山竹蒂腐病病菌鉴定及其生物学特性研究

鉴定山竹蒂腐病的病菌,并对该病菌的生物学特性进行研究。根据病菌的培养性状、形态特征、寄主范围和致病性等特性,认为引起山竹蒂腐病的病原菌为可可球二孢菌(Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.)。该菌菌丝生长的温度范围为10～40℃,最适为28～32℃;孢子萌发的温度范围为5～40℃,最适为28～32℃;在pH值3～11该菌均能生长,最适pH值为5～7;在全光照条件下,该菌菌丝生长最快;在供试碳源中,仅D-木糖不利于该菌菌丝生长,其它7种碳源对菌丝生长的影响无显著差异;在供试氮源中,牛肉     

芒果可可球二孢蒂腐病菌生物学培养特性

对芒果可可球二孢蒂腐病菌(Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.)的生物学培养特性进行了研究.结果表明:菌丝生长最适温度30℃;孢子萌发最适温度30℃;菌丝生长最适pH值5～6,孢子萌发最适pH值7～10;菌丝生长的最佳碳源是棉子糖、葡萄糖,最佳氮源是牛肉浸膏、蛋白胨:光照及振荡培养对菌丝生长无显著影响;菌丝的致死温度为60℃,30 min或65℃,10 min,孢子的致死温度50℃,15min.     

西南地区玉米线形圆斑病生物学特性和品种抗性鉴定

对西南地区普遍发生的玉米线形圆斑病菌生物学特性和50个推广品种对线形圆斑病的抗性进行鉴定.结果表明,该病菌生长温度为10℃～35℃,最适生长温度为20℃～25℃;病原菌对酸碱度的适应范围较广,在pH值4～11都能生长,以pH值为5～7最适;分生孢子在5c℃～35℃均能萌发,最适温度为20℃～25℃;光照对菌丝和孢子萌发无显著影响.玉米品种间对玉米线形圆斑病表现的抗性差异明显,50个品种中表现抗病品种有7个,占14％;中抗品种24个,占48％;感病品种19个,占38％,无免疫品种.     

花生疮痂病菌生物学特性研究

由疮痂病菌（Elsinoë arachidis) 引起的花生疮痂病,近年来在辽宁省大面积发生,严重制约花生产业的健康发展。本文对花生疮痂病菌生物学特性开展了系统研究。结果表明,花生疮痂病菌在PSA上菌落褶皱、隆起,生长缓慢,在最适培养基PSA上培养30d菌落直径仅为28.1mm,最适碳氮源分别为半乳糖和酵母浸粉,最适温度25℃,pH4~6时菌丝长势良好,黑暗有利于该菌的生长,菌丝致死温度为48℃;分生孢子萌发最适pH值为5,最适温度为25℃,最适碳源为1%葡萄糖,最适氮源为1%丙氨酸和1%甘氨酸,光照对分生孢子萌发差异不显著,分生孢子致死温度为47℃。     

海南芒果果腐病病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性研究

对引起芒果果腐病的病原菌进行鉴定,并对该病原菌的生物学特性进行初步研究。结果表明：引起芒果果腐病的病原菌是芒果拟盘多毛孢[Pestalotiopsis mangiferae（Henn.）Steyaert],该菌菌丝生长最适温度为25～28 ℃,孢子萌发最适温度为32 ℃,致死温度为60 ℃,10 min;菌丝生长最适pH为4～5,而孢子萌发最适pH为4;最适碳源为甘露醇,而麦芽糖不利于菌丝生长;最适氮源为牛肉浸膏、蛋白胨,而尿素不利于该菌菌丝生长;该菌适合在暗光交替和黑暗中生长。     

海南大棚西瓜枯萎病病原菌生物学特性及室内毒力测定

对供试菌株海南大棚西瓜枯萎病病原菌尖孢镰刀菌西瓜专化型进行了生物学特性的研究及杀菌剂室内毒力测定。生物学测定结果表明：菌丝在西瓜汁培养基上生长最好;菌丝生长和孢子萌发的最适温度分别为28和30℃;菌丝生长和孢子萌发最适pH值分别为7～8和7～9;光暗交替有利于菌丝生长;孢子致死温度为60℃、5 min;果糖和葡萄糖作为碳源利于菌丝生长;酵母浸粉和蛋白胨作为氮源利于菌丝生长。室内毒力测定结果表明：50%咪鲜胺锰盐WP对西瓜枯萎病菌的抑菌效果最好,其EC50为0.730 9 μg/mL;32.5%苯甲嘧菌酯SC、30%苯甲·丙环唑EC、10%苯醚甲环唑WG、25%溴菌·多菌灵WP和25%溴菌腈WP对海南大棚西瓜枯萎病菌也有较好的抑制效果,其EC50为1.884 7～8.161 0 μg/mL,该研究为田间防治海南大棚西瓜枯萎病提供了基础数据。     

红毛丹炭疽病菌生物学特性研究

对红毛丹炭疽病病菌进行分离,鉴定病原菌为胶孢炭疽菌[Colletotrichum gloeosporioides(Penz.)Sacc.]。研究培养基、温度、湿度、pH值、光照、营养对红毛丹炭疽病菌生长和孢子萌发的影响。结果表明,该菌菌丝在PDA、CA和CZ培养基上生长较好,10~35℃下均能生长,适宜生长温度为25~28℃,分生孢子萌发的最适温度为28℃;病原菌在pH3~11都能生长,pH5~8生长较好,菌丝生长及孢子萌发最佳pH值为7;分生孢子在饱和湿度中萌发快,相对湿度低于99%时不能萌发;光照对病原菌的生长有明显的促进作用,病原菌的致死温度为:55℃,10min;PDA培养基中加入不同的糖对病原菌生长有明显的促进作用,以鼠李糖、果糖、半乳糖、麦芽糖、甘露糖和木糖最好;PDA培养基中添加2%的不同的无机氮源对病原菌的生长有明显的促进作用。     

火龙果黑斑病菌[Bipolaris cactivora（Petrak）Alcorn]生物学特性研究

为了明确分离自火龙果黑斑病的病原种类、生物学特性及防治方法,对该病菌进行了种类鉴定、生物学特性研究以及室内药剂筛选。结果表明,引起该火龙果病害的病原菌为仙人掌平脐蠕孢[Bipolaris cactivora（Petrak）Alcorn]。该病菌菌丝生长最适温度是30 ℃,产孢最适温度20 ℃。菌丝生长最适pH为5,产孢最适pH8。光照对菌丝生长无显著影响,黑暗条件有利于产孢。菌丝生长最佳碳源是葡萄糖和D-果糖,产孢最佳碳源为甘露醇。菌丝生长和产孢的最佳氮源均为蛋白胨,菌丝致死温度为70 ℃,10 min。     

亚龙湾海域海洋生态旅游活动对近岸海洋环境的影响

研究南繁区棉花炭疽病菌的生物学特性为筛选其杀菌剂提供理论依据。从海南省南繁棉花区采集病样分离得到病原菌,对病原菌进行生物学特性研究。结果表明：棉花炭疽病菌(HNNC8)菌丝在PDA培养基上生长最好;菌丝生长和孢子萌发的最适温度分别为25和30℃;最适pH值分别为7～9和6～8;连续黑暗条件较适合菌丝生长;菌丝在以麦芽糖、阿拉伯糖为碳源的培养基上生长最好;在以蛋白胨为氮源培养基上生长最好;病菌分生孢子致死温度为 55℃水浴处理 5 min。温度过高或过低酸性环境都会影响菌丝生长和分生孢子的萌发,且不同的碳源、氮源亦会影响病菌菌丝的生长。     

温度调控对玉米弯孢叶斑病菌侵染的影响

玉米弯孢叶斑病菌菌丝生长的温度范围为6～40℃,最适为28～32℃;分生孢子萌发的温度范围为8～40℃,最适为25～35℃;病残体产孢的温度范围为8～38℃,且随着温度的升高,病残体产孢时间缩短,当温度为20～35℃时,保湿24h即可产生大量的分生孢子。弯孢菌在10～38℃都可以侵染玉米植株,使其发病;但在30℃时,病害的潜育期最短,病情发展最快。     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

Interactive Effects of Sodium and Potassium on the Growth and Photosynthesis of Spinach and Komatsuna

Abstract

Two cultivars of spinach and one cultivar of komatsuna were sand cultured using a nutrient solution with Na and K in various combinations. The growth (fresh weight of shoot) of spinach cv. Atlas was significantly increased when 1.4 mM KC1 of the 7 m M KO was replaced with 1.4 mM NaCl, although the growth was reduced when more KC1 was replaced with NaCl. In another spinach cv. All Right, however, NaCl substituting for 20% of KC1 showed no significant effects. In komatsuna, Na used in place of K at any ratio reduced the growth. The growth of spinach cv. Atlas was increased by applying 20 mM NaCl, irrespective of K dose (480 - 2400 mg K₂O per 1/2000 a Wagner pot). The growth of spinach cv. All Right was also increased by 20 mM NaCl when K was at a deficient level (480 - 960 mg K20 per pot), but was not when K was at: an excessive level (1920 - 2400 mg K₂O per pot). In komatsuna, 20 mM NaCl reduced the growth. In spinach, Na prevented the decrease of the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance caused by K deficiency.     

海南百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定及其发生危害

百香果是海南省的新兴产业,也是我国多个省区扶贫攻坚的重要产业。病虫害是影响百香果产业的重要因素,随着海南百香果种植面积越来越大,病虫害对百香果产业的不利影响越来越凸显。由于缺乏百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定的基础性研究,许多种植户对田间发生的病虫害种类识别不足,从而影响了百香果病虫害的防控效果。为了摸清海南百香果种植区的病虫害种类,于2019—2021年对海南省儋州市、乐东县、屯昌县、文昌市、三亚市、东方市、保亭县、白沙县、海口市等百香果种植区的病虫害进行了系统调查与鉴定,并对其发生危害特点进行了研究。鉴定发现海南百香果种植区的病害有11种,分别是病毒病、茎基腐病、炭疽病、疮痂病、疫病、灰霉病、果腐病、褐斑病、烟煤病、藻斑病和缺镁。重要病害为病毒病和茎基腐病,危害程度分别为4级和3级,炭疽病和疮痂病危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他病害危害较轻。害虫有28种,分别是黄胸蓟马、茶黄蓟马、红带蓟马、美洲棘蓟马、普通大蓟马、咖啡木蠹蛾、美洲斑潜蝇、橘小实蝇、斜纹夜蛾、双线盗毒蛾、绿丽刺蛾、白带锯蛱蝶、烟粉虱、温室白粉虱、柑橘粉蚧、木槿曼粉蚧、藤壶蜡蚧、茶角盲蝽、樟颈曼盲蝽、稻绿蝽、中稻缘蝽、茶小绿叶蝉、丽球瓢蜡蝉、绿鳞象甲、眼斑芫菁、白条豆芫菁、甘薯梳龟甲和朱砂叶螨。重要害虫为黄胸蓟马和咖啡木蠹蛾,危害程度均为3级,茶黄蓟马和美洲斑潜蝇的危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他害虫危害较轻。软体动物3种,分别是灰巴蜗牛、同型巴蜗牛和一种尚未鉴定的蛞蝓。本研究明确了海南百香果种植区病虫害具体种类,新发现百香果病害1种和害虫24种,为海南百香果病虫害的精准防控提供技术支撑。     

白砂糖干燥与冷却机理及影响

砂糖的含水量、装包温度和仓储条件对其贮存保质具有重要影响。本文从白砂糖的含水分特性、干燥机理和生产过程环节等对白砂糖干燥与冷却的影响进行深入分析。由于结晶过程的包裹现象,砂糖含水分可分为表面和内部水分,白砂糖干燥过程只能去除前者。生产过程中煮糖、分蜜操作对内部水分含量有影响。贮存过程的内部水分的扩散是砂糖降质的根本原因,而装包温度和贮存条件是影响内部水分扩散的外在条件。     

源库限制对寒地玉米产量及品质的影响

本试验采用4个品种(四单19、本玉9号、DH808、DH3149),2种密度(52500株/hm2、75000株/hm2),并在吐丝期分别进行减源限库处理,研究源库限制对玉米生长发育和产量品质的影响。结果表明:减源处理降低了单株叶面积,也降低了单株干物重。限库处理因库容减少,使得干物质略有增加,但不同品种对源库处理反应不一致。限库处理导致玉米子粒蛋白质含量明显增加,减源处理基本不变或略有增加;减源限库处理导致平展型玉米子粒的脂肪含量增加,而紧凑型品种保持不变或略有降低;减源处理导致淀粉含量的增加,而限库处理的影响相反,导致淀粉含量减少。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.