三峡库区(重庆段)土壤硒分布特征及影响因素

重庆是我国缺硒(Se)的重点区域,多目标地球化学调查采用现代分析测试手段进行土壤Se元素的分布及富集的研究,对特色农业资源的开发利用具有重要意义。以每4 km2 1个表层和每16 km2 1个深层土壤数据对三峡库区重庆段土壤Se分布特征及其影响因素进行了分析探讨。结果表明:三峡库区(重庆段)表层土壤Se含量在0.006~5.79 mg/kg之间,平均值为0.16 mg/kg,以缺Se或潜在缺Se为主,其分布面积达到73.19%,足Se面积为25.77%,富Se或Se中毒区域仅为0.16%;深层土壤Se含量在0.03~0.62 mg/kg之间,平均值为0.12 mg/kg,缺Se面积占到67.36%,潜在缺Se面积也占到20.68%。不同类型间以黄壤表层土壤Se含量最高,其次是石灰土,且与水稻土和紫色土存在着显著性差异。不同土地利用方式间以林地与建筑用地表层土壤中Se含量相对较高,但各土地利用方式间不存在显著性差异。表层土壤Se含量相对于深层土壤表现出明显的富集特征,富集面积达到76.97%,但以弱富集区域为主,占到总面积的56.93%。土壤有机质、总氮含量与表层土壤Se含量存在较好相关性;与主要重金属以及S的相关性分析表明,其存在着较强的伴生关系,以Cd的伴生关系最为密切。表层土壤Se含量随着海拔和坡度的增加而增加,随着pH的增加而减少。此外,Fe、Al也是影响表层土壤Se含量的重要因素。     

Effect of Selenium on Mineral Content and Nutritive Value of Melilotus officinalis L.

Plants of Melilotus officinalis L. were subjected to two different treatments: a) no selenium (Se), and b) addition of 3 mg Se L^?1 irrigation water for 45 days and samples of leaves, stems and roots were analyzed for Se, potassium (K), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn). Crude protein (CP) content, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) were also estimated for the aerial plant tissues. In Se-treated plants Se mainly accumulated in leaf tissues, various changes in macronutrient concentrations were detected, while the micronutrient content decreased significantly. In addition, leaf CP, NDF and ADF content decreased, while IVOMD increased, possibly indicating ameliorated nutritive value. According to our findings, M. officinalis could be used either as a dietary supplement, in mixture with non-accumulator species, for livestock feed deficient in Se or for restoration of grasslands in seleniferous soils.     

东北平原土壤硒分布特征及影响因素

我国粮食主产区的东北平原一直被认为是严重缺硒或缺硒地方病经常发生的地区,地质大调查以来采用现代分析测试手段进行高精度土壤硒的富集、分布研究,对特色土地资源开发利用具有重要意义。以每4 km2 1个点的表层(0~20 cm)、每16 km21个点的深层(150~180 cm)土壤数据对东北平原土壤硒分布特征及影响因素进行统计分析。结果表明,东北平原表层土壤以足硒为主,足硒面积达51.54%,硒潜在不足面积占25.05%,Se反应不足面积仅为22.63%,富硒土壤面积不足1%;深层土壤则以缺硒为主,硒反应不足面积占80.68%。表层土壤Se含量相对于深层土壤表现出明显的富集特征,仅在西部盐碱化、沙化区及东部土壤发育程度低的基岩区为基本自然状态―弱富集特征,土壤硒继承成土母岩程度较弱,而铁锰氧化物、有机质、土壤类型、质地等理化性质对硒具有明显的富集作用,后期人类活动也是影响硒富集的主要因素,但表生富集作用、人类活动影响不足以使表层土壤达到富硒程度。     

Interlaboratory study of blood selenium determinations

Fifty-one laboratories from 14 countries participated in a survey on the determination of selenium (Se) in 8 bovine blood samples with Se concentrations ranging from 0.2 mumol/L (0.016 microgram/mL) to 14 mumol/L (1.1 micrograms/mL). The methods used (and the percentage of participants using each method) were fluorometry (61), hydride-generation atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) (23), graphite-furnace AAS (6), gas chromatography (4), neutron activation analysis (4), and X-ray fluorometry (2). There was little difference in the mean Se results obtained by fluorometry or hydride-generation AAS (P greater than 0.05). Mean intralaboratory coefficients of variation (CVs) from known replicates ranged from 4 to 14% for all samples. Interlaboratory CVs were related to blood Se concentration and increased to 55% at Se levels below 0.4 mumol/L (0.032 microgram/mL). Laboratories that used quality control (QC) schemes had lower interlaboratory CVs than those that did not, but the advantage began to diminish at blood Se concentration below 0.4 mumol/L (0.032 microgram/mL). The high interlaboratory CVs, coupled with the false assurance from the low intralaboratory CVs and the ineffectiveness of the QC schemes at blood Se concentrations below 0.4 mumol/L (0.032 microgram/mL), are of concern in diagnosis of marginal Se deficiency in livestock where the concentrations of interest are in the range 0.15-0.5 mumol/L (0.012-0.039 microgram/mL).     

Sulfamethazine and sulfathiazole determination at residue levels in swine feeds by reverse-phase liquid chromatography with post-column derivatization

Twenty g sample, to which sulfamerazine has been added as internal standard, is extracted with 0.3N HCl + 1.5% diethylamine in 25% methanol. The sample extract is chilled (to aid clarification), centrifuged, and filtered. The sulfonamides are separated from each other and from co-extracted materials on a C-18 reverse-phase column and detected at 450 nm following post-column derivatization with dimethylaminobenzaldehyde. Two isocratic mobile phases have been tested: (1) acetonitrile-2% acetic acid (17 + 83), with an analysis time of 13 min; and (2) acetonitrile-methanol-2% acetic acid (4 + 16 + 80), with an analysis time of 20 min but an improved analysis for some samples. As many as 40 samples have been analyzed at one time unattended with the aid of an autosampler. A total of about 1500 field samples have been assayed using the method. Method sensitivity is 0.1 ppm for either analyte in a hog finishing fed. Linearity for each of the analytes is satisfactory over a range of 0.4-25 ppm in spiked feeds. Coefficients of variation range from 13% at 0.5 ppm to 2% at 13 ppm as tested over a period of time in naturally contaminated samples. The absolute recovery of sulfamerazine varies with sample matrix, but, in the presence of sulfamerazine as internal standard, recovery has been 96.7-99.7% over the range of 0.1-10 ppm. Sulfamerazine and sulfamoxole were tested for their suitability as internal standards. Sulfamerazine is a good internal standard for sulfamethazine; neither is ideal for sulfathiazole.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Monthly variation of forage and soil minerals in central Florida II. trace minerals

Abstract

A two‐year study was conducted to determine the trace mineral status of cattle grazing forages (bahiagrass) and soils on a ranch in central Florida. Forage and soil samples were collected every month for two years. Month effect (P < 0.05) on soil trace mineral concentrations were observed in manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) in years 1 and 2, and in copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) only in year 2. All soil trace minerals studied showed higher (P < 0.05) concentrations in year 2. Month differences (P < 0.05) in forage trace mineral concentrations were found in cobalt (Co), Cu, Fe, Mn, molybdenum (Mo), selenium (Se), and Zn. The majority of forage trace minerals were higher in spring‐summer months. Year means were similar (P > 0.05) in forage trace mineral concentrations. Few and low correlation coefficients were observed between and within soil and forage trace minerals concentrations. Percentages of total forage collected with trace minerals below critical values (in parentheses) and suggestive of deficiency were as follows: in forage, Co (0.1 ppm), 93%; Cu (8 ppm), 98%; Fe (50 ppm), 75%; Mn (40 ppm), 41%; Mo (> 6 ppm), 0%; Se (0.2 ppm), 98%; and Zn (25 ppm), 84%; in soil, Cu (0.3 ppm), 77%; Fe (2.5 ppm), 7%; Mn (5 ppm), 91%; and Zn (1.5 ppm), 53%.     

硒对胡萝卜含硒量、产量及品质的影响

采用不同浓度Na2SeO3进行胡萝卜叶面喷施的田间试验,研究胡萝卜对硒的吸收、转化特点和硒对胡萝卜产量、品质等的影响。结果表明,叶面施硒可明显提高胡萝卜中各形态硒含量,随施硒量的增加,有机硒转化率上升;其总硒、有机硒含量在最大处理浓度(500.mg/kg)呈最高,分别是CK的15.9和26.6倍。施硒胡萝卜产量较对照降低,但未达显著水平。营养品质中除Vc下降,P变化不一外,总糖、胡萝卜素、粗纤维、Ca、Mg、Fe、K在一定浓度下有不同程度提高。综合分析硒对胡萝卜含硒量、产量、各品质因素以及对人、畜食用的安全性,施硒量以不超过1.0mg/kg为宜。     

新疆伊犁土壤硒资源分布及与土壤性质的关系分析

调查研究了伊犁州土壤中硒资源的分布特征,为该地区富硒农产品的开发提供理论指导。用原子荧光光度法测定了新疆伊犁州6个县158个农田土壤样品的全硒含量,并运用统计分析方法对伊犁州土壤硒资源的分布特征及与土壤理化性质的关系进行了分析。结果表明,伊犁州6个县土壤中全硒含量范围为0.14~2.75 mg·kg-1,几何均值为0.33 mg·kg-1,其中昭苏县土壤全硒含量均值最高,巩留县最低。所检测的土壤样品中有2.38%属于少硒土壤,78.57%属于足硒土壤(0.175~0.45 mg·kg-1),19.05%属于高硒土壤(0.45~3.00 mg·kg-1)。统计分析的结果表明,有机质、速效钾、碱解氮与全硒含量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),p H值与硒含量成显著负相关(P0.01)。伊犁州土壤中硒的含量水平偏高,可以优先考虑富硒农业的开发建设。     

黑龙江省土壤硒分布及其影响因素研究

黑龙江省处于全国缺硒带的始端,为研究黑龙江省土壤全硒(Se)的含量、分布及其与土壤性质的关系,在全省采集400余个农业土壤0~20 cm耕层样品及主要类型土壤剖面样品(共21个剖面各发生层次土样71个),分析了土壤全硒含量、分布规律及其影响因素。结果表明,黑龙江省土壤全硒含量变幅为0.008~0.660 mg kg~(-1),平均值为0.147 mg kg~(-1),总体上处于缺硒及潜在缺硒土壤范畴,几乎不存在高硒土壤与硒毒土壤。不同类型土壤中以盐碱土含硒量最低(0.097 mg kg~(-1)),而泥炭土最高(0.273 mg kg~(-1));硒在土壤剖面中主要呈现表聚型分布,也有少数呈现双峰型和心土聚集型分布;不同区域以大兴安岭地区为最低(0.115 mg kg~(-1)),小兴安岭山地最高(0.198 mg kg~(-1));不同行政市以大兴安岭地区最低(0.115 mg kg~(-1)),黑河市为最高(0.228 mg kg~(-1))。回归分析表明:土壤全硒含量与土壤有机碳(SOC)、黏粒含量具有极显著正相关关系,与pH呈极显著负相关。研究区表土层土壤SOC、黏粒含量与pH是影响土壤硒含量的主要因素,此外土壤母质也是影响硒分布的重要因素;而土壤SOC含量对硒在土壤剖面中的分布与富集起到了至关重要的作用。     

Seasonal variation of selenium,crude protein,and in vitro organic matter digestibility of Brachiaria humidicola from marajó island,brazil

Abstract

Nutritional content of Brachiaria humidicola grass in relation to crude protein (CP), in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), and selenium (Se) as related to wet and dry seasons in the Amazon region of Marajó Island, Brazil, was determined. Twenty‐four samples, 12 from the dry and 12 from the wet season, were analyzed. Grass selenium concentrations were not influenced by season and the means were above the minimal requirement for beef cattle in both seasons (0.14 or 0.15 ppm). Factors other than rainfall may be involved. Crude protein concentrations were lower (P<.05) in the dry (3.5%) than in the rainy season (4.8%) and in both seasons were lower than the critical level for cattle (<7.0%). The IVOMD means were extremely low, 33.5% in the wet season and 33.6% in the dry season. These analytical values indicate that Brachiaria humidicola grown at Marajó Island has nutritional limitations for grazing buffalo and cattle production.     

Investigation of plant systemic organoselena compounds. IV. Effects of the derivatives of selenamorpholine on the selenium content of radish

This study was conducted under field conditions to determine the effect of 20 derivatives of selenamorpholine on selenium (Se) concentration in radish as compared to sodium selenite sources of Se. Most of the organoselena compounds were more effective for the uptake of selenium by radish than sodium selenite. Sprayed with 100 mL 50 ppm 4‐(l‐bromoundecanoyl) selenamorpholine, the Se content of the leaf of radish increased from 0.17 ppm to 124.04 ppm. Sprayed with 4‐benzoyl selenamorpholine and selenamorpholine hydrochloride, the Se content of the stem tuber increased from 4.34 ppm to 30.96 ppm and 28.75 ppm, respectively.     

Selenium species bioaccessibility in enriched radish (Raphanus sativus): a potential dietary source of selenium

An in vitro gastrointestinal method was employed to predict the potential bioavailability of selenium and its species from radish, belonging to the Brassicaceae family, grown in hydroponics media in the presence of inorganic selenium, such as Na2SeO3 and Na2SeO4. A low transformation of Se into organic forms was observed in radish plants grown in Se(VI)-enriched culture media. On the contrary, in those plants exposed to selenite, >95% of the total selenium was found as selenocystine (SeCys2), selenomethionine (SeMet), and Se-methylselenocysteine (SeMetSeCys). The concentrations of these species in fresh samples remained almost unaltered after a simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Therefore, a high selenium content of Se-methylselenocysteine (65%), previously reported as a cancer chemopreventive species, remained in the potentially bioabsorbable fraction. As these plants usually undergo a short development cycle, these results suggest that radish enriched in selenite could be a good choice as an organoselenium supplement for the human diet and animal feed.     

Soil,forage, and serum nutrient changes as affected by deposition of volcanic sediments in northwestern nicaragua

Abstract

A study was carried out to determine the mineral status of grazing cattle as affected by the eruption of the Cerro Negro Volcano in northwestern Nicaragua. A total of 14 composite soil and forage samples and 30 blood samples were collected at each collection period, before (August 1991) and after (August 1992) the volcanic eruption. Higher soil levels of calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), manganese (Mn) (P<0.01), zinc (Zn) (P<0.05), and lower organic matter (OM) (P<0.01) were found after the volcanic eruption. Phosphorus (P) was the only macromineral found deficient with 93 and 71% of the samples below a critical level before and after volcanic eruption, respectively. Forage Ca, potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), P, Zn, copper (Cu), and selenium (Se) concentrations did not vary between collections. Forage crude protein (CP), in vitro organic matter digestibility [(IVOMD) P<0.05], cobalt (Co), Mn, and Na (P<0.01) were lower after the eruption. Iron (Fe) was the only mineral in forages that increased (P<0.01) after the volcanic eruption. Of the six minerals evaluated in serum only Ca and Mg concentrations were higher (P<0.05) after the volcanic eruption. The macrominerals more likely to be deficient in this area are P and Mg. Trace elements most likely to limit cattle productivity are Zn, Mn, Cu, Se, and Co. Special attention should be given to supplementation of Cu, since both plant and animal tissue samples reflected a deficiency of this mineral.     

Mineral Concentrations of Cool Season Pasture Forages in North Florida During the Winter-Spring Grazing Season: II. Trace Minerals

Trace mineral concentrations of annual cool season pasture forages grazed by growing beef cattle during late fall-winter-spring grazing season were evaluated during two experimental cool season grazing studies, each lasting two years at the North Florida Research and Education Center (NFREC), Marianna, Florida. Eight 1.32 ha fenced pastures or paddocks were divided into two groups of pasture land preparation/planting methods, four pastures for the sod seeding treatments (SS) and four for the prepared seedbed treatments (PS). Two different pasture forages, small grains, (rye/oats mix) with or without ryegrass for the first two years (Study 1); and oats with ryegrass or ryegrass only for the last two years (Study 2) were planted in these pasture lands. Each of the four forage, type, and cultivation combination treatments was assigned to two pastures each year, thereby giving two replicates per pasture treatment per year. Forage samples were collected at the start of pasture grazing and twice monthly thereafter until the end of grazing season, pooled by month, and analyzed for copper (Cu), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), molybdenum (Mo), and selenium (Se). Liver biopsies and blood plasma samples were collected from the tester cattle only during the spring of year two of Study 2. Liver was analyzed for Cu, Fe, Mn, Co, Mo, and Se and plasma for Cu, Fe, Zn, and Se. Forage trace mineral concentrations were found to differ by month in Cu (P < 0.01), Fe and Zn (P < 0.0001) in both studies, and with Mn (P < 0.0001) in Study 2 only. Pasture forage type effects on Cu (P < 0.05), Fe and Zn (P < 0.01), and Se (P < 0.05) and forage type by month interactions on Cu and Mn (P < 0.0001), and Zn (P < 0.05) were observed in Study 2. Forage concentrations of Cu, Zn, Mn, and Mo in Study 1 and Mn, Mo, and Se in Study 2 were affected (P < 0.05) by pasture land preparation/planting methods in that these minerals were found to be lower from forages of sod-seeded treatments than from those of prepared seedbed treatments. Forage Cu concentrations were lower than the minimum requirements (10 ppm, DM) for beef cattle among months in both studies. Oats-ryegrass pastures of Study 2 had surprisingly low Fe concentrations (P < 0.01) in all months of the winter-spring grazing season. Cobalt, Mn, Mo, and Se did not vary much month to month during the winter-spring grazing months. All mean forage Se concentrations were lower than the requirements (0.10 ppm, DM) for grazing beef cattle. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in mean Se values between the two studies. Liver Cu, Fe, Co, and Se concentrations were sufficient to indicate adequate status of these minerals in tester animals from both forage types. Liver concentrations of Mn and Mo were slightly low, indicating a low status or these minerals. Plasma concentrations of Cu, Fe, Se, and Zn were all above the recommended concentrations for beef cattle. In conclusion, trace minerals deficient in North Florida during the cool season were Cu, Co, and Se, and a special consideration should be given to include adequate amounts while supplementing the mineral mixtures to growing beef cattle since forage samples reflected deficient concentrations of these minerals.     

High-speed liquid chromatographic determination of monensin, narasin, and salinomycin in feeds, using post-column derivatization

A high-speed liquid chromatographic (LC) method using post-column derivatization is described for the determination of monensin, narasin, and salinomycin in a variety of animal feeds. The ionophores are extracted with hexane-ethyl acetate (90 + 10). A portion of the sample is evaporated, diluted to a known volume, and analyzed using a 6 cm 3 microns C18 column and an absorbance detector after post-column reaction with vanillin. The method has been applied to poultry and swine feeds with levels of 3-100 ppm added antibiotic. A comparison was also carried out with medicated poultry feed and beef feed lot supplement samples previously analyzed by 2 separate bioassay methods for monensin and salinomycin, respectively. Recoveries for the LC method ranged from 92.1 to 103% with an average recovery of 98.1% and a coefficient of variation of 3.65%.     

设施栽培条件下蔬菜含硒状况及其健康风险评估

设施栽培条件下土壤性质变化剧烈,其对作物吸收硒(Se)的影响值得研究。本文通过对南京市典型设施蔬菜种植基地土壤及对应植物样品进行取样分析,探讨高强度利用模式下土壤Se的存在形态以及不同蔬菜类型对Se吸收的差异,分析蔬菜Se含量与土壤Se存在形态及土壤性质之间的关系,并对长期设施栽培条件下蔬菜Se的摄入健康风险进行评价。结果表明,不同蔬菜可食部分对Se的富集能力表现为叶菜类(平均含Se量为60μg/kg,干重)根茎类(30μg/kg)茄果类(26μg/kg)。蔬菜可食部分Se含量随土壤有机质及有机结合态Se含量的增加而降低。研究区域有机肥的大量施入引起的有机结合态Se含量的增加可能是降低Se有效性的最重要原因。     

Determination of N-nitrosodiethanolamine in dinoseb formulations by mass spectrometry and thermal energy analyzer detection

A new method is described to determine trace quantities of N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDElA) in aqueous diethanolamine (DElA) formulations and in oil solutions of dinoseb. A formate anion-exchange column is used in series with a cation-exchange column if there is DElA in the formulation. The eluate is then passed through a Clin Elut column. Depending on the concentration of NDElA in the sample, a packed silica-gel column is used to purify the extract further. This extract is analyzed on a liquid chromatograph coupled with a thermal energy analyzer (LC/TEA), using a mixture of methanol-hexane-methylene chloride containing 0.1% acetic acid (8 + 56 + 35) as the mobile phase. This solvent system gives good separation of NDElA from trace quantities of dinoseb remaining in the extract. The NDElA is also converted to the trimethylsilyl derivative and analyzed by gas chromatograph coupled with a mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Analyses of 11 commercial samples of dinoseb diethanolamine salt showed NDElA levels of 116-2409 ppm expressed relative to the weight of dinoseb. In contrast, analyses of 2 samples of organic solutions of technical dinoseb showed NDElA levels to be nondetectable and 0.3 ppm, respectively. Limit of detection by LC/TEA is 6.5 ng (0.5 ppm), and by GC/MS it is 0.02 ng (0.15 ppm). Recoveries from samples spiked at 0.514-1664 ppm range from 92.2 to 105.2%.     

Microcomputer controlled titration for determination of protein nitrogen in feeds and wheat.

The determination of protein nitrogen in feeds and wheat by microcomputer controlled titration is described. The method involves direct titration of ammonia with standard hypochlorite titrant in the presence of bromide. The titrant is delivered by an automatic buret, and the microcomputer controlled, automatically computed potentiometric end points are precise to 0.1% over a 5-fold concentration range of nitrogen. Digestions performed with both mercury and copper catalysts show comparable results. Samples are weighed before digestion by an electronic balance interfaced to the computer which records sample number and weight. An automatic pipet aliquots, dilutes, and buffers samples directly from the digestion tubes; the samples can be immediately titrated with the automatic titrator. The results for protein in NBS standards and check feed samples from an offical testing program compare closely with average values reported for these standards. Results show that feed and wheat samples contained 10-100% protein. Precision for successive aliquots of the same digests is 0.1-0.4%relative standard deviation; precision for multiple digestions of the same sample is 0.1-0.8%.     

Investigation of Plant Systemic Organoseleno Compounds. V. Effects of the Derivatives of Selenomorpholine on the Selenium Content of Garlic

The availability of inorganic and organic forms of selenium (Se) to garlic was studied by supplying selenium twice during the life cycle under field conditions. Most of the organic seleno compounds were more effectively taken up by garlic than sodium selenite. When sprayed with 50 mL 100 ppm O,O-diethyl-(N-selenomorpholinyl)phosphonate, the selenium content of the garlic bulb increased from 0.138 ppm to 1.734 ppm. When sprayed with 3-butyl selenomorpholine hydrochloride and 4-amino benzenesulfonyl selenomorpholine hydrochloride, the selenium content of the garlic leaf increased from 0.240 ppm to 7.32 ppm and 6.03ppm, respectively.     

Liquid chromatographic determination of carbadox residues in animal feed

A liquid chromatographic (LC) method for determining residues of carbadox in the 0.01-10 ppm range in swine feed is described. Carbadox is extracted from ground feed with 25% acidified methanol-CHCl3, removed from emulsion-forming coextractables via an alumina column, separated from highly colored pigments by acid-base liquid-liquid partitioning, and finally isolated from interferences on a second alumina column. Isocratic reverse phase LC at 305 nm is used for quantitation. The average overall recovery at the 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 ppm spike levels was 83.0% with a standard deviation of 2.04% and a coefficient of variation of 2.46%.