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扬州园林与苏州园林都是江南私家园林的代表,两者在很多地方都有着相似之处,但同时也存在着一定的差异性。这种差异性主要体现在特色、分布形式以及建筑空间等几个方面。究其原因,苏、扬两地园林存在的差异性,是由于两地不同的园主、画风和学风以及地域等因素造成的。扬州多盐商巨贾造园,苏州多官宦文人构园。扬州园林受扬州画派和扬学的影响;苏州园林受吴门画派和吴学的影响。扬州地势平坦,气候温和,兼有南北两地的长处;苏州地处富饶的江南农业区,湖荡密布,气候温和湿润。 相似文献
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岭南地区独特的地理气候条件和社会风俗孕育了这里悠久的花事生活习俗与传统。广府文人作为花事活动的重要参与者,将花事活动融入园居生活的方方面面,这也影响了园林营建。运用图像学图文互证方法,对清代广府文人画作中描绘的花事活动内容与园林空间、园居生活的关系进行了分析:图像中主要包含了种花、赏花、插花、采花、绘花5种活动,这些活动结合了中国传统文人情趣和广府地方生活风俗,表现出雅俗共赏的特征。园林中的花事活动也与广府古典园林中的空间布局、构筑形态和植物种植方式互相影响,反映出岭南园林空间营造特色与园居活动、文化观念之间的密切关系。 相似文献
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岭南盆景成为独立的艺术流派,起源于本世纪三十年代。此期间,广东老一辈的盆景艺人,在师承我国盆景传统技艺的基础上,大胆冲破传统束缚,细心观察自然,借鉴国画的画理和笔法,创作出一批体现岭南自然风貌的盆景作品,并逐步形成了岭南盆景独特的艺术特色。其中孔泰初和素仁,对岭南盆景艺术的形成和发展最具影响,堪称岭南二杰。研究二杰的盆景艺术风格,对于我们认识岭南盆景的艺术特色,有着重要的 相似文献
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太湖石作为视觉艺术审美对象之一,在中国园林中运用和供文人赏玩的历史已有1000多年,大量优秀的中国画家对其进行深入刻画。这些绘画作品对太湖石艺术的发展有重要的推动作用。通过对中国画各时期代表作品中太湖石的艺术形态、审美标准、精神境界、象征意义等进行分类研究,梳理出中国画对太湖石艺术的历史发展、艺术形态塑造和人文审美等方面的影响作用,对研究园林景观艺术中的太湖石有深刻的指导意义。 相似文献
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广西树桩盆景与岭南树桩盆景艺术同源,其造型特色和艺术手法,都源于岭南,广西盆景艺术界大都公认自己师法岭南。 近几年来,广西树桩盆景发展很快,其主要表现有五个方面:一是广西城乡盆协纷纷建立;二是盆景市场异常活跃;三是大批文人及离退休老干部加入树桩盆景艺术创作行列;四是广西出版社出版了一批盆景栽培和欣赏的图书;五是出现了探索广西盆景风格的风气。特别是第五个方面的表现,值得重视。因为这一风气的出现,标志了广西树桩盆景艺术活动已进入一个新的历史时期, 相似文献
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E. T. Craswell A. Sajjapongse D. J. B. Howlett A. J. Dowling 《Agroforestry Systems》1997,38(1-3):121-137
Steeply sloping lands are widespread in the tropics. An estimated 500 million people practice subsistence agriculture in these
marginal areas. Continued population growth has led to the intensified cultivation of large areas of the sloping lands, exacerbating
the problem of soil erosion. Although research shows that alley cropping and other contour agroforestry systems can stabilize
the sloping lands, these systems have not been widely adopted by farmers.
The Framework for Evaluating Sustainable Land Management (FESLM) has been tested in sloping land areas in the Philippines.
Sustainable land management must be productive, stable, viable, and acceptable to farmers, while protecting soil and water
resources. Farms on which contour hedgerow intercropping has been adopted meet the multifaceted requirements of FESLM, whereas
the farmers' current practice does not. Appropriate land management measures for particular locations depend on a complex
suite of social, economic, and biophysical factors, and need to be developed in participation with farmers.
The role of agroforestry in sustainable management of sloping lands is the subject of networks coordinated by the International
Board for Soil Research and Management (IBSRAM) in seven countries in Asia (ASIALAND) and four countries in the Pacific (PACIFICLAND).
We review selected outcomes from a wealth of network data. From these results the following conclusions about the sustainability
of various agroforestry systems for sloping lands can be drawn:
• In the Pacific, soil loss from sloping lands due to water erosion under farmers' current practices is episodic, unpredictable,
and possibly not severe;
• Agroforestry systems that utilize legume shrubs, fruit trees, coffee (Coffea spp.) or rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) provide
useful economic returns, but are not an essential component in terms of soil protection because grass or pineapple (Ananas
comosus) planted on the contour are equally effective in reducing erosion;
• Agricultural intensification will lead to nutrient mining, reduction of aboveground biomass, declining yields, and less
soil protection unless external sources of nutrients are used;
• nitrogen can be effectively supplied using legumes;
• Cash derived from hedgerow trees and/or shrubs may providean incentive for their adoption by farmers, as well as funds to
purchase external inputs such as fertilizers;
• Labor may be a major constraint to the adoption of complex agroforestry systems.
We also discuss the information management systems required to effectively manage and utilize the extensive sets of experimental
and indigenous data being accumulated. We believe such information systems can facilitate technology transfer across and between
regions, and improve the efficiency of research into agroforestry and other land-management approaches.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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本文介绍了世界薪材消耗的现状,概述了因薪材紧缺而滥伐森林带来的几个方面的严峻问题,最后提出了符合我国国情的对策。 相似文献
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Formal and informal institutions and their hierarchy in the regulation of the forest lease in Russia 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The aim of this study is to identify and analyse the institutionalarrangements that regulate the forest lease and related marketsof industrial timber in Russia. A theoretical framework is derivedfrom institutional economics. Institutions, their hierarchyand cohesion are surveyed at constitutional, collective-choiceand operational levels. The organization of the long-term forestlease and its contribution to the sustainable forest managementand development of forest industries are described and regionaldifferences in the organization of forestry are tested. In addition,the expected impacts of the new federal Forest Code are analysed. 相似文献
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随着适宜于制造胶合板的木材供应减少和价格上升,胶合板生产的优势地位已受到相当大的影响。小径材或速生材的利用及胶合板用材树种的扩大是发展胶合板生产最重要的措施。变革胶合板生产工艺可以开发利用新的原料来源、提高劳动生产率、降低生产成本、并使产品多样化。计算机控制和先进的电子技术大大地提高了胶合板生产线的效率和功能,并保证了产品的质量。 相似文献