内蒙古地区天然臭柏种群遗传多样性的RAPD分析

应用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)标记法研究了内蒙古地区臭柏种群的遗传分化,所用的18条引物对4个臭柏种群的55个样本扩增出124个位点,其中多态位点100个,多态率达80.7%。种内的平均Nei's多样性指数和Shannon's多样性指数分别为0.286和0.428,种群内分别为0.232和0.347,基因多样性变化趋势为毛乌素沙地(0.258,0.386)>阴山山脉西部(0.258,0.376)>浑善达克沙地(0.231,0.345)>内蒙古贺兰山(0.184,0.281)。臭柏种群总的基因多样性(Ht=0.288),大于种群间的基因多样性(Hs=0.233)。种群间的遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.183,种群内的遗传变异占总遗传变异的81.7%。臭柏种群间的平均遗传距离为0.086,平均相似性系数为0.918,4个种群之间有比较相似的遗传多样性,由于地理隔离,种群间也存在分化。     

云南省葡萄霜霉病菌群体遗传结构的SSR分析

为明确云南特色葡萄产区葡萄霜霉病菌的群体遗传结构,本研究采用7对SSR分子标记对采自云南3个地区的155株葡萄霜霉病菌进行了群体遗传多样性研究,并分析了病原菌群体遗传结构与地域之间的关系。7对引物共检测出41个等位基因,114种基因型,病原菌群体的Shannon’s信息指数和Nei’s无偏基因多样性指数分别为0.942和0.600。分子方差分析和群体连锁不平衡分析显示,不同群体间存在相当大的遗传变异。遗传分化系数、基因流以及Structure分析表明,元谋群体与宾川、寻甸两群体之间均具有较高的基因交流,宾川和寻甸两群体间则存在一定的遗传分化。上述结果表明,云南葡萄霜霉病菌群体存在较高水平的遗传多样性,且群体遗传结构与地理距离之间存在一定相关性。     

玉米根际球孢白僵菌群体遗传多样性的ISSR分析

为了明确玉米根际球孢白僵菌的遗传分化情况及亲缘关系,通过ISSR-PCR分子标记技术对分离自玉米根际的球孢白僵菌的遗传多样性进行了研究。从40个引物中共筛选出11个多态性高、稳定性好的引物用于正式的扩增分析,在37个菌株中共扩增出83条谱带,其中多态性条带占69条,多态性百分率为83.13%。平均每引物扩增条带在7.5条。群体的多态位点百分率(PPL)为83.13%,Nei基因多样性指数(H)为0.316 9,Shannon信息指数(I)为0.465 7。结果表明,分离自安徽省涡阳、萧县、蒙城三个地区的球孢白僵菌具有较高的遗传多样性。研究结果对进一步探讨玉米根际球孢白僵菌不同菌株的生防效果具有重要意义。     

尖孢镰刀菌的遗传多态性

 尖孢镰刀菌是重要的植物维管束病原真菌。近年来,有关该菌的遗传多态性研究报道很多,本文着重综述了利用营养体亲和群、DNA多态性技术研究尖孢镰刀菌专化型、小种及其相互关系等方面的进展,同时介绍了对棉花枯萎病菌、瓜类枯萎病菌及尖孢镰刀菌小种起源等的研究概况。     

Genetic Variability and Population Structure of the Wheat Foot Rot Fungus, Fusarium culmorum, in Tunisia

The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method was used to investigate the genetic variability and population structure of Fusarium culmorum isolated from wheat stem bases. A total of 108 isolates, representing seven geographically distinct populations, was collected from five climatic regions in Tunisia. Pseudo-allelic frequencies were estimated at each of the 25 putative RAPD loci analyzed by scoring for the presence or absence of amplified fragments; 92 haplotypes were found among the 108 strains. The analysis of the population structure did not reveal any trend with regard to geographic origin. Total gene diversity (H_T ^* = 0.318) was mostly attributable to diversity within populations (H_S ^* = 0.308). Analysis of molecular variance confirmed that most of the genetic variability was within populations. Genetic differentiation among populations was low to moderate (G_ST ^* ranged from 0 to 0.190 and averaged 0.041 over all loci). Cluster analysis with UPGMA using genetic distances did not reveal any spatial clustering of the isolates collected from the different geographic regions. Based on these results, we conclude that the F. culmorum isolates recovered from different regions in Tunisia might be part of a single population pool.     

浑善达克沙地和科尔沁沙地冰草居群形态多样性比较研究

应用常规统计学方法,分别对浑善达克沙地和科尔沁沙地冰草13个居群共计240个个体的5个形态学形状(穗长、穗宽、穗轴第一节间长、小穗小花数)进行了分析。结果表明这两大沙地的冰草居群在形态学形状上显示出了较丰富的遗传变异,而两个分布区冰草居群均在穗轴第一间节长这一形状表现出最大变异,在穗长上表现出最小变异。采用Shanno-Weaver信息指数,两个分布区冰草居群多样性指数分别为1.6004和1.5645。另外,我们在考察过程中发现,浑善达克沙地冰草不仅分布范围广,而且种类特别丰富,因此初步推断浑善达克沙地可能是我国冰草居群形态多样性分布中心之一。并为这一地区冰草资源的保护和合理利用提出几点建议。     

普氏野马遗传多样性研究进展

从染色体、血型和血液蛋白（酶）、线粒体DNA、微卫星DNA和MHC等遗传标记方面,综述了近年来国内外对普氏野马（Equus przewalskii,EPR）遗传多样性的研究进展。提出了自己的看法：近交衰退依然存在,EPR的遗传多样性不够丰富,而且EPR与家马（Equus caballus,ECA）的亲缘关系尚有争论。历...     

陕西省小麦禾谷镰刀菌的遗传多样性研究

为了明确陕西省小麦禾谷镰刀菌混合群(Fusarium graminearum species complex)的遗传多样性,利用4对E coRⅠ和M seⅠ引物对来自陕西省19个区县的162株小麦禾谷镰刀菌菌株进行了AFLP扩增。结果表明,4对引物均能扩增出数量不等的多态性条带,最少的6条,最多的20条,大部分扩增片段在100～750bp之间。利用NTSYS-2.1软件聚类分析表明,不同地区禾谷镰刀菌可分为两大类群,即类群A和类群B。这两大类群的分化和地理来源有明确相关性,类群A主要分布在关中地区,类群B主要分布在陕南地区。初步判断可能与两个地区生态环境和小麦主栽品种差异有关。各类群内的菌系与地理位置间的关系较为复杂,一些菌系与地理来源存在明确关系,而个别菌系与地理来源间的关系尚不能完全明确。还需进一步研究以明确各菌株与地理来源之间的关系。     

我国小麦落选短体线虫群体遗传多样性分析

为了明确我国落选短体线虫群体的遗传多样性,利用mtCOI基因标记对落选短体线虫9个地理群体的遗传结构及遗传分化进行分析。结果显示,9个地理群体中共得到101条mtCOI序列,发现28个碱基变异位点,形成14个单倍型。其中,H1单倍型最常见,为7个地理群体的59个个体共有,推测其可能为祖先单倍型。全部地理群体在物种水平呈现中等遗传多样性(H_T=0.706±0.131),聚类分析显示其可分为类群Ⅰ与类群Ⅱ两个类群,AMOVA分析揭示落选短体线虫整体水平的遗传分化主要来源于种群间。Mantel检验表明落选短体线虫群体的遗传距离与地理距离存在正相关性,但是不同种群之间的遗传分化程度与地理距离没有显著关系。中性检验和错配分布检验均揭示落选短体线虫在整体水平和两个类群上的群体历史动态都处于相对稳定的状态。     

放牧压力下大针茅群体遗传多样性的RAPD分析

大针茅(Stipa grandis)是我国北方典型草原上最重要的饲用植物之一,分布广,数量大,是优势种之一。本研究应用RAPD技术检测大针茅植物不同放牧压力下群体的遗传多样性,探索放牧强度与遗传分化的相互联系。在放牧和对照群体中,利用18个有效引物共获得了129个位点,其中多态性位点为105个,占81.40%,说明个体发生较高的遗传变异。两个群体都具有特异性位点,说明放牧压力导致某些位点发生了变化,但遗传变异主要存在于群体内(遗传一致度为90.43%)。     

Biological and molecular properties of Tomato rugose mosaic virus (ToRMV), a new tomato-infecting begomovirus from Brazil

A viral complex causing golden mosaic and leaf distortion (rugosity) in tomato plants was obtained from viruliferous whiteflies, and named TGV-Ub1. This complex was sap-transmitted from tomato to Nicotiana benthamiana . PCR amplification using universal begomovirus primers yielded two distinct fragments for DNA-A, suggesting that the TGV-Ub1 complex comprised at least two distinct viruses. Clones corresponding to full-length viral genomes were obtained from tomato plants infected with TGV-Ub1. Comparisons of the complete sequences of clones pUb1-49 (DNA-A), pUb1-62 and pUb1-81 (both DNA-B) indicated that they constitute novel western hemisphere begomoviruses. Clones pUb1-49 and pUB1-81 have identical common regions, thus representing the cognate DNA-A and -B of a novel begomovirus, named Tomato rugose mosaic virus (ToRMV). Clone pUb1-62 has a distinct common region from ToRMV and all other geminiviruses. A cognate DNA-A for pUb1-62 was not found. Clones containing 1·8 copies of the genomic components were constructed. Infectivity assays of these clones in tomato and N. benthamiana demonstrated that the clones corresponding to ToRMV systemically infected both hosts. Symptoms were analogous to those observed when using the pure isolates obtained in this study. The combination of pUb1-49 and -62 did not result in systemic infection, indicating that these components do not form a viable virus. ToRMV was sap-transmitted from N. benthamiana to N. benthamiana , and by grafting to Solanum tuberosum and Datura stramonium . ToRMV-A and ToRMV-B were detected in plants of Nicandra physaloides and Phaseolus vulgaris , respectively, growing in nearby tomato fields, in association with distinct DNA components.     

北方春玉米区长岭发垫刃线虫的分布及遗传多样性分析

为明确长岭发垫刃线虫(Trichotylenchus changlingensis)的分布,2018年对黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、河北、内蒙古、甘肃6省(自治区)118个地块的玉米根际土壤中长岭发垫刃线虫进行分离及鉴定,结果表明:在6个省(自治区)20个地块的土样中分离到该线虫,分离比例为17.0%。同时采用ISSR分子标记技术对分离到的20个种群进行遗传多样性分析。结果共筛选出16条引物,扩增出93条多态性条带,多态性比率为93.55%。基因分化系数(Gst)为0.4771,遗传变异的47.71%存在于种群间,52.29%存在于种群内。基因流(Nm)值为0.5479,说明所调查地区种群间存在基因流,基因流动较小,但种群间已发生一定程度的遗传分化。UPGMA聚类分析结果表明,这20个种群具有丰富的遗传多样性,但群体间的遗传关系远近与地理距离无显著相关性。     

苹果黑星病菌遗传多样性的SSR分析

 Apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis has a tendency to spread and threatens the development of apple production in recent years in China. The genetic diversity and population structure were investigated by using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. 51 strains were classified into 3 groups by UPGMA method as Xunyi, Xingping and U. K. population, each of them mainly including strains from its original place. A relatively high level of genetic diversity was revealed:H=0.425 3, I=0.675 8, PPL=66.67% (at species level); H=0.149 1, I=0.228 0, PPL=44.44% (at population level). A high level of genetic differentia-tion was detected among/within populations with Nei's Gst analysis and AMOVA. Molecular genetic variance within populations was greater than that among populations. Genetic variance among populations might result from barriers to gene flow (Nm=0.675 8). Genetic variance within populations might result from sexual propagation of V. inaequalis.     

遗传多样性透视

本文介绍遗传多样性内涵 ,依据其理论分析遗传多样性的现状及目前存在的问题 ,指出DNA序列变异尺度是遗传多样性最佳指标。随后介绍了遗传多样性与生态遗传学、遗传生态学的相关性以及干旱区植物遗传多样性的研究现状 ,阐明生物群落遗传结构是它们研究的核心单元。