亚种间重穗型杂交稻冈优881的选育与应用

首先用密阳４６作母本与明恢６３杂交选育出恢复系６３２３;然后从恢复系６３２３与粳稻天然杂交后代选育成籼粳亚种间重穗型恢复系蜀恢８８１,其穗平重可达４．３１ｇ,它与三系不育系冈４６配组,培育出了籼粳亚种间重穗型杂交稻强优势组合冈优８８１。该组合产量高,米质好,抗瘟性强,适应性广,１９９５年５月通过四川省品种审定。     

籼粳交恢复系T914的选育及利用

用广亲和籼粳交恢复系 Ｔ９８６ 与 Ｔ２８（密阳 ４６ 系选）杂交选育而成的籼粳交恢复系 Ｔ９１４,具有恢复度高、杂种优势强、抗病性好、米质优、花粉量足等特点,是一个对籼型不育系恢复较广的优良恢复系。用其与协青早 Ａ 配组育成的协优 ９１４ 于 １９９７ 年通过浙江省农作物品种审定。     

滇型籼粳杂交水稻育种实践与策略

水稻籼、粳亚种杂交,杂种优势强。为了选育出竞争优势很强的籼粳杂交稻,首先应用籼、粳亚种的品种或材料进行杂交,以选育出籼粳交的保持系、恢复系或材料;其次用籼粳交的保持系或材料转育成不育系或材料;第三用籼、粳稻不育系或材料与籼粳交的恢复系或材料测交;第四用籼粳交的不育系或材料与籼、粳稻品种或材料测交;第五用籼粳交的不育系或材料与籼粳交的恢复系或材料进行广泛测交,再从中选出竞争优势强的籼粳杂交组合;第六,经过试种、鉴定,选出竞争优势极强的籼粳杂交稻。     

高产抗病杂交中粳盐优1号

盐优1号系盐都县农业科学研究所用优质矮杆抗病不育系盐粳5号A与本所选育的优质籼粳亚种恢复系盐恢93005配组而成的杂交粳稻新组合。该组合具有抗病性强,品质优,商品性好,产量高,株型理想等特点。2002年2月通过江苏省农作物品种审定。     

籼粳交恢复系万恢88的选育与应用

万恢88是采用籼粳亚种间杂交选育而成的籼粳交恢复系,具有恢复力强、配合力高、抗性好、米质较优、综合表现佳的特点.应用该恢复系所配组合郑优88、冈优88、K优88等在1998～2001年已示范、推广13万hm2,其中冈优88于1998年通过重庆市品种审定.     

运用程氏指数法对恢复系宜恢3551籼粳属性的鉴别

运用程氏指数法，从辞毛、酚反应、第1稳节与第2稳节间的长度、抽稳时壳色、叶毛和粒形等6项指标对宜恢3551(YR3551)的籼梗属性进行了分析。结果表明，YR3551总评分为15．6分，属于偏粳型水稻；进而确定了强优势杂交组合冈优3551属于水稻亚种间杂种。     

优质恢复系明恢81及其系列组合的选育

明恢８１是用粳稻１０号／明恢６３／／明恢６３杂交选育的籼粳交偏籼型恢复系。该恢复系株型好，穗长，穗大，米质优，配合力好，其杂种一代表现杂种优势强，米质好。     

C418在粳恢选育中的应用

粳型恢复系的选育方法一是采用籼粳架桥人工制恢 ,将籼稻的基因导入粳型材料之中 ,通过基因重组 ,选育粳稻恢复系及其中间材料 ;二是利用已育成的粳恢骨干系 ,通过亲本改良 ,性状互补培育新的粳型恢复系。Ｃ4 18具有米质优良 ,抗病性强 ,株型好 ,配合力高、适应区域广等优点 ,是继Ｃ57之后北方粳杂育种的又一重大突破 ,它不但被我们直接用于配制三系法、两系法杂交水稻 ,而且还被做为骨干系用于新的恢复系改良之中。近年来 ,我们针对Ｃ4 18在辽宁中北部应用时 ,生育期偏长、制种区域受限制的问题 ,采用多种配组方式 ,选育新的具有Ｃ4 18优点…     

杂交粳稻新组合津优2003

津优2003是天津市水稻研究所用粳型不育系341A与粳型恢复系773配组育成的三系杂交粳稻组合,表现出优势强、丰产性好、中抗稻瘟病、适应性广等特点,于2003年通过国家农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

早熟晚粳不育系甬粳43A的选育

甬粳43A是早熟晚粳不育系,育性稳定,综合性状优良,与籼稻恢复系配组可恢性好,F1代杂种优势强,于2014年通过浙江省农作物品种审定委员会鉴定。以"粳不籼恢"模式配组育成的籼粳杂交水稻新组合甬优4350已于2015年通过浙江省品种审定。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).