可溶性硅和杀菌剂对禾谷镰孢活性影响及田间药效试验

以禾谷镰孢菌为研究对象,在室内测定不同浓度可溶性硅和不同杀菌剂及其互配对禾谷镰孢菌生长的影响。结果表明,可溶性硅浓度越大,对禾谷镰孢菌的抑制率越高,1 666.7 mg/L硅处理后对禾谷镰孢菌的抑制率达30.3%。40%咯菌腈·氟唑菌酰羟胺(0.008 mg/L)对禾谷镰孢菌的毒力最强(EC₅₀=0.008 mg/L),可溶性硅与40%咯菌腈·氟唑菌酰羟胺混配可明显降低对禾谷镰孢菌的抑制率,降幅为8.7%～12.87%;可溶性硅与5%香芹酚按不同比例混配对禾谷镰孢菌互作效应不同;可溶性硅与其他四种杀菌剂混配都能促进对禾谷镰孢菌的抑制。田间药效试验表明,除40%咯菌腈·氟唑菌酰羟胺外,其他5种杀菌剂与硅肥混合喷施防效和产量都高于单喷,其中,混合喷施2 000 mg/L可溶性硅肥+25%吡唑醚菌酯防效最好,增产最高。     

氟唑菌酰羟胺和苯醚甲环唑在香蕉上的残留分析及膳食风险评估

建立了氟唑菌酰羟胺和苯醚甲环唑在香蕉全果和果肉中的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法,在云南进行了规范残留试验,研究了氟唑菌酰羟胺和苯醚甲环唑在香蕉上的残留消解行为并进行了长期膳食暴露风险评估。结果表明：在0.01~1 mg/kg添加范围内,氟唑菌酰羟胺和苯醚甲环唑在香蕉全果和果肉中的平均回收率分别为75%~115%和78%~106%,相对标准偏差分别为1.0%~5.0%和1.0%~5.3%,方法最低检出浓度均为0.01 mg/kg。氟唑菌酰羟胺和苯醚甲环唑在云南香蕉中的半衰期分别为16.9、20.4 d。施药后21、28、35 d收获的香蕉中,氟唑菌酰羟胺残留量均低于0.01 mg/kg,苯醚甲环唑在香蕉中的最高残留量为0.048 mg/kg。风险评估结果表明,香蕉中氟唑菌酰羟胺和苯醚甲环唑残留长期膳食摄入风险较低,处于安全水平。该方法准确度高,灵敏度高,线性良好;残留消解试验及膳食风险评估为氟唑菌酰羟胺和苯醚甲环唑在香蕉上的合理安全使用提供科学依据。     

杀菌剂氟唑菌酰羟胺等对小麦赤霉病防效的比较

通过对20%氟唑菌酰羟胺SC、30%丙硫菌唑OD等几种杀菌剂配方及不同生育期施药对小麦赤霉病的防效进行比较,结果表明,30%丙硫菌唑OD 40 m L/667 m2+43%戊唑醇SC 20 m L/667 m2和20%氟唑菌酰羟胺SC 40 m L/667 m2+43%戊唑醇SC20 m L/667 m2这2个药剂配方于扬花初期、盛期各施药1次对小麦赤霉病的防效最好,而且小麦色泽金黄,锈病和颖枯都几乎没有发生;其次是40%丙硫·戊唑醇SC 50 m L/667 m2和20%氟唑菌酰羟胺SC 70 m L/667 m2这2个药剂配方于扬花初期、盛期各施药1次,防效也很好;但在小麦扬花期间只施药1次的防效均较差。30%丙硫菌唑、20%氟唑菌酰羟胺减量后和43%戊唑醇复配均能提高对赤霉病的防治效果,而且能兼治锈病。     

不同复配药剂对小麦穗期病害的控害提质效果

为了明确40%丙硫·戊唑醇SC、32%氟啶·丙硫SC、48%氰烯·戊唑醇SC、200 g/L氟唑菌酰羟胺SC+250 g/L丙环唑EC、50%戊唑·百菌清SC对小麦穗期赤霉病、白粉病、锈病的防病、保产、控毒效果,开展了田间试验。结果表明：32%氟啶·丙硫SC50 g/667 m²、40%丙硫·戊唑醇SC 50 g/667 m²、50%戊唑·百菌清SC 50 g/667 m²不但对小麦赤霉病的防效理想,对呕吐毒素(DON)控制效果优异(90%以上),而且对小麦白粉病、锈病有较好的兼治效果;产量分别较对照增产73.23%、58.82%、53.84%;投入与产出比分别为1︰14.3、1︰13.7、1︰21.8。以上药剂配方可作为小麦赤霉病等穗期病害绿色减量控害提质增效的优选方案。     

品种抗性和杀菌剂对小麦赤霉病及DON毒素的协同防效

为明确品种抗性和杀菌剂对赤霉病发生及呕吐毒素积累的影响,2022年对8个不同抗性小麦品种和4种杀菌剂防治赤霉病和呕吐毒素进行防效评价。结果表明：在4月10日(扬花株率5%左右)和4月17日2次施药后,200 g/L氟唑菌酰羟胺SC 50 m L/667 m²+25%丙环唑SC 30 m L/667 m²、40%丙硫菌唑·戊唑醇SC 40 m L/667 m²对赤霉病的防效均在95%左右,25%吡唑醚菌酯SC40 m L/667 m²+27%戊唑·噻霉酮EW 35 m L/667 m²对赤霉病的防效在91%左右,480 g/L氰烯·戊唑醇SC 50 m L/667 m²对赤霉病的防效在84%左右;清水对照区的赤霉病自然发生程度、DON含量及药剂处理区的赤霉病发生程度呈现中感品种>中抗品种>抗性品种趋势。品种抗性和杀菌剂在防治赤霉病过程中存在交互作用,效应量依次为药剂>品种×药剂>品种。结论：利用品种抗性和杀菌剂能够有效控制赤霉病,其协...     

甘蔗梢腐病的室内杀菌剂筛选

为明确不同杀菌剂对甘蔗梢腐病病原菌的抑菌效果以便后续科学地指导病害防治,本文分别使用42.4%唑醚·氟酰胺悬浮剂,62.5 g/L精甲·咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂,250 g/L苯醚甲环唑乳油,325 g/L苯甲·嘧菌酯悬浮剂,25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油,43%氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂,60%唑醚·代森联水分散粒剂和19%啶氧·丙环唑悬浮剂对甘蔗梢腐病病原菌拟轮枝镰孢菌(Fusarium verticillioides)采用菌丝生长速率法进行室内药剂筛选,并通过扫描电镜(SEM)观测不同杀菌剂对病原菌孢子与菌丝的影响。结果表明,不同杀菌剂对病原菌菌丝生长均有一定抑制作用。扫描电镜结果表明,经不同杀菌剂处理后,病原菌孢子和菌丝均有不同程度的溃烂、畸形、干瘪甚至穿孔。其中,19%啶氧·丙环唑悬浮剂和325 g/L苯甲·嘧菌酯悬浮剂的抑菌效果较好,抑制中浓度(EC₅₀)分别为0.260μg/mL和0.042μg/mL;而62.5 g/L精甲·咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂的抑菌效果较差,EC₅₀高达2504.060μg/mL。供试药剂中,三唑类杀菌剂与甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂的复配剂抑...     

超高效液相色谱法测定啶酰菌胺和咯菌腈在番茄与土壤中的残留

应用超高效液相色谱仪建立一种同时检测番茄和土壤中啶酰菌胺和咯菌腈残留的分析方法。样品经乙腈提取,乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷（PSA）吸附净化,以乙腈和水为流动相等度洗脱,采用可变波长紫外检测器检测,外标法定量分析。结果表明,啶酰菌胺和咯菌腈在0.05~1 μg/mL范围内呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数R ²均为0.999,方法的检出限均为0.01 mg/kg,定量限为0.1 mg/kg;在0.1~1 mg/kg范围内,添加回收率在82.8%~102.8%和86.5%~115.3%之间,相对标准偏差（RSD）在4.1%~8.7%和4.9%~9.1%之间。该方法简单可靠、重现性好,适用于番茄和土壤中啶酰菌胺和咯菌腈的残留检测。     

11%精甲·咯·嘧菌悬浮种衣剂对棉花立枯病的防治效果

为了明确11%（质量分数，下同）精甲·咯·嘧菌悬浮种衣剂对棉花立枯病的田间防治效果，以3种单剂即350 g·L^－1精甲霜灵种子处理乳剂、10%嘧菌酯悬浮种衣剂和25 g·L^－1咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂的高、中、低常用剂量作为药剂对照，以清水处理为空白对照，开展11%精甲·咯·嘧菌悬浮种衣剂制剂高（4.4 g·kg^－1）、中（3.3 g·kg^－1）、低（2.2 g·kg^－1）用量的种子包衣处理防治棉花立枯病试验。结果表明：4种杀菌剂3个剂量的防治效果表现为11%精甲·咯·嘧菌悬浮种衣剂＞25 g·L^－1咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂＞10%嘧菌酯悬浮种衣剂＞350 g·L^－1精甲霜灵种子处理乳剂，其中11%精甲·咯·嘧菌悬浮种衣剂在高剂量时防治效果达到84.03%；各处理对棉苗生长安全。以上结果可为应用该类药剂防治棉花立枯病提供科学依据。     

胡麻苗期阔叶杂草藜高效防除药剂田间筛选

开展了40%2甲·辛酰溴EC等5种除草剂以及40%2甲·辛酰溴EC+48%灭草松AS等9个混用组合防除胡麻田阔叶杂草藜的田间试验,旨在筛选出对胡麻更为安全、对阔叶杂草藜具优良防效的新型除草剂及其混用组合,为安全、有效防除藜提供科学依据。结果表明,30%辛酰溴苯腈EC、40%2甲·辛酰溴EC+48%灭草松AS、30%辛酰溴苯腈EC+48%灭草松AS、40%2甲·辛酰溴EC+30%苯唑草酮SC和30%辛酰溴苯腈EC+30%苯唑草酮SC苗期茎叶喷雾对胡麻安全;对阔叶杂草藜具优良防效,药后45 d的株防效在94.74%~98.24%之间,鲜重防效在96.30%~99.11%之间;对胡麻增产效果显著,产量在2683.35~2830.05 kg/hm~2之间,较未除草对照(CK)增产60.57%~69.35%,较人工除草增产3.92%~9.60%。从安全性、除草效果和产量3方面综合评价,上述5种除草剂(组合)及其混用组合是苗期茎叶喷雾防除胡麻田阔叶杂草藜的安全、高效除草剂,其大面积示范推广的适宜剂量分别为1500 mL/hm~2、750 mL/hm~2+2250 mL/hm~2、750 mL/hm~2+2250 mL/hm~2、750 mL/hm~2+180 mL/hm~2和750 mL/hm~2+180 mL/hm~2。     

水稻直播田抗药性杂草防控技术探讨

田间试验表明,采用“一封一杀”的动态防治模式,以“封闭为主,茎叶喷雾为辅”的防治策略较为符合浙中稻区水稻直播田生产用药实际。“一封一杀”是指播后芽前每667 m2用30%丙草胺EC100 mL进行土壤封闭,苗后杂草用300 g/L丙草胺EC100 mL+3%氯氟吡啶酯OD 53.3 mL、13%氰氟·氯氟吡啶酯EC 80 mL+100 g/L氰氟草酯EC100 mL、10%双环·双唑GG 200 g、39%敌稗·异噁草松EC 200 mL+85%丁草胺EC 47 m L喷施茎叶;或每667 m2用4%双唑草腈SC 150 mL进行土壤封闭、播后10～15 d上水撒施2%双唑草腈GR 600 g。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

生物质能作物——甘薯开发利用现状及趋势

甘薯是世界上重要的粮食、饲料、工业原料及新型能源用块根作物，在我国乃至世界再生能源开发中起到重大作用，其分布地域广，适应性强，沙荒地、岗坡地均可种植。生物产量高，而且种植栽培容易。甘薯含淀粉15％～30％，晒干率20％～35％，世界各国以薯干或淀粉为原料生产乙醇有着悠久的历史。随着全球能源的日趋紧张，乙醇作为一种可再生的环保燃料．将快速步入全球成品油市场，在替代汽油供应方面起到越来越大的作用。各国正在推行或制定燃料乙醇计划，并着眼于生物燃料乙醇应用方案，认为甘薯可能是摆脱将来粮食和能源危机的“最后一张王牌”。     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。