水稻不同基因型品种养分吸收特性

为选出适合南方稻区种植的高产、高效水稻品种,采用大田试验,以南方稻区8种水稻类别的56个水稻品种为材料,研究在相同施肥条件下不同基因型水稻品种生育过程中氮、磷、钾吸收特性,及其产量的差异。结果表明:水稻干物质和磷、钾的累积主要集中在分蘖盛期—齐穗期阶段,氮素累积集中在苗期—分蘖盛期、分蘖盛期—齐穗期这2个阶段;两系晚熟的稻谷、稻草产量和氮、磷累积总量最高,两系早熟的钾累积总量最高,分别比最低的常规早熟增加101.2%、40.9%、85.0%、48.1%、47.5%。随着生育期延长,同一系列水稻的稻谷产量和氮素累积量呈逐渐增加的趋势。稻谷产量和各个生育阶段的氮、磷、钾累积量的相关性以分蘖盛期—齐穗期最强。两系早熟的养分利用效率最低,每生产100 kg稻谷需要N、P2O5、K2O分别为2.15、0.53、3.61 kg,三系中熟的氮、磷养分利用效率最高,钾以三系晚熟最高。综上所述,适合在南方稻区种植的高产、高效品种为两系晚熟和三系中熟,同时在水稻生育过程中保证分蘖盛期—齐穗期的养分供应,就能提高水稻产量。     

早熟与常规熟期冬油菜品种养分吸收规律差异研究

探明南方三熟区早熟与常规熟期冬油菜品种在干物质积累及养分吸收方面的规律差异,为稻-稻-油三熟制油菜施肥提供依据。于2017年冬季至2018年春季在湖南衡阳布置田间小区试验,供试品种为早熟品种湘油420和湘油642、常规熟期品种湘油1035和湘杂油710×1035,间隔10~15d取样,监测4个油菜品种的干物质积累动态,氮、磷、钾元素吸收的时空特征及产量。早熟冬油菜品种与常规熟期冬油菜品种的产量及产量收获指数无显著差异,早熟冬油菜品种的干物质、磷在花期-角果期积累比例最大,分别为79.9%~80.0%、69.3%~79.5%,氮、钾积累量在花期的比例最大,分别为46.8%~47.7%、39.9%~52.3%;常规熟期冬油菜品种的干物质、磷、钾在花期积累比例最大,分别为37.1%~38.6%、44.1%~49.3%、32.8%~36.2%,氮在苗期的积累比例最大（48.6%~73.9%）。相较于常规熟期冬油菜品种,早熟冬油菜品种对干物质及养分的吸收高峰推迟,干物质和磷、钾养分累积多集中在花期-角果期。冬油菜的养分积累量随干物质积累量的增大而提高。早熟冬油菜品种生育期185d,较常规熟期冬油菜品种短15d,能缓解稻油轮作时茬口矛盾;收获期早熟冬油菜品种氮、磷积累量明显高于常规熟期冬油菜品种,氮、磷、钾累积特性适用于缓控释肥养分释放速率慢、周期长的释肥特性。早熟冬油菜品种生育期短且养分积累量高,在南方三熟区存在季节优势和养分积累优势,适宜在南方三熟区大面积推广。     

超级稻晚稻氮磷钾养分需求特征研究

为提高超级稻晚稻产量和肥料利用效率及指导相应缓/控释肥等新型肥料研发,研究了氮钾养分不同优化运筹技术下超级稻晚稻吸肥特征和土壤供肥特征及晚稻产量和氮磷钾利用效率变化。结果表明,与常规施肥处理相比较,氮钾优化运筹处理均提高了稻谷产量、有效穗数量、千粒质量、氮磷钾利用效率及水稻群体单株干物质累积量和氮磷钾累积量,其中,优1处理(氮钾基追比为基肥∶分蘖肥∶穗肥=5∶3∶2)的稻谷产量和氮磷钾利用效率最高,其稻谷实际产量、有效穗数量、千粒质量、氮肥利用效率、磷肥利用效率、钾肥利用效率、干物质累积量、氮素累积量、磷素累积量、钾素累积量较常规施肥处理分别依次提高了5.3%,17.3%,3.4%,30.4%,21.2%,28.4%,4.4%,15.0%,4.2%,12.9%,并且,优1处理的土壤碱解氮含量和速效钾含量在晚稻整个生育期内的变幅较其他施肥处理小,变化曲线波动较为平缓,说明其氮钾的利用量和利用效率较其他处理高,氮钾适量适时的供应,也协同促进了晚稻对磷素的吸收,提高了磷素利用效率。前述试验现象均表明该处理的氮钾养分运筹下水稻对氮磷钾养分的吸收特征和相应土壤养分供应特征更吻合超级稻晚稻的养分需求特性。研究结果为超级稻晚稻化肥减施增效及相应缓/控释肥等新型肥料的研发提供了理论依据和实践基础。     

稻田养鱼与氮密互作对土壤肥力、水稻产量及其养分累积的影响

为了给稻田养鱼的施肥管理提供科学依据。试验以杂交中稻新品种‘内6优106’为材料,在3个鱼-氮处理（CK：不养鱼+不施氮、F：养鱼+不施氮、FN：养鱼+施氮150 kg/hm ²）和4个本田栽秧密度下,研究稻田养鱼与氮密耦合对土壤肥力、水稻产量及其养分吸收累积的影响。结果表明：稻田养鱼后的有机质显著提高、氮素能维持平衡、磷钾素则显著下降。鱼氮处理水稻产量、地上部干物质及氮、磷、钾累积的总体趋势表现为FN>F>CK,FN与F分别比CK显著增产22.98%和13.43%。栽秧密度在9.0万~22.5万穴/hm ²范围内稻谷产量无显著差异,干物质和氮累积影响随密增加而增加。每1000 kg稻谷的地上部植株氮、磷、钾素的需要量分别为10.24~16.74、1.31~2.72、34.38~56.49 kg/hm ²。中高产养鱼稻田在施肥管理上应控制氮肥和增施磷钾肥。     

氮磷钾配施对小麦植株养分吸收利用和产量的影响

采用大田试验,研究了不同氮水平与磷、钾配施对小麦植株氮磷钾含量、土壤速效氮磷钾含量和产量的影响。结果表明,在低氮（135kg N/hm ²）、中氮（225kg N/hm ²）和高氮（315kg N/hm ²）与2个磷钾用量（P₂O₅-K₂O,90-120、135-180kg/hm ²）处理组合中,各处理不同生育时期植株干重、氮钾含量、氮钾累积量随供氮水平提高而增高;等氮条件下,增施磷钾使植株含氮量降低,植株氮、磷和钾累积量随磷钾用量增加而增多。各施肥处理生育期间土壤碱解氮含量呈波动性变化,表现为起身期较冬前降低,起身至开花期不断增高,开花期至灌浆期明显下降,灌浆期至成熟期有所回升的特征。随生育进程,各处理土壤速效磷含量不断降低,土壤速效钾含量呈“V”字形变化,在开花期达到谷底。高氮水平各生育时期的土壤速效磷、钾含量低于低氮处理;等氮水平下增施磷、钾肥处理的土壤速效磷、钾含量提高。单位面积穗数随供氮增多而增加,穗粒数和千粒重以中氮处理最高;产量表现与穗数相似,但中、高氮处理差异较小。等氮水平下,增施磷钾可明显改善各产量构成因素和产量。随供氮增多,单位氮素生产子粒能力降低,氮肥利用率下降;单位磷、钾素生产子粒能力随氮素用量增多呈低—高—低变化。研究表明,中氮（225kg N/hm ²）配施磷钾（P₂O₅-K₂O,90-120kg/hm ²或135-180kg/hm ²）有利于调节生育期间土壤养分供应,改善植株养分吸收、干物质生产和产量形成能力。     

氮磷钾施用方式对夏玉米植株和土壤养分及产量的影响

采用大田试验,研究等氮水平下不同肥料、分配方式及与磷、钾配施对夏玉米植株氮磷钾和土壤速效氮磷钾含量及产量的影响。结果表明：在常规施氮（底施和大口追施）、常规优化施氮（底施和大口、吐丝2 次追施）和控释氮素配施2 种磷钾水平用量（P2O5 105-K2O 120 kg/hm2和P2O5 157.5-K2O 180 kg/hm2）组合中,各处理大口期前植株干质量、氮磷钾含量、氮磷钾累积量以常规施氮高于控释尿素;成熟期穗粒数、千粒重和产量以控释尿素处理高于常规优化施氮处理,后者又高于常规施氮处理。等氮处理下,增施磷钾提高了植株磷、钾含量和累积量,植株含氮和氮累积量明显增加。各处理土壤速效氮、磷含量随生育进程不断降低,速效钾含量表现为“V”字型特征;土壤速效养分与植株养分含量表现趋势相反,生育后期控释尿素低于常规优化施氮,后者又低于常规处理。增施磷钾明显提高各时期土壤速效磷、钾含量,但使土壤氮含量降低。与对照相比,各处理单位氮、磷、钾生产籽粒能力降低;各处理中,单位养分生产籽粒以常规施氮高于常规优化施氮,后者又高于控释尿素。肥料养分利用率以控释尿素处理最高,其次为常规优化施氮,常规施氮最低。表明与常规施氮相比,控释尿素结合磷钾底施,能协调生育期间养分供应,改善植株中后期氮磷钾吸收、积累和物质生产,是改善养分利用效率、穗部性状和产量的优化施肥技术。     

氮磷钾施用方式对夏玉米植株、产量和土壤养分的影响

采用大田试验,研究等氮水平下不同肥料、分配方式及与磷、钾配施对夏玉米植株氮磷钾和土壤速效氮磷钾含量及产量的影响。结果表明:在常规施氮(底施和大口追施)、常规优化施氮(底施和大口、吐丝2次追施)和控释氮素配施2种磷钾水平用量(P2O5105-K2O 120 kg/hm~2和P2O5157.5-K2O 180 kg/hm~2)组合中,各处理大口期前植株干质量、氮磷钾含量、氮磷钾累积量以常规施氮高于控释尿素;成熟期穗粒数、千粒重和产量以控释尿素处理高于常规优化施氮处理,后者又高于常规施氮处理。等氮处理下,增施磷钾提高了植株磷、钾含量和累积量,植株含氮和氮累积量明显增加。各处理土壤速效氮、磷含量随生育进程不断降低,速效钾含量表现为"V"字型特征;土壤速效养分与植株养分含量表现趋势相反,生育后期控释尿素低于常规优化施氮,后者又低于常规处理。增施磷钾明显提高各时期土壤速效磷、钾含量,但使土壤氮含量降低。与对照相比,各处理单位氮、磷、钾生产籽粒能力降低;各处理中,单位养分生产籽粒以常规施氮高于常规优化施氮,后者又高于控释尿素。肥料养分利用率以控释尿素处理最高,其次为常规优化施氮,常规施氮最低。表明与常规施氮相比,控释尿素结合磷钾底施,能协调生育期间养分供应,改善植株中后期氮磷钾吸收、积累和物质生产,是改善养分利用效率、穗部性状和产量的优化施肥技术。     

施氮量对高产早稻氮素利用特征及产量形成的影响

以高产早稻组合陆两优996(两系)和金优463(三系)为材料, 通过不同的氮肥施用量对其氮素吸收特征、群体结构及产量形成进行了研究。结果表明: (1) 施氮有利于增加叶片叶绿素含量以及茎、叶、穗中的氮素含量, 提高叶面积指数, 促进齐穗期以前特别是分蘖盛期至齐穗期的干物质生产和氮素积累。施氮量增加, 分配到茎和叶中氮素的量及比例增加, 干物质生产效率和稻谷生产效率下降。(2) 每穗粒数和有效穗数是影响双季早稻产量的最主要因素, 适量施氮可以提高临界茎重以上的茎蘖比例, 增加每穗粒数。过量施氮会抑制水稻的前期分蘖, 降低临界茎重以上的茎蘖比例, 使每穗粒数降低, 同时影响后期特别是乳熟期以后的物质生产和氮素吸收。本试验条件下, 穗型较大、株型紧凑的组合陆两优996, 施氮量以225 kg hm^-2为宜; 而分蘖力较强、穗型较小、株型较松散的组合金优463, 施氮量以180 kg hm^-2为宜。     

施钾对寒地水稻养分吸收与分配的影响

为提高寒地水稻养分利用效率,指导合理施肥提供参考。以粳稻品种空育131为材料,研究不同钾肥用量下水稻氮、磷、钾元素吸收和分配的规律。结果表明,施钾后稻谷和稻草中氮、磷相对含量下降,钾元素相对含量升高,氮、磷、钾绝对含量均增加;稻谷中氮、钾养分占全株比重变小,而磷的比重增大。施钾有利于促进水稻对氮肥和磷肥的吸收利用,本试验条件下以全生育期90.0kg/hm²K₂O的施用量较佳。     

淮北地区偏大穗型中粳水稻养分吸收特性

为探讨淮北地区偏大穗型水稻的养分吸收特性,以偏大穗型水稻品种连粳7号和穗数型水稻品种连粳4号（ck）为试验材料,对氮（N）、磷（P）和钾（K）养分吸收和累积特性进行了研究。结果表明由于每穗总粒数极显著增加,偏大穗型水稻品种产量（10.97t/hm2）极显著高于穗数型水稻品种（8.46t/hm2）;偏大穗型水稻拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期N、P、K含量均高于穗数型水稻,其中P和K含量差异均达显著水平;偏大穗型水稻N、P和K的累积量表现基本一致,在有效分蘖临界叶龄期前N、P和K的累积量相当,在有效分蘖临界叶龄期至拔节期、拔节期至抽穗期和抽穗期至成熟期N、P和K的累积量偏大穗型水稻品种均显著高于穗数型水稻品种;偏大穗型水稻品种每生产1000kg稻谷所吸收的N、P和K,超高产水稻分别为22.97kg、7.66kg和25.71kg,穗数型水稻品种为25.30kg、8.04kg和28.84kg;偏大穗型水稻对养分吸收具有生育前期低和中后期高的特点,并可提高养分吸收的产谷效率。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.