一种新型微灌技术——微灌地膜

本文介绍了微灌地膜的基本性能、结构型式、并通过水力性能的测试，分析了微孔出流流量q与工作水头H的关系，探讨了微灌地膜毛管的水力计算公式，对毛管水流流态进行了分析，可供微灌地膜设计和进一步研究参考。     

微灌设计中管道流量的实用计算方法

常见的微灌工程设计的管道流量计算是依据GB/T 50485-2009《微灌工程技术规范》,采用最不利水力条件下的管道运行场景,要求灌水器所有流量变差不超过10%的计算精度下,可以认为毛管或支管其上所有灌水器出水流量是一样的,其上所有灌水器流量的总和就是要计算的毛管或支管的总流量。与此不同,推荐一种不去计算毛管或支管灌水器总数和总流量,而是基于微灌工程设计规范公式(3.2.3-1)的变形,灌溉区域控制面积或灌水器控制面积的概念,提出根据控制面积计算控制区域总流量或灌水器流量总和的方法,从而引出一种实用的、并且满足工程计算精度要求的,管道设计水力分析的流量计算方法。     

微灌毛管水力设计的中孔水头比法(均匀管坡)——微灌水力设计计算方法探讨之五

本文用积分作近似计算,导出了均匀坡条件下微灌毛管中孔水头比解析式,提出了由水头比表达的流量(和水头)相对偏差关系式,以及用中孔水头比公式进行微灌毛管水力计算的步骤,文中通过算例以演示计算过程,并验证本文方法的精度。     

基于二分法的微灌毛管水力设计

根据微灌毛管水力学特性,采用二分法搜索原理,并与逆递推法相结合,提出微灌毛管水力解析与设计方法。利用计算机编程从毛管末端向毛管进口逆序递推,可以快速、方便地求解出毛管各个孔口的压力和流量,设计毛管运行的水力参数,校核平均流量、流量偏差率等设计控制指标。实例验证结果表明,该设计方法具有直观、简便和快捷的特点,易为非专业人员理解与应用,具有较高的求解效率和计算精度。     

微灌毛管进口设流调器时水力设计应注意的问题

微灌系统毛管流量调节器在我国应用已比较多。但在一些地方和单位，甚至是供应商，对毛管流量调节器水力性能检测条件与使用条件不一致的问题缺乏认识；同时，对该情况下支管的水力设计，概念不够清晰。对上述问题进行了讨论，并列出相关算式与计算步骤；以便使微灌系统发挥应有效益。     

坡地上灌水器流量均等微灌双向毛管设计方法

根据最佳支管位置位于左右两侧毛管最小压力水头相等处的定义,结合能量廓线法推导出确定最佳支管位置的简易计算方法,并提出一种满足允许的最大压力水头和最小压力水头的微灌系统双向毛管设计方法.通过对多种存在条件的模拟计算,确定了最佳支管位置计算公式的最终形式、适用条件及其优化试算方式.利用该方法,能简便快速地设计各种坡地条件下微灌系统(灌水器流量均等)双向毛管.     

Polyplot TM多功能图解设计方法的应用

Polypolt是一种微灌系统水力设计的图解方法,1970年笫一次提出。微灌系统设计需要考虑许多因素。包括摩擦的影响,断面、距离、毛管出流量、滴头间距及压力允许偏差。因此设计的毛管与支管的手工计算复杂而费时。Polyplot 用一种简单的图解方法考虑     

微灌灌水小区水力设计的经验系数法

我国《微灌工程技术规范》规定：“微灌灌水小区各灌水器流量的平均值,应等于灌水器设计流量”.但是,至今还没有一个简便的计算方法,使这一规定便于贯彻.将经验系数法从1根毛管扩展至整个灌水小区,并通过4个算例验证了计算精度,可供微灌设计者试用.     

基于能坡线法的微灌双向异径毛管设计

根据最佳支管位置是位于使两侧毛管灌水器平均工作压力相等处的定义,基于能坡线法推导了微灌双向异径毛管的最佳支管位置、进口工作压力、水力流量偏差系数及极限管长的计算公式,并给出了最佳支管位置参数的数值表。以此为基础,提出了3种常见设计情况下的微灌双向异径毛管设计步骤。通过3个设计实例表明:该方法准确可靠,可以简便快速地设计各种均匀坡条件下的微灌系统双向异径毛管,提高微灌工程设计效率。     

微灌毛管水力解析及优化设计的遗传算法研究

根据微灌毛管水力学特性,应用遗传算法理论和方法,提出微灌毛管水力解析及设计的新方法,建立了两种典型毛管水力解析和设计的遗传算法模型及求解方法,该方法可适用于非均匀坡度、不等间距及不等流量灌水器的毛管解析和设计。模拟计算结果表明,该方法具有较高的求解效率和计算精度。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

车用发动机润滑油失效规律与更换周期研究

研究在正常使用条件下１０Ｗ／３０－ＱＣ级润滑油用于某型车用发动机时所表现的失效规律,确认期服从两参数Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布,并给出分布的尺度参数η和形状参数ｍ之最佳线性无偏估计（ＢＬＵＥ）同时,还为定量分析,计算车用发动机润滑油的使用可靠性和合理确定其更换周期提供了一套可供借鉴的方法,并给出了具体的计算实例。     

农村剩余劳动力就业问题的探讨

论述了我国农村剩余劳动力就业的意义,并针对我国农村剩余劳动力的现状,提出多渠道促进农村剩余劳动力就业的途径和办法。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

乡（镇）农业技术推广体系存在的问题及对策

乡（镇）农技推广体系是农业发展的关键。介绍朝阳市农业技术推广体系的现状,针对目前体制及运行机制、服务手段等方面存在的问题,提出适合朝阳市乡（镇）农技推广体系改革与发展的对策,以期对全省农技推广体系改革和发展起到一些借鉴作用。     

草莓的采收与贮藏

草莓果味酸甜爽口,营养价值高,为人们所喜爱的应市鲜果之一。由于草莓易受损伤和微生物侵染,因此其采收、贮藏过程极为重要。介绍草莓采收过程中的注意事项以及11种贮藏保鲜技术的实施步骤和操作方法,推介9种加工方式,为草莓产业化提供技术支持。     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.