贵州柑橘主栽品种果实品质分析

以贵州不同区域主栽脐橙类、椪柑及柚类柑橘成熟期果实为试材,对各柑橘品种果实的主要品质特性,如果皮颜色、单果重、果形指数、可食率、维生素C含量、可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量、可溶性糖含量、糖酸比和固酸比等指标进行测定和比较分析.结果表明,脐橙类果实、椪柑及柚类可溶性固形物、可溶性糖含量在罗甸地区均高于其他区域,可滴定酸含量低于其他区域;椪柑在全省不同区域生理品质变异系数不大;柚类中琯溪蜜柚果实单果重最大,具较高可食率,可溶性固形物、可溶性糖和可滴定酸含量较其他品种合适.     

不同桃品种的品质及加工特性评价分析

为构建不同品种桃的品质评价方法及加工特性评价体系,为桃果实的品种筛选、品质分析、贮藏加工提供参考依据,以10个品种的蒙阴蜜桃果实为试验材料,测定其感官性状、质构特性、营养品质及加工特性。结果表明,不同桃品种在感官性状、质构特性、营养品质及加工特性上存在差异,供试的10个桃品种中,白桃九号在质构特性、VC含量、糖酸比、固酸比、果汁特性等方面均具有优势,是既适合鲜食又适合加工的优良桃品种;新世纪、黄金绣的果皮硬度、可溶性固形物含量和果汁感官评分均较高,可鲜食,也可加工成果汁;黄金毛桃的可滴定酸含量较高,口感偏酸,在加工过程中需要考虑降酸以保证产品口感;寒露蜜、红焗油、黄焗油、红芙蓉的VC含量较高,可加工成高VC含量的产品;黄金蜜三号、中蟠十七口感较为软糯,但可溶性固形物和可溶性糖含量较高,甜度高,适合鲜食,同时需要注意后期的运输贮藏环节。聚类分析结果将10个桃品种分为3个类群,可根据不同果实类群特性进行加工与贮藏。     

紫果黑蕊猕猴桃营养品质变化及其相关性分析

为更好地促进高品质彩色猕猴桃的选育和开发,本研究以秦岭地区野生的紫果型黒蕊猕猴桃为材料,在果实成熟过程中采集不同果色时期（绿色、浅紫色、紫色和深紫色）的猕猴桃果实,对其营养成分（可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可滴定酸、Vc和花青素）含量进行分析,探寻果实营养品质变化规律。结果发现,紫果黑蕊猕猴桃果实随着成熟,果色由绿色逐渐变为深紫色,其可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、花青素含量逐渐增加,各时期含量差异显著且两两间分别呈极显著正相关;可滴定酸和Vc含量逐渐降低,两者含量呈极显著负相关,但与可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、花青素含量分别呈显著负相关。结果表明,该紫果黒蕊猕猴桃果实成熟度越高,紫色特征越明显,可溶性固形物和可溶性糖含量越高,可滴定酸含量越低,但同时Vc含量也越低。     

不同预冷温度对番茄贮藏品质的影响

为研究不同预冷温度对番茄贮藏品质的影响,以‘京采8号’番茄为研究对象,选取红熟中期的果实,采用冷库预冷方式,分别在8、10、12、23 ℃（常温）下预冷24 h,预冷后置于10 ℃下贮藏,通过测定可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可滴定酸含量,以及色泽、硬度、感官品质、失重率和腐烂率等指标,确定适宜的预冷温度。结果表明：番茄适宜的预冷温度为10 ℃,其次是12 ℃,在贮藏过程中二者均可以保持较高的可溶性固形物、可溶性糖和可滴定酸的含量,延缓果皮转色、果实硬度下降及感官品质劣变,降低失重率和腐烂率;8 ℃预冷的效果较差,贮藏过程中番茄的可溶性固形物和可溶性糖含量较低,腐烂率较高;23 ℃（常温）预冷效果与不预冷直接贮藏无明显差异。     

不同杏品种果实营养成分分析及综合评价

为综合评价不同杏品种果实营养品质,选择具开发利用前景的品种,测定11个杏品种果实的3项外观品质（果形指数、单果重、可食率）和8项营养物质含量（可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、可滴定酸、类胡萝卜素、Vc、固酸比、糖酸比）,并通过相关性分析和主成分分析对所测杏品种进行综合品质评价。结果显示,11个杏品种果实的营养成分等各项指标均存在差异,但变异程度不大。相关性分析结果表明,杏果实单果重与可食率、可溶性固形物与Vc、可溶性糖与糖酸比、固酸比与糖酸比均呈极显著正相关,可滴定酸与固酸比、糖酸比呈极显著负相关,可溶性糖与Vc、Vc与固酸比呈显著正相关。主成分分析共提取了4个主成分,累积方差贡献率为91.002%,表明影响杏果品质的主要指标为糖酸比、固酸比、可食率、单果重、果形指数、可溶性固形物等。根据这几项指标数据杏农可以进行品种选择,杏育种者可以确定新品种的开发利用前景。‘金荷包’、‘凯特’、‘兰州大接杏’、‘晚红杏’、‘新疆杏晚熟’5个品种的营养品质更优。。     

鲜食橄榄果实的适宜采收期及其品质评价参数的研究

以"檀香"橄榄果实为试材,研究7个采收期(从9月7日到12月7日按节气采果,分别为采收期Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ)对鲜食橄榄果实品质的影响及其品质评价参数。结果表明:随着采收期的延迟和果实成熟度的提高,采收期Ⅰ~采收期Ⅵ的橄榄果实表面色调角h°、果皮叶绿素含量、果肉可滴定酸和单宁含量下降,果皮类胡萝卜素含量、果肉可溶性固形物含量、固酸比值、可溶性总糖含量、还原糖含量和糖酸比值增加,果实食用品质提高;但采收期Ⅶ(过熟)的橄榄果实果肉可溶性固形物、可溶性总糖、还原糖含量和果实食用品质下降;因此认为,采收期显著影响鲜食橄榄果实品质,且以采收期Ⅵ(完熟,小雪节气采收)的橄榄果实鲜食品质最佳。同时发现,橄榄果实表面色调角h°,果皮叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量,果肉可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、固酸比值、可溶性总糖、还原性糖、糖酸比值、单宁含量等品质指标可作为确定鲜食橄榄果实食用品质及采收期Ⅰ~采收期Ⅵ成熟度的参数,为量化衡量橄榄果实食用品质和成熟度提供方法。     

乙烯利处理对猕猴桃品质的影响

研究乙烯利对室温15℃下市售猕猴桃催熟过程中品质的影响。乙烯利质量分数采用50,100,200 mg/kg,测定果实的硬度、VC含量、可溶性固形物含量、呼吸强度、可滴定酸含量。结果表明,不同质量分数乙烯利处理的猕猴桃果实硬度下降比对照快,且质量分数越大,硬度下降越快;可溶性固形物含量比对照高,且处理质量分数越大,可溶性固形物含量上升越快;VC含量在末期比对照高;可滴定酸含量低于对照,且处理质量分数越大,果实可滴定酸下降越快;呼吸强度均高于对照,使呼吸跃变提前,且处理质量分数越大,呼吸强度峰值越大。     

不同货架温度对冰温贮藏红富士苹果品质的影响

红富士苹果冰温、0℃下贮藏5个月、7个月后分别移入不同温度货架,对果实感官及营养品质进行比较研究。结果表明,与0℃贮藏相比,5个月、7个月冷藏及货架期,冰温贮藏保持了红富士苹果较好的贮藏期及货架期品质。5℃货架温度较15℃下果实失重、硬度、可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量下降缓慢,果面h值增加及果肉L*值下降减缓,花色苷、类黄酮、总酚含量损失率低。果实的营养品质较感官品质在较高的货架温度下损失率更高。因此,适宜的低温贮藏及货架温度可有效保持果实的感官及营养品质。     

北京地区鲜食番茄品种筛选试验

为了筛选出更多适宜北京地区种植的品质好、产量高、抗番茄黄化曲叶病毒病（TY）的鲜食番茄品种,搜集了 10 个品种进行试种,调查了各品种的植株长势、抗病性、果实性状及产量,检测了果实的可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、维生素 C、有机酸等的含量,并邀请消费者对各品种进行感官评价。结果显示：京采 8 号、甜脆脆 2 号、嘎啦果 2 号等品种品质好、产量高且抗病性较好,可作为北京地区鲜食番茄的主推品种。     

不同形态锰对番茄产量及品质的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了复混肥中分别添加硫酸锰(MnSO4)、氨基酸螯合锰(Mn-AA)和EDTA螯合锰(Mn-EDTA)对番茄产量和品质的影响。结果表明,肥料中添加3中不同形态锰均可提高番茄的产量和品质,其中,添加Mn-AA对提高番茄品质最有效,可提高果实维生素C含量、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性蛋白质含量和游离氨基酸含量,降低可滴定酸含量,提高果实的糖酸比。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.