盟实蝇类重要害虫的检验检疫,保护我国农林业生产安全迫在眉睫。     

进境泰国水果携带有害生物疫情分析及防控对策

近年来,随着我国与泰国水果贸易额的逐年增加,我国口岸从泰国进境的水果中截获到大量的有害生物疫情。本文分别从疫情截获量、截获种类、截获寄主和截获方式等疫情特征对我国口岸2005～2011年截获的泰国水果携带有害生物疫情进行了分析,结果表明截获泰国水果及木包装上的检疫性有害生物达28个种(属),病害较少,其中实蝇类12种(属)共2978种次、介壳虫类4种共1877种次,是关注度最高和潜在危害最严重的类群;从寄主来看,榴莲、莲雾、芒果是携带疫情最多的3种水果,易携带的有害生物分别为蚧类、实蝇类和象甲类;榴莲和莲雾在货检中疫情截获量较大,芒果携带疫情以旅检为主;货检中截获检疫性有害生物主要为番石榴实蝇、橘小实蝇和南洋臀纹粉蚧,旅检中截获量较大的检疫性有害生物主要有番石榴实蝇、橘小实蝇和为害芒果的象甲类害虫。针对以上疫情特点提出加强疫情监测,提升口岸鉴定监管能力,强化产地预检和除害处理措施研究的建议。     

应重视对旅客携带物的检疫

旅检口岸是境外疫情传入的重要途径,特别是空港口岸,由于国际航班旅客来源复杂,流动性大,其携带的动植物及产品品种多样,且一般未采取任何检疫处理措施,携带危险性病虫疫情的比例相当高.以全国三大国际机场之一的白云机场为例,每年客流量达200多万人次,机场旅检曾两次截获有"水果头号杀手"称号的地中海实蝇,曾在全国口岸首次截获昆士兰实蝇、西印度实蝇、木瓜实蝇,在广东口岸首次截获杨桃实蝇、菲律宾实蝇等.2002年,白云机场旅检截获各类危险性害虫9种,共176批次.由此可见,对旅客携带物的检疫不容忽视.     

对泰国入境旅客携带植物及其产品的检疫监管

本文通过对汕头口岸2005～2008年截获由泰国入境旅客携带的植物及植物产品和从中查获高危检疫性有害生物橘小实蝇、辣椒实蝇、芒果果实象甲、番石榴实蝇等疫情进行分析,结合泰国病虫害情况,提出加强对泰国入境旅客携带应检物的监管重点,并探讨进一步深化关检合作机制,加强宣传教育和人员培训,重视我国生物多样性保护等对策和建议.     

2011～2015年山东口岸进境木质包装疫情分析及建议

本文对山东口岸2011~2015年进境木质包装疫情截获情况进行统计,重点对所截获检疫性有害生物的年度趋势、种群类别、截获频次等进行分析,汇总山东口岸近年进境木质包装中截获的检疫性有害生物名单,并在对疫情截获进行分析的基础上提出了进境木质包装检疫工作对策和建议。     

加拿大蓟瘿蝇的鉴定

河北出入境检验检疫局从美国进口大豆中截获两头虫蛹,并对虫蛹进行培养羽化至实蝇成虫。通过对成虫的形态学鉴定和DNA条形码分析,确定该实蝇为加拿大蓟瘿蝇(Urophora cardui),为我国首次截获。本文分析了该实蝇传入我国可能存在的风险,提出应加强口岸检疫,提升鉴定水平等检疫措施。     

深圳罗湖口岸从旅客携带的番荔枝中截获地中海实蝇

1999年 9月 2 4日 ,罗湖口岸检验检疫工作人员在旅检时截获一香港旅客携带进境的外国水果番荔枝 6个共 2 .5ｋｇ ,移交实验室剖果检查发现蝇类幼虫 5头 ,经室内饲养于 10月 17日全部羽化为实蝇成虫 ,其中雄虫 3头 ,雌虫 2头。经鉴定并由全国口岸实蝇重点实验室梁广勤研究员复核 ,确认为我国进境植物检疫一类危险性有害生物———地中海实蝇Ｃｅｒａｔｉｔｉｓｃａｐｉ ｔａｔａＷｉｅｄｅｍａｎｎ。这是继广州、北京、天津口岸之后 ,深圳口岸首次截获。在此之前 ,全国口岸已经 12次截获地中海实蝇。此次截获地中海实蝇再次说明严格口岸检验…     

2011～2016年山东口岸进境木材疫情分析及建议

本文对山东口岸2011～2016年进境木材疫情截获情况进行分析,重点对所截获有害生物的种群类别、年度趋势、截获频次和来源地等进行统计分析,并针对木材检疫监管存在的问题提出建议,以供口岸检疫参考.     

9种检疫性实蝇PCR-RFLP快速鉴定研究

应用PCR-RFLP技术,对我国口岸截获频率较高的9种检疫性实蝇开展了快速鉴定方法的研究,结果表明,设计的2对引物对9种供试实蝇线粒体DNA(mtDNA)的PCR扩增片断大小分别约为350bp和450bp.用限制性内切酶MSE1和DRAI对PCR扩增产物进行酶切,得到的酶切位点可将供试的9种实蝇区分开来.该方法不受供试实蝇地理来源及食物源的影响,对各种虫态(卵、幼虫、蛹)和不同性别的成虫均适用,可用于口岸截获实蝇的快速检疫鉴定.     

全国口岸近年来截获苋属杂草疫情分析

苋属很多种类是农田恶性杂草,我国出入境口岸近年来在进境检疫过程中经常截获苋属杂草。本文对我国口岸在2003~2014年截获的苋属杂草疫情进行了统计分析:自2003年以来,全国口岸截获苋属杂草的种类和次数逐年递增,2003~2014年8月,全国口岸共截获苋属杂草15种29291次,共来自全世界72个国家或地区。另外,本文还统计分析了几种主要进境粮谷中截获苋属杂草的种类和次数,截获检疫性苋属杂草的主要货物,并针对苋属杂草检疫存在的问题提出了几点建议。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.