生物絮团在凡纳滨对虾封闭养殖试验中的形成条件及作用效果

为探讨生物絮团技术应用于龟鳖类养殖中的可行性,并确定其最佳添加量,通过调控中华草龟 (Chinemys reevesii) 养殖水体中的碳氮比（质量比）,分析生物絮团形成及其对水质和菌落的影响。实验以添加蔗糖设计碳氮比为10∶1 (CN-10)、15∶1 (CN-15)、20∶1 (CN-20) 的实验组和对照组 (CG),进行为期40 d的养殖。结果显示,各组生物絮团体积指数 (FVI) 随碳氮比的增加而增大,在28 d后趋于稳定;碳氮比≥10时氨氮和亚硝酸盐处理效果显著,其中CN-15组40 d后氨氮和亚硝酸盐的去除率分别为76.7%和64.4%。碳氮比为15∶1时能促进龟池生物絮团的形成,并可有效降低水中氨氮、亚硝酸盐水平。对实验组 (CN-15) 与对照组的生物絮团进行高通量测序,发现2种水体中生物絮团的优势菌门均为变形菌门、拟杆菌门、放线菌门,但各优势菌门占比有所差异。研究表明,添加不同碳氮比可影响中华草龟养殖水体生物絮团的形成、水质和菌群结构。碳氮比为15∶1是形成生物絮团的最适比例,在促进生物絮团形成的同时,对水质也具有较强的调节能力。     

Phaeobacter grown in biofilters: a new strategy for the control of Vibrionaceae in aquaculture

Growth, biofilm formation, antagonism and residence time in green seawater tanks maintained under fish rearing conditions of Phaeobacter 27‐4 were studied in commercial biofilters made from plastic, sintered glass and ceramic. Phaeobacter reached 10⁸–10⁹ CFU cm^?3 and formed rosettes in all materials, but a multilayer biofilm was only observed in the ceramic biofilters. In sterile seawater, plastic and ceramic biofilters reduced Vibrio anguillarum and V. splendidus concentration in one‐two Log after 24–48 h, showing 10²–10³ CFU mL^?1. Sintered glass biofilters only inactivated V. anguillarum. In Marine Broth, sintered glass and ceramic biofilters inhibited V. anguillarum growth in two‐three Log, showing 10⁴–10⁵ CFU mL^?1 after 24 h. Plastic biofilters reduced V. anguillarum concentration in one Log after 48 h. V. splendidus growth was only inhibited by sintered glass and ceramic biofilters in one‐two Log, showing 10⁷ CFU mL^?1 after 24 h. Phaeobacter also diminished biofilters colonization by the pathogens, both in seawater and in MB. Phaeobacter residence time in green seawater tanks maintained under fish rearing conditions was longer with sintered glass and ceramic biofilters. The latest showed the lowest detachment and, after 11 days, Phaeobacter (10⁶ bacteria·cm^?3) covered more than 80% of biofilters total culturable bacteria. DGGE profiles showed that Phaeobacter biofilters stabilizes the green seawater bacterial microbiota.     

Disruption of bacterial quorum sensing: an unexplored strategy to fight infections in aquaculture

Disease outbreaks—some of them caused by pathogenic bacteria—are considered to be one of the largest constraints to development of the aquaculture sector. So far, antibiotics and disinfectants have only had limited success in the prevention or cure of aquatic disease. Moreover, the frequent use of biocides, especially in subtherapeutic doses, is leading to the rapid development of resistance. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop alternative ways to control infections caused by bacterial pathogens in aquaculture. Many of these pathogens are found to control virulence factor expression by a cell-to-cell communication system. Hence, disruption of bacterial quorum sensing has been proposed as a new anti-infective strategy and several techniques that could be used to disrupt quorum sensing have been investigated. These techniques comprise (1) the inhibition of signal molecule biosynthesis, (2) the application of quorum sensing antagonists (including natural occurring as well as synthetic halogenated furanones, antagonistic quorum sensing molecules and undefined exudates of higher plants and algae), (3) the chemical inactivation of quorum sensing signals by oxidised halogen antimicrobials, (4) signal molecule biodegradation by bacterial lactonases and by bacterial and eukaryotic acylases and (5) the application of quorum sensing agonists. The few reports that deal with disruption of quorum sensing of aquatic pathogens, together with the results obtained with human and plant pathogens, indicate that this new approach has potential in fighting infections in aquaculture. However, before this new strategy can be applied in aquaculture, the impact of quorum sensing disruption on the virulence of aquatic pathogens and the impact of the proposed quorum sensing disrupting techniques on the aquaculture system of interest should be studied in more depth.     

Pyocyanin as a safe aquaculture drug for the control of vibriosis in shrimp recirculating aquaculture system (RAS)

Diseases are one of the most critical limiting factors in aquaculture. Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) are one of the most functionally viable sustainable aquaculture production systems adopted world over. In the event of any eventuality caused by bacterial pathogens, antibiotics or other antibacterial agents cannot be applied due to the vulnerability of biological filters which form an integral part of the RAS. Because of this, newer drugs are required for the effective control of diseases in RAS which would not interfere with the activity of nitrifying bacteria used in the biological filters. The antagonistic activity of pyocyanin, a bioactive compound produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, against vibrios is well established. The purpose of this study was to prove the effectiveness of pyocyanin as an aquaculture drug for application in RAS by employing a pilot-scale shrimp culture under RAS. It was noted that at the concentration of 5 mg L^?1, pyocyanin could significantly bring down the population of Vibrio spp. in RAS without affecting noticeably the other natural heterotrophic bacteria. Also, pyocyanin at this concentration did not inhibit the activity of nitrifying bacterial consortia used in the SBSBR (stringed bed suspended bioreactor) of RAS. The reared shrimp (Penaeus monodon) showed 100% survival after the application of pyocyanin, besides exhibiting normal health signs. Pyocyanin was non-toxic to the shrimp hybrid cell line (PmLyO-Sf9) at the concentration required for its application in disease management (IC₅₀?=?419.26 mg L^?1). The present study has demonstrated that pyocyanin is effective as an environment-friendly and safe aquaculture drug for the application in RAS-based shrimp culture to control Vibrio spp. without impeding nitrification established through the deployment of nitrifying bioreactors.

     

Evaluation of membrane filtration and UV irradiation to control bacterial loads in recirculation aquaculture systems

Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is commonly used to control pathogen loads in recirculation aquaculture systems (RAS), although these micro-organisms can be shielded by particles in the water, and some species tolerate very high UV doses. The objective of this study was to evaluate membrane filtration (MF) as an alternative, or complimentary, treatment to UV irradiation for pathogen control in RAS, as well as examine the operation and cost of each treatment. In a pilot-scale RAS, both MF and UV were used to treat wastewater for 30 days and water samples were collected biweekly and analysed for culturable bacteria, suspended solids, UV transmittance and other parameters. Bacterial control efficiencies were similar between both MF and UV treatments, which removed 99% of total bacteria and 98% of heterotrophic bacteria, respectively. Surface fouling was negligible for the UV while MF required biweekly cleaning to maintain operation. However, MF had the additional benefit of removing 96% of suspended solids, which resulted in increased UV transmittance. Capital and operating costs of MF were similar to UV, but only when MF treated a fraction of the wastewater compared with UV. We conclude that MF represents a potential complimentary technology to enhance UV irradiation, especially to minimise pathogens in RAS that are shielded by particles or tolerate UV.     

我国离岸养殖工程发展策略

发展离岸养殖工程对于保障水产品供给、开发蓝色国土资源、实现海洋水域资源的合理利用与有效开发具有重大意义。本文阐述了我国网箱养殖工程发展现状和面临的主要问题,介绍了国外在深水抗风浪网箱和养殖工船方面的研发进展,指出未来离岸养殖工程发展趋势是养殖设施系统大型化、养殖环境生态化、养殖地域外向化、养殖过程低碳化,提出了我国离岸养殖工程发展战略目标是:至2020年,全面形成面向深海、合理分布于主权海域的海上水产品养殖生产与流通体系,实现海洋渔业由"捕"向"养"的根本性转变,建立领先于世界的工业化蓝色农业生产体系。     

Insight into bacterial population in aquaculture systems and its implication

The current onshore aquaculture trend is to develop large scale production of diversified fingerlings and very large units for fish ongrowing. This requires an industrial type of approach including quality assurance and minimization of failures in addition to management of bio-technical and economic aspects. Therefore, all the key biological mechanisms involved in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) need to be better understood, especially those determining the development of bacterial populations and their interactions with fish. This review presents new knowledge on bacterial community compositions in various parts of RAS and on bacterial-fish interactions in RAS, which constitute essential tools for system management.     

Bacteriocins and their applications for the treatment of bacterial diseases in aquaculture: a review

Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing food producing sectors in the world. The increase in the world population requires faster growth in aquaculture for better food availability and to overcome malnutrition. But this worldwide growth of aquaculture is overwhelmed by catastrophic fish diseases and spoilage during cultivation and preservation problems caused by pathogenic bacteria. Various remedies are available for food preservation and also from the bacterial diseases in the fish production. Due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance and adverse effects, an alternative to antibiotic is the need of the hour. The proteins such as bacteriocins, i.e. ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and possess antagonistic against closely related and other bacteria. These proteins are produced by most lineages of bacteria which are playing key roles in recognition and possess a cognate immunity system for self‐protection as well as host protection from infections. These proteins are potent immunomodulators with broad spectrum inhibition properties which are further used as novel therapeutic agents. In this review, we have tried to summarize the bacteriocins on the basis of their classifications, structural and functional attributes, mode of actions, bacteriocins isolated from fish and gut microbiota and presence of beneficiary bacteria in the fish gut. Further, this study highlighted where further research is a prerequisite to increase our basic understanding and search for novel bacteriocins to elucidate the proteins/peptides having antimicrobial properties for disease control in aquaculture as an alternative to antibiotics.     

半岛蓝色经济区战略与工业化养殖业的发展

《山东半岛蓝色经济区发展规划》于2011年1月经国务院正式批准,上升至主题为海洋经济的国家战略。此前（2010年10月）,山东、广东和浙江3省同被国务院列为全国海洋经济发展试点地区,而且连获国家战略的批复。由此预告世界,中国的海洋经济进入了一个全新的发展时期。海水养殖是海洋经济的重要组成部分,今后将以科技创新为动力,走海陆联动,引入高新技术,推动蓝色产业经济的高速转型升级和可持续发展。文章以鲆鲽类养殖产业为例,提出了借助半岛蓝色经济区的发展契机,排除养殖空间受限的制约因素,促进养殖技术体系由低端向高端提升,走出一条工业化发展之路的构想;并对工业化养殖发展理念、战略目标、实施路径和发展前景进行了初步探讨。     

水产遗传育种与水产种业发展战略研究

大型海藻栽培业是全球最活跃的渔业产业之一,近二十年增幅是整体渔业增幅的两倍以上,发展前景十分广阔。其中,中国大型海藻产量占全球总产量的59%,海带、紫菜、裙带菜、龙须菜以及羊栖菜产量均排名世界第一。水产种业是水产养殖业的“芯片”和整个产业链的源头,大型海藻产量99%来自人工栽培,这更体现了新品种对产业的贡献度和重要性。但目前经过审定的大型海藻新品种仅有24个,约占海水养殖新品种的18%,与其产量占比并不匹配。为此,本文介绍了大型海藻产业的特点、近60年育种技术进展和育种成果,并针对大型海藻育种技术发展现状提出了相关建议,以期为大型海藻育种研究提供一些思路。

     

水产遗传育种与水产种业发展战略研究

种业是农业发展的基础,振兴种业是保障国家粮食安全的核心要素,也是保障国家安全的重要举措。种业发展涉及政策、技术和市场等多种因素。我国水产遗传育种技术发展日新月异,但与《种业振兴行动方案》提出的要求尚有差距。本文从育种技术研究、发展与应用等角度阐述了我国水产遗传育种技术发展现状,对照《种业振兴行动方案》提出的目标与任务,从种质资源保护与利用、育种技术创新、种业生产体系建设和种苗监管等方面分析了我国水产育种技术发展存在的短板,认为我国水产养殖用种总体有保障、风险可管控,也存在国内种质资源丰富但遗传改良率不高、科研育种成果多但转化效率不高、种业企业多但核心竞争力不强等3个主要问题。针对短板,本文提出加强种质资源挖掘保存与创新利用技术研究、加强现代育种技术特别是新种质创制的研究及应用、加强生产体系技术标准化应用、加强育种技术商业化应用研究、加强种业市场监管技术支撑等建议,以期为我国水产育种技术创新攻关及种业发展政策制定提供参考。     

水产健康养殖中病害防控研究进展

为探究水产养殖中恩诺沙星用药后在水环境中的归趋,本实验在模拟池塘水产养殖系统中,恩诺沙星以18 mg/kg剂量药饵投喂异育银鲫,每天2次、给药周期6 d,研究恩诺沙星在异育银鲫体内吸收、分布、代谢和消除规律,以及在水体和底泥中的分布规律。结果显示,异育银鲫组织中恩诺沙星峰浓度 (C_max)依次为肠道>肾脏>肌肉>鳃>肝脏>血浆,分别为14.15、13.31、14.15、7.48、7.94 mg/kg和2.94 mg/L;各组织中均可检测到代谢产物环丙沙星,其峰浓度与恩诺沙星峰浓度的百分比分别为5.10%、1.70%、6.28%、2.97%、2.90%和6.53%;组织中恩诺沙星清除率 (CL_z)顺序为血浆>肝脏>肠道>鳃>肌肉>肾脏。随着给药次数增多,水体中恩诺沙星残留浓度快速升高,在最后一次给药后6 h时达到峰值 (5.23 µg/L),随后开始下降,但水体中一直未检测到代谢产物环丙沙星;底泥中恩诺沙星首先呈现上升趋势,在240 h达到峰值 (796 µg/kg),之后略有下降,480 h时降至587 µg/kg;底泥中环丙沙星残留呈现逐渐上升的趋势,在480 h时残留量为382 µg/kg;底泥中代谢产物环丙沙星残留浓度与恩诺沙星浓度的百分比为27.5%~65.1%。药饵给药后药物残留主要存在于养殖生态系统的底泥中,底泥中药物残留百分比为41.86%~46.69%,且消除较慢,药饵投喂后残留在底泥中的药物生态安全风险应引起重视。本研究为养殖生产科学用药提供技术支撑,为生态安全评价提供理论数据。     

Monitoring shrimp growth with control charts in aquaculture

This work proposes a method for the statistical monitoring of the weekly weight of shrimp in a fish farm. The design of control charts for shrimp growth presents several challenges, the main ones being the presence of trend and autocorrelation. Several control charts are proposed, the most efficient being a chart based on the residuals of a second order autoregression whose parameters vary with the week. A control chart with less computational complexity is also provided. It is simply based on growth rates and works well at detecting negative weight changes. Real data from a large shrimp farm has been used for both the design and the evaluation.     

Preliminary characterization of Lactococcus garvieae bacteriophage isolated from wastewater as a potential agent for biological control of lactococcosis in aquaculture

Lactococcosis, a significant emerging disease of fish caused by Lactococcus garvieae, has become one of the devastating problems due to its serious economic damage in aquaculture. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize a lytic phage infecting L. garvieae as a potential bioagent for the treatment of lactococcosis. In this regard, one strain of L. garvieae was isolated from diseased rainbow trout, and then, following biochemical and molecular identifications, its specific phage, WWP-1, which was able to destroy L. garvieae cells through the lytic cycle, was isolated from a municipal wastewater sample. Transmission electron microscope revealed that the isolated phage possesses an icosahedral head and a non-contractile short tail, resembled to members of the family Podoviridae. Moreover, phage WWP-1 represented optimal antibacterial activity at temperatures ranging from 15 to 30 °C, suggesting that it could be very effective at rainbow trout rearing temperature. Restriction profile analysis revealed that NdeI can digest WWP-1 genome while EcoRI, EcoRV, and BamHI were incapable of cutting its DNA. According to the in vivo experiment result, WWP-1 could decrease mortality rate of infected rainbow trout in aquaculture. The results suggest that this naturally occurring bacteriophage could be considered as a promising agent to control the disease caused by L. garvieae strains in rainbow trout rearing.     

Microalgal bacterial flocs originating from aquaculture wastewater treatment as diet ingredient for Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone)

Microalgal bacterial flocs (MaB‐flocs) in sequencing batch reactors are a novel and promising technology to treat aquaculture wastewater. To improve the economics of this technology, the harvested MaB‐flocs should be valorized. Therefore, we investigated if MaB‐flocs from an outdoor pilot reactor treating pikeperch (Sander lucioperca L.) wastewater can be used as a colour enhancing ingredient for shrimp diets. Considering the nutritional composition and high ash content of MaB‐flocs, five iso‐nitrogenous and iso‐lipidic shrimp diets were formulated by replacing 2–8% of the basal diet ingredients by MaB‐flocs. These diets were continuously fed to juvenile Pacific white shrimps Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) cultured in a hybrid recirculating aquaculture system. The addition of these relatively low amounts of MaB‐flocs to shrimp diets significantly increased the pigmentation (redness and yellowness) of cooked shrimp tails. The diet modifications did not affect the shrimp survival, weight gain, size distribution and food conversion rate, nor did they affect the proximate composition and fatty acid profile of the raw shrimp muscle. This shows that MaB‐flocs originating from treatment of pikeperch wastewater can substitute 8% of diet ingredients of Pacific white shrimp while enhancing its pigmentation.     

海水循环养殖系统冬季运行水温和水质控制

为探讨江苏沿海地区海水鱼类养殖过程中的越冬问题,构建了基于温室保温与微藻净水的封闭式循环水养殖系统,用于开展黑鲷越冬试验。通过在线监测系统记录冬季运行期间系统内外水温与气温,研究太阳能温室的保温性能;通过定期采样检测养殖系统水质,比较投加微藻前后养殖池水质的差异,研究微藻净水的可行性。结果显示:冬季温室内海水循环养殖系统的平均水温显著高于温室外水温,有利于黑鲷顺利越冬并延长生长期;在养殖系统内接种微藻可有效降低水体氨氮(NH+4-N)浓度,并将亚硝酸盐氮(NH-2-N)浓度维持在较低水平,有利于维护养殖系统水质稳定。研究表明:集成温室保温与微藻净水的海水循环养殖系统可实现黑鲷越冬养殖。本研究可为存在积温不足和越冬问题的区域发展海水鱼类养殖提供参考。     

化感作用与养殖池塘中铜绿微囊藻的防治

化感作用主要的作用机制是影响藻细胞的细胞膜、光合作用和能量产生步骤以及能量使用过程;次要的机制是影响呼吸过程以及酶的作用。介绍了化感作用的概念、抑藻机理、可利用方式及化感作用与铜绿微囊藻防治的关系,展望了化感作用防治铜绿微囊藻在池塘体系中的发展前景。     

水产健康养殖主要技术控制措施

水产健康养殖是根据养殖品种的生态和生活习性建造适宜养殖的场所,选择和投放品质健壮、生长快、抗病力强的优质苗种,并采用合理的养殖模式、养殖密度,通过科学管水、科学投喂优质饲料、科学用药防治疾病和科学管理,促进养殖品种健康、快速生长的一种养殖模式。     

Using brine shrimp as a drug carrier for therapeutic applications in aquaculture

A method is described to introduce water-insoluble drugs into brine shrimp nauplii (BSN). The uptake of drug by brine shrimp may be modeled as a batch adsorption process; in this way, one can calculate the dosage required for a given population of BSN. The results of this study show that a drug can be loaded into BSN at concentrations up to 9 μg per nauplius. Such concentration is high enough to fulfill the recommended dosage for an adequate treatment of BSN-feeding fish or shrimp larvae. Results are also presented on the loss of drug upon the transfer of larvae from medicated water to drug-free water.     

水产养殖中使用的抗菌药物及细菌耐药性

目前，抗菌药物在水产养殖动物疾病防治中占有重要地位，然而，在水产养殖中使用抗菌药物也可产生一系列的副作用，例如细菌耐药性的产生和药物在鱼体和环境中的残留，本文就水产药物使用的历史，现状，适应症，副作用，耐药性的现状，来源，产生机制，耐药菌判定的标准，以及该领域的研究现状等问题进行综述与分析，以便为合理使用抗菌药物提供理论依据。