Moisture-dependent physical properties of Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) kernel

The moisture-dependent physical properties are important to design post harvest equipments of the product. The physical properties of Karanja kernel were evaluated as a function of moisture content in the range of 8.56–22.22% d.b. The average length, width, thickness and 1000 kernel mass were 25.29 mm, 15.58 mm, 7.88 mm and 1036.45 g, respectively, at moisture content of 8.56% d.b. The geometric mean diameter and sphericity increased from 14.55 to 15.97 mm and 0.57 to 0.6 as moisture content increased from 8.56 to 22.22% d.b., respectively. In the same moisture range, the bulk density decreased from 663 to 616 kg/m³, whereas the corresponding true density and porosity increased from 967 to 1081 kg/m³ and 31.44 to 43.02%, respectively. As the moisture content increased from 8.56 to 22.22% d.b., the angle of repose and surface areas were found to increase from 27.69 to 37.33° and 665.74 to 801.63 mm², respectively. The static coefficient of friction of Karanja kernel increased linearly against the surfaces of three structural materials, namely plywood (28.72%), mild steel sheet (29.88%) and aluminium (18.86%) as the moisture content increased from 8.56 to 22.22% d.b.     

Physical behavior of purified and crude wax obtained from Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seed oil refineries and seed hulls

The sunflower seed waxes obtained from two sources (i) seed hull as astandard and (ii) crude wax from oil refineries were studied for theircrystallization, melting characteristics and morphology of crystals. Theresults of differential scanning calorimetry of wax obtained from seed hullsshowed the melting temperature range of 13.18 ^°C with the onsetat 62.32 ^°C, for purified wax, compared to the melting range of24.73 ^°C with the onset at 42.3 ^°C, for crude wax. Theenthalpy of fusion for both waxes were 57.55 mcal/mg and 7.63 mcal/mg,respectively. The DSC melt crystallization temperature range was15.79 ^°C with the onset of 64.58 ^°C for purified wax andtemperature range of 31.45 ^°C with an onset of 57.76 ^°C forcrude wax. A similar pattern was observed of wax obtained from thecrude wax of oil refineries. The enthalpy of crystallization was –64.27mcal/mg and –7.67 mcal/mg, respectively. The purified wax obtained fromthe two sources (i) and (ii) were comparable with completion temperaturesof 75.5 ^°C and 75.1 ^°C, respectively. The effect of inhibitor(lecithin) on crystallization of purified wax under light microscope andsurface structure by scanning electron microscope were observed. Lecithinat 0.2% inhibited the crystallization but nucleation was unaltered. Thewax crystal was inhibited to around 60% of the original size with 0.2%lecithin. It is concluded that the sunflower waxes studied were notcomparable in their crystal properties of crude and purified states.Lecithin inhibited the crystallization of sunflower seed wax.     

The physico-chemical properties of the seed and seed oil ofJatropha gossipifolia

The physico-chemical properties of the seed and seed oil ofJatropha gossipifolia were assessed by standard methods. The seed contains 35.8% crude oil of iodine value 107.25, 13.40% protein, 9.25% fibre, 30.32% carbohydrate and 6.0 g/kg saponins. The fatty acid composition of the seed oil was determined by GC-MS. Caprylic, myristic, palmitoleic, palmitic, oleic, stearic, linoleic, vernolic, arachidic, behenic and lignoceric acids were found.     

油菜籽芥酸、硫甙、含油量中日比对检测研究

1998年和2001年中日双方油料质检机构对油菜籽芥酸、硫甙、含油量等品质指标进行了比对检测。中国农业部油料及制品质量监督检验测试中心采用中国国家标准方法和国际标准方法测定芥酸、硫甙的结果与日本油料检定协会采用日本国家标准方法和美国油脂化学协会官方方法检测的结果一致，测定结果的差异均在方法允许的误差范围以内，为开展中日油菜品质检测双边认证奠定了基础。     

Chemical composition and selected functional properties of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) seed flour

Flour samples were prepared from dehulled and undehulledsweet orange (Citrus sinensis) seeds. The flour samples were evaluated for proximate composition, mineralcontent and selected functional properties. Proximate analysis showed a composition of 54.2% fat, 28.5% carbohydrate, 5.5% crude fiber, 3.1% crude protein and 2.5% ash for the dehulled orange seed flour (dry weight).Mineral analyses showed high levels of calcium and potassium in flour samples. Partially defatted and undefatted flour samples prepared from dehulled orangeseeds had least gelation concentrations of 10 and 12%(w/v), respectively. Water absorption capacity for thedefatted and undefatted dehulled flour samples were 240and 220%, respectively. Defatting improved oil absorptioncapacity of the orange seed flour by 84%. Emulsion activity, emulsion stability and foaming capacity decreasedfollowing defatting of flour. Foam prepared from defattedflour was less stable than that from full-fat flour.Incorporation of NaCl up to 0.2 M improved the foamingcapacity of orange seed flour.     

大麻籽油不皂化物的分离与分析

采用薄板层析、气相色谱对大麻籽油中甾醇、4－甲基甾醇及三萜醇等不皂化物的成分进行了分离和分析。并用气相色谱－质谱联用确定了甾醇中的6种化合物。     

莲都区发展茶叶籽油生产可行性分析

在茶叶生产中,每年产生的大量茶叶籽没有很好地得到开发利用而白白地浪费掉,而茶叶籽油是可与山茶油、橄榄油媲美的高档食用油。有目的有计划地对茶叶籽进行开发利用,不仅可以增加茶农收入,促进茶产业稳步发展,而且为高端食用油的开发开劈了新的途径。本文结合生产实际分析了莲都区发展茶叶籽油生产的可行性。     

Certain functional properties of defatted pumpkin seed flour

Defatted pumpkin (C. pepo andC. maxima) seed flour has potential food uses because of its high protein content, 61.4±2.56%. The functional and electrophoretic properties of the defatted flour were investigated. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electrofocusing indicated 14 bands of water-soluble protein subunits with isoelectric points between 3.81–8.08 and apparent molecular weights between 19,200 and 97,000 daltons. Minimum nitrogen solubility was observed at pH values between 3.0–7.0 and exceeded 90% at pH above 9.0. Solubility was a function of ionic strength. It appeared that, even at the pH of minimum solubility, the pumpkin seed proteins could be dissolved up to high concentrations by increasing NaCl molarity. The viscosity of flour-water dispersion was affected by flour and salt concentrations, and temperature. The least gelation concentration was 8% (w/v) and the water and oil absorption 24.8±2.03 and 84.4±4.05 g/100 g respectively. Sorption isotherms, BET monolayer moisture and binding energy of sorption were also calculated. Both foam capacity and stability were pH dependent.     

茶叶籽油的加工工艺及其保健功效研究进展

茶叶籽油是一种纯天然高级木本可食用油脂,具有很高的营养价值和保健作用,其不饱和脂肪酸含量超过80%,维E含量丰富,具有降血脂、抗氧化及调节免疫功能、抗癌、美容护肤等保健功效。经初加工的茶叶籽油色泽深,带有苦涩味,需精加工。本文就茶叶籽油的理化特性、成分组成、加工工艺及其保健功能作一综述,以期为茶叶籽油的综合开发利用提供参考和依据。     

脉冲核磁共振仪在大豆含油量测定中的应用

用脉冲核磁共振仪建立大豆含油量核磁共振法测定标准曲线,并进行408份大豆含油量的分析。脉冲核磁共振仪测定与国家标准索氏抽提法测定结果的相关系数r=0.9896,标准曲线为y=0.9632x 0.7937。与索氏抽提法相比,具有简便快速、安全、不损伤种子且不需烘干样品等优点。在大豆品种改良、收购及加工利用和进出口贸易等领域具有广阔的应用前景。     

Physical properties of cryomilled rice starch

Cryomilling of rice starch was evaluated as a non-chemical way to modify starch structure and properties. Cryomilling in a liquid nitrogen bath (63–77.2 K) was done to Quest (10.80% amylose) and Pelde (20.75% amylose) rice starch at five different time frames (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min). The viscosity of the cryomilled rice starch decreased significantly (p < 0.05) with increasing milling duration, including peak viscosity, hot-paste viscosity, cold-paste viscosity, breakdown, and consistency. Increasing milling time significantly increased (p < 0.05) water solubility index and water absorption index. Infra-red spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction crystallography both showed that the crystallinity of the cryomilled starch decreased with increasing milling time. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses showed that after 60 min cryomilling there was partial loss of crystallinity (86% for Quest and 91% for Pelde) of both cryomilled starches. The cryomilling process modified the rice starch by causing a loss of crystallinity, that reduced its pasting temperature and increased water absorption, and by fragmentation of starch (probably the amylopectin fraction) that reduced the viscosity and increased solubility.     

Proximate composition and selected physicochemical properties of the seed,pulp and oil of sour sop (Annona muricata)

Proximate composition and physicochemical analyses were carried out onthe seed, pulp and extracted oil of sour sop (Annona muricata). Theresults showed that the seed contained 8.5% moisture, 2.4% crudeprotein, 13.6% ash, 8.0% crude fiber, 20.5% fat and 47.0%carbohydrate. The seed also contained 0.2% water soluble ash, 0.79%titratable acidity and 17.0 mg calcium/100 g. The pulp was found tocontain 81% moisture, 3.43% titratable acidity and 24.5%non-reducing sugar. Selected physicochemical characteristics includedrefractive indices of 1.335 for the seed and 1.356 for the pulp, specificgravities of 1.250 for the seed and 1.023 for the pulp, pH values of 8.34for the seed and 4.56 for the pulp, and soluble solids contents of1.5 ^°Brix for the seed and 15 ^°Brix for the pulp. Theextracted oil (20.5% yield) had a 60.43% unsaponifiable value,23.54 KOH/g acid value, 100.98 K0H/g saponification value, 1.1 K0H/gperoxide value, 1.464 refractive index, 5.77 pH, 69.5 ^°Brix soslublesolids and 0.2900 specific gravity.     

Physicochemical properties of stillingia oil: Feasibility for biodiesel production by enzyme transesterification

The physicochemical properties, fatty acids profile and triglyceride compositions of the stillingia oil were analyzed. The stillingia oil was found to contain 98.79% neutral lipids, 0.22% phospholipids and 0.99% glycolipids, which exhibited varying contents of fatty acids. The major triglyceride was double linoleic acid linolenic acid triglyceride, which accounted for approximately 79.49% of the total triglycerides. Preparation of biodiesel from stillingia oil was investigated by enzyme transesterification with methanol as the acyl acceptor. The results showed that lipase type (Novozym 435, Lipozyme TLIM and Lipozyme RMIM), reaction systems (in solvent-free and tert-butanol system) and operational parameters (lipase loading, reaction time, temperature, and molar ratio of alcohol to oil) influenced the biodiesel yield. Fuel properties of biodiesel from stillingia oil were evaluated and all were in acceptable range for use as biodiesel in diesel engines, and had remarkable flash point and satisfactory cold flow properties. It was concluded that stillingia oil was an alternative potential feedstock oil for biodiesel production.     

不同采收方式对上部烟叶生物性状及物理特性的影响

为改善烤烟上部叶片的工业可用性,研究了不同采收方式对云烟87上部叶片烘烤前生物性状和烤后物理特性的影响。结果表明：集中采收比常规采收的烟叶叶片略薄,单叶重减轻,比叶重、叶片密度下降,组织结构疏松,叶片间差异缩小,可提高上部烟叶的可用性,但是集中采收可能会因为单叶重减轻而导致产量有所下降。     

Moisture distribution of soaked rice grains observed by magnetic resonance imaging and physicochemical properties of cooked rice grains

Moisture distribution in individual polished rice grains was observed during soaking by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, and a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal intensity profile (SI-profile) was generated from the MR image. The water penetration pattern during soaking roughly showed dissimilar trends between different varieties of japonica and japonica-indica hybrid rice. NMR signal intensity at the completion of water absorption varied within each grain; high at the periphery and the central region and low in the area between the periphery and the central region. High moisture content within the central region is due to loosely packed starch granules. The SI-profile was congruent for grains of the same variety harvested in different regions and years and characterized a grain moisture distribution for each variety. Moisture distribution was compared using SI-profiles for varieties with different amylose contents and new varieties bred for specific end-uses in Japan. The NMR signal intensity, which is related to the moisture content, at the surface of soaked grain was negatively correlated to the grain amylose content. The NMR signal intensities at the surface of soaked grain negatively correlated with the overall hardness of the cooked rice grain as measured by the single-grain low-high compression test.     

Chemical composition and profile characterisation of pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) seed oil

Seeds of a Tunisian variety (Béjaoui) of pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) were analysed for their main chemical composition and for their oil properties. Expressed on dry weight basis, seed moisture was 8.46%, whereas contents of proteins, fibre, ash, fat, and total sugars established at 33.92%, 3.97%, 21.97%, 31.57%, and 0.11% respectively. Gas chromatography revealed that the major fatty acids were oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids (44.11%, 34.77%, and 15.97% respectively). Seed oil was also found to be rich in tocopherols with a predominance of δ-tocopherol (42.27%). The sterol marker β-sisosterol accounted for 39.6% of total sterols contained in seed oil of this variety. Six phenolic acids (protocatechuic, caffeic, syringic, vanillic, p-coumaric and ferulic) were detected, the syringic acid being predominant (7.96 mg/100 g). As a whole, based on its seed oil features, pumpkin may be considered as a valuable source for new multi-purpose products for industrial, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical utilisation.     

Method for analysis of fatty acid distribution and oil content on a single Lesquerella fendleri seed

Lesquerella fendleri is a developing oilseed crop suitable for temperate growing regions in the US. The seed oil is rich in lesquerolic acid (57%) and could serve as a domestic source of hydroxy fatty acids. A method for the analysis of fatty acids and total oil content of a half or single lesquerella seed was developed. Lesquerella seeds are small with 1000 seed weights around 0.6 g (half seed mass of 200–500 μg). Conventional analytical balances provide mass accuracy to ±40 μg which fails to provide sufficient accuracy/precession (4–40% mass error) for the initial seed mass. A microbalance which measures to ±2 μg provided good reproducibility in initial seed weights but was not suitable for mass balance of the extracted oil. A normal phase HPLC coupled to an evaporative light scattering detector gave good response for oil in the mass range of 22 μg to 110 μg/mL. Therefore, micelle concentrations from single or half seed extractions could be determined with good reproducibility. This method was then evaluated on bulk seed that had been fractionated on a gravity table. Gravity table fractionation of L. fendleri seeds obtained from a large field plot provided seven fractions with increasing bulk density. These fractions were then analyzed in sets of 30 individual seeds and as an aggregate of 50 seeds. Oil content for individual seeds varied widely (15.6–44.2%) as did lesquerolic acid content (42.2–63.7%). The mean oil content increased (27–33%) with increasing bulk density (684–745 g/L). The mean lesquerolic acid content did not correlate with bulk density.     

苎麻野生种质资源纤维细胞形态结构与理化特性研究

对10个苎麻野生种质的纤维细胞形态结构和理化特性进行了观测和研究,结果表明：①野生种质的韧皮部厚均小于栽培种,变幅在0．21～0．57mm之间,最厚的是青叶苎麻,最薄的是疏毛水苎麻,变异系数为5．8％且差异显著;②野生种质韧皮部纤维细胞的直径和胞壁厚度明显小于栽培种,说明它们在提高产量上利用价值不大,但除了密球苎麻外,其它苎麻的壁腔比都高于栽培种,且水苎麻、疏毛水苎麻和密球苎麻在纤维支数上明显高于栽培种,这些在纤维品质的改良上有一定的利用价值;③野生种质在纤维素含量上与栽培种的差异不显著,但其含胶率远远高于栽培种而导致剥制原麻很困难,因此不适宜直接利用而只能作为育种的亲本材料。     

木论自然保护区森林土壤的理化特性

按木论自然保护区森林植被分布状况及相应海拔高度设置代表性的土壤剖面（0-80 cm土层）,按国颁标准采集样品与测定土壤理化特性。结果表明：（1）土壤容重为0.86-1.38 g.cm-3;土壤总孔隙度为27.66%-44.14%,其中土壤非毛管孔隙度为4.98%-13.22%;土壤通气度为4.67%-13.08%。（2）土壤pH值为6.03-7.45;有机质含量为13.9-120.3g.kg-1;全N为0.81-3.74 g.kg-1;全P为0.21-0.78 g.kg-1;全K为11.62-22.54 g.kg-1。以上表明,广西木论自然保护区森林土壤疏松、通气性能良好;土壤中N、P、K主要养分含量丰富。     

Effect of applying nitrogen fertilizer to a potato seed crop on the susceptibility of the daughter plants toErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica

Summary Seed potatoes of cvs Record and Bintje were grown with 30, 80 or 130 kg N/ha. In the subsequent growing season the seed tubers, which were inoculated or not with two concentrations ofErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica (Eca), were subjected to the same fertilization treatment. The incidence of blackleg and the level of seed tuber decay increased from the uninoculated treatment to the higher inoculum level, but the degree varied considerably from one year to another. Cv. Bintje was more susceptible to blackleg and yield loss caused by Eca than cv. Record. In 1990, when disease incidence was high, the proportion of blackleg stems increased with increasing doses of nitrogen fertilizer which had been applied to the seed crop, but was not significantly affected in 1988 and 1992. Seed tuber decay was retarded by the lowest nitrogen dose. The yield of the subsequent crop was not affected by the nitrogen dose applied to the seed crop.