铜的不同添加量对肉鸭生长的影响

将180只14日龄樱桃谷鸭随机分成3组，组内设3个重复，在含铜7.1mg/kg（测定值）的基础日粮中分别添加10mg/kg、95mg/kg和150mg/kg的铜，进行3周龄～4周龄和5周龄两期，共21d的饲养试验，测定各组的平均日采食量（ADFI）、平均日增重（ADG）和饲料转化率（F/G）。试验结果表明：各组的ADG、ADFI和F/G的差异不显著（P>0.05），但是随着日粮中的铜水平的提高，肉鸭的ADG有增大趋势，ADFI不受影响，F/G略有下降。     

肉仔鸡早期限制饲养的研究──限饲对肉仔鸡生产性能、腹脂垫及消化道的影响

试验选用1日龄AA肉仔鸡200只，随机分为四组，测定早期限制饲养对肉仔鸡生产性能、消化道、肝、胰及腹脂垫的影响。对照组全程自由采食，试验Ⅰ组4-10日龄限饲75％，试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组10-16日龄限饲75％和65％，每周测定体重和采食量，17和49日龄抽样测定消化道（嗉囊、腺胃、肌胃、十二指肠、空肠、回肠）、肝、胰和腹脂垫的重量。结果表明：10─16日龄限饲65％组体重显著高于对照组和10-16日龄限饲75％组（P＜0.01），但与4-10日龄限饲75％组体重无明显差异（P＞0.05）。全程饲料效率限饲组优于对照组（P＜0.05）。各处理组间消化道、肝、胰、腹脂垫重差异不显著（P＞0.05）。     

不同水平的发酵饲料对肉鸭生长性能、免疫性能及血清生化指标的影响

试验研究不同水平的发酵饲料替代基础日粮对肉鸭生长性能、免疫力及血清生化指标的影响。试验选择1日龄、健康的樱桃谷肉鸭800只，随机分为4组，每组5个重复，每个重复40只。对照组、试验1组、试验2组、试验3组分别使用0、2.5%、5.0%、10.0%的发酵饲料替代基础日粮。试验期42 d。结果显示，1～21日龄，试验2组和试验3组肉鸭21日龄的体重显著高于对照组（P<0.05），料重比显著低于对照组和试验1组（P<0.05）。22～42日龄，试验2组和试验3组肉鸭42日龄的体重、平均日增重均显著高于对照组和试验1组（P<0.05）。1～42日龄，试验2组和试验3组肉鸭平均日增重均显著高于对照组和试验1组（P<0.05），料重比显著低于对照组和试验1组（P<0.05）。试验2组和试验3组肉鸭血清中的免疫球蛋白A (IgA)、干扰素-γ (IFN-γ)含量显著高于对照组（P<0.05），各试验组肉鸭血清免疫球蛋白G (IgG)、白细胞介素-2 (IL-2)含量显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。试验2组和试验3组肉鸭血清中总蛋白（TP）和白蛋白（ALB）含...     

黄芪多糖和丁酸梭菌对蛋雏鸭生长性能、血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮中添加黄芪多糖和丁酸梭菌及其复合剂对蛋雏鸭生长性能和血清生化指标的影响。选取1日龄健康绍兴公鸭600只，随机分为5组，每组6个重复，每个重复20只。Ⅰ组饲喂基础日粮（对照组），Ⅱ~Ⅴ组分别在基础日粮中添加40 mg/kg的杆菌肽锌（抗生素组）、800 mg/kg的黄芪多糖、250 mg/kg丁酸梭菌、800 mg/kg黄芪多糖+250 mg/kg丁酸梭菌复合剂，试验期为28 d。结果显示：①1~14日龄时，各组平均日增重（ADG）、平均日采食量（ADFI）和料重比（F/G）差异均不显著（P>0.05）。15~21日龄时，与Ⅰ、Ⅱ组相比，Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组ADG显著提高（P<0.05）、F/G显著降低（P<0.05）；22~28日龄时，Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组ADG显著高于Ⅰ组（P<0.05）；Ⅴ组ADFI显著高于其他组（P<0.05），Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组F/G显著低于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组（P<0.05）。1~28日龄时，与Ⅰ、Ⅱ组相比，Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组ADG显著提高（P<0.05）、F/G显著降低（P<0.05）。②试验第28天时，与Ⅰ组相比，Ⅴ组三碘甲状腺原氨酸（T3）含量显著提高（P<0.05）；Ⅲ、Ⅴ组甲状腺素（T4）、生长激素（GH）含量显著提高（P<0.05）；各组间血清皮质醇（CORT）含量无显著差异（P>0.05）；Ⅳ、Ⅴ组白细胞介素-2（IL-2）显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组（P<0.05）。Ⅲ、Ⅴ组干扰素-γ（IFN-γ）显著高于其他组（P<0.05）。综上所述，日粮中添加黄芪多糖和丁酸梭菌可一定程度上提高蛋雏公鸭生长性能，改善血清生化指标，黄芪多糖和丁酸梭菌复合添加效果优于单独添加。     

25-羟基维生素D3与维生素D3共晶对肉鸭生长性能、免疫功能及胫骨发育的影响

本试验旨在探讨一种新型的维生素D添加剂,即25-羟基维生素D_3(25-OH-D_3)与维生素D_3共晶对肉鸭生长性能、免疫功能及胫骨发育的影响。选取360只1日龄健康樱桃谷肉公鸭,随机分为3个组,每组6个重复,每个重复20只。T1组在基础饲粮中添加69.0μg/kg25-OH-D_3与66.0μg/kg维生素D_3物理混合物,T2组在基础饲粮中添加135.0μg/kg 25-OH-D_3与维生素D_3共晶,T3组在基础饲粮中添加67.5μg/kg 25-OH-D_3与维生素D_3共晶。试验期35 d,分为1～14日龄和15～35日龄2个阶段。结果表明:1)与T1组相比,T2组肉鸭35日龄体重以及15～35日龄和1～35日龄平均日增重(ADG)和平均日采食量(ADFI)显著提高(P 0.05),35日龄胸肌肉色亮度值显著增加(P0.05),35日龄脾脏指数显著降低(P0.05),14日龄血清Ⅰ型胶原C端肽含量和35日龄血清钙含量显著升高(P0.05),35日龄胫骨粗灰分含量及胫骨生长板宽度和宽度系数显著增加(P0.05)。2)与T1组相比,T3组肉鸭1～35日龄ADG和15～35日龄ADFI显著提高(P0.05),14日龄血液嗜酸细胞百分率和35日龄血液单核细胞计数显著增加(P0.05),14日龄血清钙和降钙素含量显著降低(P0.05),14日龄胫骨钙含量以及35日龄胫骨体积和粗灰分含量显著降低(P0.05),35日龄胫骨生长板厚度、厚度系数、宽度系数和横截面积显著增加(P0.05)。3)与T2组相比,T3组肉鸭35日龄胸肌剪切力显著提高(P0.05),14日龄法氏囊指数和35日龄脾脏指数显著提高(P0.05),14日龄血液中性粒细胞百分率、单核细胞百分率、嗜碱细胞百分率以及单核细胞计数显著升高(P0.05),14日龄血液淋巴细胞百分率显著降低(P0.05),14日龄血清降钙素含量和35日龄血清钙和Ⅰ型胶原C端肽含量显著降低(P0.05),14日龄胫骨粗灰分和磷含量以及35日龄胫骨钙含量显著降低(P0.05),14日龄胫骨生长板宽度和宽度系数显著增加(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加25-OH-D_3与维生素D_3共晶对于肉鸭的生长性能、免疫功能及胫骨发育有显著影响,且具有剂量依赖性,表现为饲粮中添加135.0μg/kg 25-OH-D_3与维生素D_3共晶效果更佳。     

中草药提取物绿益康对肉鸭生产性能的影响

旨在研究中草药提取物绿益康对肉鸭生产性能的影响。选取200只1日龄樱桃谷肉鸭,随机分成4组,即试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组和对照组,每组50只,将绿益康分别按0.5%、1.0%、1.5%添加到试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的基础日粮中,对照组基础日粮中不添加绿益康。分别在7、17、27、37日龄时对各组肉鸭进行早晨空腹称重,对不同观测时间点各试验组与对照组肉鸭体重之间的差异和日增重之间的差异进行比较分析。试验结果表明,17日龄时试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组肉鸭体重均显著高于对照组(P0.05);27日龄时各试验组肉鸭的体重均高于对照组,其中试验Ⅲ组显著高于对照组(P0.05);37日龄时试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组肉鸭体重显著高于对照组(P0.05),试验Ⅲ组极显著高于对照组(P0.01)。各试验组的平均日增重均高于对照组,其中试验Ⅰ组最高。试验结果提示,中草药提取物绿益康能够显著地促进肉鸭生长。     

两种不同脱霉剂的解毒效果对比研究

本研究旨在对比两种不同脱霉剂的解毒效果。试验采用霉变玉米,以黄曲霉毒素(AFB1)构建了中度污染模型,选用320只1日龄樱桃谷商品代肉鸭,随机分为5个组(每组4个重复):A组饲喂基础日粮,B组饲喂基础日粮+2 kg/t脱霉剂Ⅰ,C组饲喂霉菌毒素中度污染日粮,D组饲喂霉菌毒素中度污染日粮+2 kg/t脱霉剂Ⅰ,E组饲喂霉菌毒素中度污染日粮+2 kg/t脱霉剂Ⅱ。试验期35 d。结果表明:(1)C组1~14日龄采食量较B组降低了12.3%(P0.05),与A组不存在显著性差异(P≥0.05),D、E两组的采食量与C组不存在显著性差异(P≥0.05),B组的采食量与A组也不存在显著性差异(P≥0.05);(2)B组21、28、35日龄肉鸭的平均体重较对照组A显著提高了7.2%、13.2%、9.0%(P0.05),C组7、14日龄肉鸭的体重较对照组A降低了9.4%、8.7%(P0.05),D组35日龄肉鸭体重较C组提高了5.7%(P0.05),E组各阶段肉鸭的体重与C组差异不显著(P≥0.05);(3)B组14~35日龄肉鸭血清球蛋白含量明显高于A组(27.30 g/L比24.16 g/L),而C、D、E组处于同一水平;(4)21、35日龄肉鸭血清肝酶谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性的比较中发现,B、D两组ALT活性与A组无显著差异(P0.05),而C、E两组的肝酶活性均显著高于A组(P0.05)。由此得出,在非霉变日粮中,添加脱霉剂Ⅰ改善了肉鸭的增重和血液免疫;而在霉菌毒素中毒状态下,肉鸭的采食量降低,增重减少,并且肝脏受到损伤,添加脱霉剂Ⅰ改善了中毒状态下肉鸭增重和肝脏损伤,而脱霉剂Ⅱ效果不明显。     

日粮不同代谢能水平及复合酶对樱桃谷肉鸭生长性能、养分利用率和血清生化指标的影响

为研究日粮不同代谢能水平和添加复合酶制剂对樱桃谷肉鸭生产性能、血清生化指标和养分利用率的影响,将750羽1日龄樱桃谷肉鸭母雏,随机分为6个处理,每个处理5个重复,每个重复25只鸭。试验期分前期(1~14 d)、中期(15~28 d)和后期(29~42 d)3个阶段。采用3×2因子设计,3个日粮代谢能水平[3个阶段分别为11.92、12.34、12.76 MJ/kg(高),11.67、12.09、12.51 MJ/kg(中),11.54、11.96、12.38 MJ/kg(低)]、添加150 mL/t复合酶和不加酶两种酶制剂处理。结果表明:(1)日粮代谢能水平对肉鸭3个阶段各项生长性能指标均无显著影响(P0.05),而添加复合酶后,肉鸭14日龄体重和前期日增重分别提高4.53%(P0.05)和5.42%(P0.05);(2)代谢水平对樱桃谷肉鸭各阶段干物质和粗蛋白质表观利用率无影响(P0.05),添加复合酶制剂后肉鸭后期干物质表观利用率提高了5.07%(P0.05),而前期、中期和后期粗蛋白质表观利用率分别提高了11.94%(P0.01)、10.14%(P0.01)和6.11%(P0.05);(3)日粮代谢能水平对42日龄樱桃谷肉鸭血清生化指标均无显著影响(P0.05);而添加复合酶制剂显著提高了血清中总蛋白含量7.99%(P0.05);(4)日粮代谢能水平和复合酶制剂对于肉鸭各阶段生长性能、养分利用率及血清生化指标均没有互作效应(P0.05)。结果提示,在降低代谢能250 kJ/kg和380 kJ/kg的玉米-小麦-豆粕型日粮中添加150 mL/t复合酶,可获得与正常代谢能水平日粮相当的饲喂效果。     

日粮中添加大豆油对肉鸭生产性能的影响

本试验选用1日龄樱桃谷肉鸭600只，随机分为10个组（9个试验组和1个对照组），每组2个重复，每个重复30只肉仔鸭。试验组采用二因素、三个水平的完全随机设计，即在饲粮中添加3％、6％和9％的大豆油，每个比例分别添饲1周、2周、3周，旨在研究日粮中添加大豆油的用量和时间对肉鸭生产性能的影响。结果表明：各试验组之间以及各试验组与对照组之间肉鸭的死亡率无显差异（P＞0.05）；各试验组与对照组之间肉鸭的饲料转化率有显差异（P＜0.05），各试验组之间肉鸭的饲料转化率无显差异（P＞0.05）；添加大豆油的比例与添饲时期的互作对肉鸭的日增重均有极显的影响（P＜0.01），而以添加6％的比例添饲两周的效果最好。     

日粮蛋氨酸含量对岭南黄鸡前期生产性能的影响

采用单因子试验设计，将400只1日龄岭南黄鸡母雏随机分成5组，研究了5个日粮蛋氨酸水平（0．28％、0．40％、0．50％、0．60％、0．70％）对岭南黄鸡前期（0－4周）生产性能的影响。结果表明，日粮蛋氨酸水平为0．50％、0．60％、0．70％组的增重、耗料量和料肉比等指标间差异均不显著（P＞0．05），但显著高于蛋氨酸水平为0．40％组（P＜0．05）和0．28％组（P＜0．01）。因此，建议岭南黄鸡前期（0－4周）日粮蛋氨酸水平以0．50％为宜。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein