珍禽贵妃鸡自别雌雄系的选育——二世代慢羽公鸡的测交试验

针对贵妃鸡在国内外珍禽市场上不可估量的发展前景,为了选育出贵妃鸡自别雌雄配套系,本研究根据伴性遗传基因的遗传原理和羽速基因的遗传特点,采用现代家禽育种方法对贵妃鸡第二世代表型慢羽公鸡进行了测交试验。采用人工授精,所产种蛋分别孵化。其中用13只表型为慢羽公鸡,与52只快羽母鸡组成第1类测交试验,结果每只公鸡的后代中都有快羽雏出现,且快慢羽比例几乎为1:1(217:232);由20只表型慢羽公鸡与80只慢羽母鸡组成的第2类测交试验,结果每只公鸡的后代中,也都有快羽雏出现,而且快慢羽比例几乎接近1:3(197:520)。可见,所用的33只公鸡经测交证明全为杂合体,同时表明两个不同质量性状测交结果完全符合孟德尔遗传定律。     

抑制芳香化酶活性对母鸡性腺分化和性行为的影响

为研究雌激素在鸡性腺和性行为分化过程中的作用,本试验在受精蛋孵化第3天气室注入100μL生理盐水或芳香化酶抑制剂(AI),出雏后常规饲养到8月龄性成熟,观察其性行为的表现,检测性腺结构和血清性激素水平.结果发现,AI处理获得的性反转母鸡出现雄性第二性征和雄性交配行为,性腺形态和组织学检查结果表明其性腺得到了不同程度的反转(1)完全反转母鸡右侧性腺发育成为睾丸,而左侧性腺出现不同程度的反转.两侧性腺均出现精细管结构,管径较正常窄,发育不完整,精细管内大量分布生殖细胞,右侧性腺的间质较左侧发达;(2)不完全反转母鸡的右侧性腺退化,左侧仍为完整卵巢.血清中雌二醇(E2)含量为不完全反转母鸡＞正常母鸡＞完全反转母鸡＞正常公鸡;睾酮(T)含量为完全反转母鸡＞不完全反转母鸡＞正常公鸡＞正常母鸡,雄性交配频率与血清T/E2的比值呈正相关.以上结果表明,在性分化前用AI阻断雌激素的合成可引起雌性性腺结构和激素分泌功能及性行为雄性化,而血清T和E2含量及其比值决定了性反转母鸡雄性交配行为的频率和强度.     

金湖乌凤鸡体重与体尺相关及回归分析

为了分析金湖乌凤鸡体重与体尺的相关性,选取120日龄公母鸡各100羽进行测定和分析,结果表明:公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸深、胫长、胫围指标极显著大于母鸡(P＜0.01),公鸡的胸角极显著小于母鸡(P＜0.01).公鸡的体重、胸宽、胸深及母鸡体重、胸宽变异系数均大于10％,体尺其他性状指标均小于10％.公鸡体重...     

拜城油鸡与良凤花鸡杂交后代(F3A型)屠宰性能及肉品质分析

利用拜城油鸡公鸡与良凤花母鸡杂交一代(F_1),再利用拜城油鸡的公鸡与F_1中的青脚母鸡级进杂交,得到F_2代,选取F_2代的青脚母鸡与F_2代的高脚公鸡进行横交,得到油麻鸡F_3A型,测定其公、母鸡的屠宰性能与肉品质指标。结果表明:F_3A型公、母鸡的屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率分别比拜城油鸡公、母鸡提高6.73%(P<0.01)、5.8%(P<0.05)、2.82%(P>0.05)和4.42%(P<0.05)、4.22%(P<0.05)、1.65%(P>0.05);公、母鸡胸肌肉色分别比良凤花鸡提高7.31和11.08,公、母鸡腿肌肉色比良凤花鸡提高21.23和16.88;公、母鸡胸肌滴水损失分别比良凤花鸡提高1.26%(P<0.01)和4.73%(P<0.01)。拜城油鸡与良凤花鸡杂交后,杂交后代的屠宰性能有明显改善,肉品质指标亦有相应变化。     

Assessing the productivity of indigenous chickens in an extensive management system in southern Nyanza, Kenya

The present study was conducted to assess the performance of indigenous chickens under extensive system in southern Nyanza, Kenya. The study was carried out in two phases in Komolorume and Kawere villages in Rongo and Rachuonyo districts, respectively. The first phase was a cross-sectional study in 81 farms selected by cluster sampling to get the overview of the indigenous chicken production. A four-month prospective longitudinal study in 60 farms randomly selected from the previous 81 farms followed. Mean flock sizes per household were 20 and 18 birds in Komolorume and Kawere, respectively. Overall mean flock size was 19 birds ranging from 1to 64. The mean clutch size, egg weight and hatchability were 12 eggs, 48 g and 81% respectively in Komolorume and 10 eggs, 45 g and 70%, respectively, in Kawere. The chick survival rates to the age of eight weeks were 13% and 10% in Komolorume and Kawere, respectively. Mean live weights for cocks and hens were 2096 g and 1599 g in Komolorume and 2071 g and 1482 g in Kawere, respectively. The mean household cock to hen ratio was 2:5 and 2:4 for Komolorume and Kawere, respectively. The mean chick to grower to adult ratio per household was 8: 6:6 in Komolorume and 8:4:6 in Kawere. Clutch sizes and hatchability rates were significantly higher in Komolorume village (P?<?0.5). The productivity of the indigenous chickens was shown to be low compared to that of the improved chickens in other parts of the world.     

西藏藏鸡生长曲线拟合及分析

为探究西藏藏鸡早期的生长发育规律,本研究采用Logistic、Bertalanffy和Gompertz非线性模型对公、母鸡从出生到24周龄的体重进行拟合分析。结果显示:3种生长曲线模型的拟合度均能达到0.99以上;进一步从统计和生物学意义角度评价3种模型发现,Gompertz模型拟合效果最好;Gompertz方程拟合公鸡和母鸡的生长拐点周龄分别为10.28周和10.65周;公鸡的拐点体重、最大周增重和最大体重分别为577.20、80.81、1569 g,母鸡分别为465.80、55.90、1266.18 g。研究表明3种模型对西藏藏鸡生长曲线的拟合和分析是可行的,可为管理藏鸡生长发育关键点提供参考。     

清远麻鸡1～120日龄生长期钙磷动态沉积规律研究

本试验旨在研究清远麻鸡钙磷沉积规律，为钙磷动态需要量的建立提供模型依据。选取1日龄清远麻鸡840只（公母各420只），分为公母2组，每组6个重复，每个重复70只鸡。试验期共120 d，分为4个生长阶段（1～30日龄、31～60日龄、61～90日龄和91～120日龄）。从1日龄起，每10 d以重复为单位取中位数体重的鸡称重、屠宰并全胴体粉碎。结果表明：1）相比Logistic和Richards模型，Gompertz模型对清远麻鸡钙磷沉积量的回归拟合最优。2）相同日龄，公鸡钙磷沉积量和沉积速率显著高于母鸡（P<0.05）。3）钙磷按照比例（1.4∶1～1.8∶1）进行沉积。4）公鸡钙、磷最大沉积量分别为19.52和12.28 g，最大沉积量钙磷比为1.59；母鸡钙、磷最大沉积量分别为14.77和9.02 g，最大沉积量钙磷比为1.63。5）钙磷沉积速率随日龄增长先增后减，钙沉积速率拐点日龄分别为公鸡58日龄（0.194 g/d）、母鸡54日龄（0.147 g/d），磷沉积速率拐点日龄分别为公鸡53日龄（0.131 g/d）、母鸡54日龄（0.086 g/d）；钙磷最大沉积速率比，公鸡...     

种用公鸡繁殖期饲料配方筛选

选取３０周龄体重相傧伊莎褐蛋白用型父母代种公鸡５４只，种母鸡５７６只，种母鸡饲喂同一产蛋鸡料，种公鸡分别饲喂３种日粮：１号料含蛋白质１８％、赖氨酸０．９２％，含硫氨基酸０．６６％，钙３．６％；２号料蛋白质１３．２％，赖氨酸０．５９％、含硫氨基酸０．４６％、钙１．０％，３号料中配以专用维纱－微量元素预混料。     

SPAG6基因多态性对种公鸡精液品质和性发育相关性状的影响

本研究旨在筛选北京油鸡SPAG6基因的SNPs位点,探讨其与种公鸡精液品质和性发育相关性状之间的关系。选择89只35周龄北京油鸡种公鸡,采用质谱SNP技术进行基因分型,利用Phase软件和Haploview软件进行单倍型分析并构建线性模型,对单个位点、单倍型与精液品质和性发育相关性状进行关联分析。结果表明:SPAG6基因内含子区域共有5个SNPs,其中C29756T和T23041C与精液量、精子活率和精子畸形率显著相关(P0.05);不同单倍型组合与精液量、精子畸形率显著相关(P0.05);H4H4单倍型组合精液量显著高于H2H3和H3H3组合(P0.05),精子畸形率显著低于H2H3和H3H3等组合(P0.05)。综合分析,SPAG6基因是影响鸡精液品质的候选基因;其单个位点SNP突变C29756T、T23041C和H4H4单倍型组合可作为高精液品质鸡群选择的分子标记。     

云南屏边大围山微型鸡肉品质的研究

试验选用14周龄云南屏边大围山微型鸡公母各10只,对其肉品质物理特性指标进行测定分析。结果显示,公鸡、母鸡腿肌的系水率、嫩度、多汁性、红度（a值）、pH及肌纤维密度均显著高于胸肌,而公鸡、母鸡腿肌的剪切力、蒸煮损失和贮藏损失、亮度（L值）、肌纤维直径与胸肌相比显著降低;相同部位不同性别间比较结果显示,公鸡胸肌与腿肌的剪切力、肌纤维直径、胸肌贮藏损失显著高于母鸡,而母鸡胸肌与腿肌的嫩度和肌纤维密度均比公鸡的高。综合对剪切力、蒸煮损失、贮藏损失、系水率、嫩度、多汁性、风味和总体口感等指标分析,公鸡、母鸡腿肌的肉质高于胸肌,母鸡肉质高于公鸡。     

The Correlative Analysis between Body Size and Slaughter Traits in Wei-ning Chickens

It aimed to investigate the sex differences and correlation of body size and slaughter traits in Wei-ning chicken,the research measured the body size and slaughter traits of 65 Wei-ning chicken(♀:33;♂:32 ) at the age of 180 days according to the nation livestock body size and slaughter measurement standards,and analysis on the correlative between body size and slaughter traits.The results showed that the lean body length was significant difference in the different sex chicken groups (P< 0.05 ),and the cocks were higher than hens,the comb hight and keel bone length of cocks were extremely significant higher than hens (P< 0.01 ).All of the body size and slaughter trait showed difference between cocks and hens,moreover,the Wei-ning chicken also showed excellent appearance,hold the strong body constitution character,good meat performance and adaptability for other native chickens,the body constitution and meat performance of cocks were better than hens.Besides,the different body size,most of slaughter traits and between body size and slaughter traits were positively correlaton,and most of indexes showed the significant or extremely significant correlation levels (P< 0.05;P< 0.01),these data would be crucial insight for the breeding,especial early breeding of Wei-ning chicken.     

Feeding motivation on the incidence of floor eggs and extraneously calcified eggs laid by broiler breeder hens

1. Commercial broiler breeder hens lay many eggs on the floor rather than in nest boxes provided. A study was conducted to determine whether feeding feed-restricted broiler breeder hens during the sitting phase of nesting results in a higher incidence of floor eggs and/or retained eggs. 2. Sixty broiler breeder females (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to 6 deep litter pens containing 10 nest-boxes. At 35 weeks of age and for 9 weeks, feed was distributed to all pens at lights-on every second day (fed normally, FN). On alternate days (feeding delay, FD), feed was distributed when 2-3 hens/pen were sitting in a nest box. Behaviour was sampled at 41 weeks of age, for 26 d. Eggs and egg location data were collected daily, and eggs were scored for extra-cuticular calcium. 3. Of 81 instances in which the hen was sitting firmly in a nest box at the time of feeding, on 80 instances the hen left the nest-box to feed, and on one instance the hen laid her egg then exited to the feeder. Of these 80 instances, on 58 occasions the hen returned to a nest-box to lay her egg; on 12 the hen returned to the nest-box but laid no egg; on 7 the hen did not return to the nest box and laid no egg; and on three the hen laid her egg on the floor. 4. Mean floor egg percentage was 13·3 ± 3·2% on FN and 13·3 ± 4·7% on FD days; these did not differ significantly. 5. The mean extra-cuticular calcium score over all pens was 0·9 ± 0·06 on FN days and 1·2 ± 0·06 on FD days; these differed significantly. 6. In conclusion, feeding broiler breeder hens during nesting results in a conflict between feeding and nesting motivation and higher numbers of extraneously calcified eggs, but does not result in a significant increase in floor eggs even though nesting hens will leave the nest box for food.     

商品乌骨鸡生长性能测定

目的：为了开发商品乌骨鸡的经济价值和遗传潜能，对商品乌骨鸡进行选育时可以针对公鸡和母鸡的质量特性及屠宰性能进行性状选择，以达到快速提高商品乌骨鸡体重的目的。方法：用单因素试验对公鸡和母鸡性能进行测定并比较。结果：在相同饲养条件下，公鸡生长速度比母鸡快，屠宰性能公鸡总优于母鸡。结论：商品乌骨鸡进行选育时可以侧重于公鸡，从而迅速提高乌骨鸡质量，以满足消费者对乌骨鸡的迫切需要。     

威宁鸡体尺与屠宰性状间的相关性研究

试验旨在揭示威宁鸡体尺和屠宰性状的性别差异情况及体尺与屠宰指标间的相关性,参照中国家禽体尺和屠宰性状测定标准对65只(♀:33;♂:32)180日龄公、母威宁鸡的体尺和屠宰性状进行测定和分析。结果发现,威宁鸡体斜长在公、母鸡之间呈现显著差异,公鸡显著高于母鸡(P< 0.05);冠高和胫长公鸡极显著高于母鸡(P< 0.01),体尺和屠宰性状均呈性别差异,较国内其他地方鸡种,威宁鸡表现出了优异的体形外貌特征,体质健壮,肉用性能好,抗逆性强,其中,公鸡较母鸡表现为体形结构大,肉用性能更佳;另外,威宁鸡各体尺性状、多数屠宰性状及多数体尺与屠宰性状间均呈正相关关系,且多数指标间达到了显著或极显著水平(P< 0.05;P< 0.01),这对今后威宁鸡的选育尤其是早期选育具有重要参考意义。     

广西麻鸡屠宰性能和肉品质研究

为了对广西麻鸡进行产品开发和品种改良,本研究选择在相同营养水平和饲养管理条件下的30只120日龄广西麻鸡（公、母各半）进行屠宰试验和肉质分析,测定其屠宰性能,肌肉中氨基酸、肌苷酸以及脂肪酸含量。结果显示,公、母鸡屠宰率分别为90.15%和92.57%,全净膛率为69.12%和68.08%;公、母鸡的胸肌和腿肌中氨基酸总量分别为20.37、18.40及21.30、18.44 g/100 g;公、母鸡的胸肌和腿肌必需氨基酸/总氨基酸（EAA/TAA）分别为39.32%、42.33%及42.72%、43.06%,必需氨基酸指数（EAAI）分别为84.33、88.82及90.44、90.77;胸肌的鲜味、甜味、支链氨基酸和肌苷酸含量分别比腿肌多0.85 g/100 g、0.42 g/100 g、0.56 g/100 g和1.55 mg/g,母鸡甜味氨基酸比公鸡多0.40 g/100 g;广西麻鸡肌肉第一限制性氨基酸为蛋氨酸+胱氨酸;肌肉的不饱和脂肪酸主要由油酸和亚油酸组成,饱和脂肪酸主要由棕榈酸和硬脂酸组成;腿肌多不饱和脂肪酸和必需脂肪酸相对含量均比胸肌高,母鸡较公鸡高。综合分析表明,广西麻鸡具备优质地方肉鸡的良好产肉性能,风味佳,营养价值高,母鸡的营养优于公鸡。     

Study on Slaughter Performance and Meat Quality of Guangxi Partridge Chickens

In order to develop product and improve breeding for Guangxi partridge chickens,the slaughter performance,amino acids,inosine acid and fatty acids contents in muscle were measured and evaluated for Guangxi partridge chickens at 120 days old,which were raised at same nutrition level and management. Carcass traits and meat characteristics were evaluated. The results were showed that the dressing percentage and eviscerated yield percentage of cocks and hens were 90.15%,92.57% and 69.12%, 68.08%,respectively. The total amino acids in the breast and leg muscles of cocks and hens were 20.37,18.40 and 21.30, 18.44 g/100 g,respectively. The ratio of essential amino acids to total amino acids in breast and leg muscles of cocks and hens were 39.32%,42.33% and 42.72%, 43.06%,respectively,and essential amino acid index (EAAI) were 84.33,88.82 and 90.44, 90.77,respectively. The content of delicious,sweet,branched chain amino acids and inosinic acid in breast muscle were 0.85 g/100 g,0.42 g/100 g,0.56 g/100 g and 1.55 mg/g higher than that in leg muscle,respectively,and the content of sweet amino acids in hens was 0.40 g/100 g more than that in cocks. The first limiting amino acid was Met+Cys in muscle of Guangxi partridge chickens. Oleic acid and linoleic acid were mainly components of unsaturated fatty acids in muscle,palmitic acid and stearic acid were mainly components of saturated fatty acids in muscle. The relative content of polyunsaturated fatty acids and essential fatty acids in leg muscle were higher than that in breast muscle, and their contents in hens were more than that in cocks. All these showed that the Guangxi partridge chickens had good meat production,flavor and high nutrition value,meanwhile the nutritional values in hens were superior than that in cocks.     

大豆黄酮对肉种鸡产蛋和繁殖性能的影响

本试验旨在探索添加大豆黄酮后对肉种鸡产蛋和繁殖性能的影响。选取43周龄体况接近一致(体重、产蛋率)的肉种鸡S2系母鸡240只,随机分成4组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只:选取1组作为对照组,饲喂无大豆黄酮的基础饲粮,其余3组分别在基础饲粮基础上添加5、10、20 mg/kg大豆黄酮。再挑选20只强健的S2系公鸡采集精液,混精对试验鸡进行人工授精,试验期为15周。结果表明:与对照组相比,1)添加大豆黄酮对S2系母鸡体增重、采食量及死亡率无显著影响(P0.05)。2)添加大豆黄酮后能显著提高产蛋率(P0.05),其中10 mg/kg组产蛋率提高了4.1%(P0.05),日产蛋量提高了3.5%(P0.05),为3组最佳。5、10 mg/kg组料蛋比分别降低了8.0%和11.2%(P0.05)。3)10 mg/kg组受精率、孵化率和健雏率分别提高了13.1%、20.5%和5.8%(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加大豆黄酮能显著影响肉种鸡产蛋和繁殖性能,其中10 mg/kg组综合效果最佳。     

邵伯鸡屠宰性能测定及肌肉品质分析

利用90日龄的邵伯鸡商品代肉鸡进行屠宰性能测定和肌肉品质分析.结果显示,90日龄公母平均活重分别为1552.5克和1230.9克;屠宰率分别为89.71%和88.70%;半净膛率分别为83.31%和79.95%;全净膛率分别为71.36%和68.99%.邵伯鸡的胸肌和腿肌的pH值在宰后45分钟时,接近7,呈弱酸性.腿肌的肉色都较胸肌深(P＜0.05).胸肌嫩度显著地优于腿肌(P＜0.01),而在性别间胸腿肌的嫩度差异不显著(P＞0.05).在肌肉品质的化学性状方面,胸腿肌水分含量差异不显著(P＞0.05).胸腿肌的粗脂肪平均含量分别为1.95%和2.49%,胸肌显著低于腿肌(P＜0.01)并且在不同性别间表现为母鸡显著地高于公鸡(P＜0.01).胸腿肌的粗蛋白含量分别为25.6%和24.2%,差异都不显著(P＞0.05).腿肌干物质含量低于胸肌,灰份含量胸肌高于腿肌,但差异均不显著(P＞0.05).     

Evidence of sperm storage in the female ostrich

OBJECTIVE: To determine the length of time following mating that fertile eggs can be laid by an ostrich (Struthio camelus). DESIGN: A clinical reproductive problem in a pair of breeding ostriches provided the opportunity to mate the birds at intervals of 5 to 8 days and assess the fertility of the eggs laid. PROCEDURE: Following prolapse of the phallus of the male ostrich during the breeding season, the pair were immediately separated. The hen was reintroduced to the cock at intervals of 5 to 8 days over a 6 week period for supervised mating. Records were kept of dates of mating and laying, number of eggs laid, egg weights, and fertility determined by candling after 2 weeks incubation. RESULTS: Over the 6 week period, 10 eggs were laid, of which 8 were fertile and 2 infertile. Fertile eggs weighed 1020 to 1285 g (mean 1143). The two infertile eggs weighed 1160 and 925 g. Six fertile eggs were laid 2 to 7 days after mating. The remaining two fertile eggs were laid the same days that mating occurred, suggesting that fertilization resulted from the last matings 5 and 8 days previously, or from earlier matings. CONCLUSION: Sperm storage occurs in ostrich hens and fertile eggs can be laid for at least 5 to 8 days after copulation. Further studies are required to demonstrate the maximum period during which stored sperm are capable of successful fertilization.     

Serum agglutinin titers against somatic and flagellar antigens of Campylobacter jejuni and isolation of Campylobacter spp in chickens

From June 1983 to June 1984, two hundred twenty-five 3- to 30-month-old chickens (hens) on 10 different farms were examined for Campylobacter spp. Watering trays and fly vectors also were examined for Campylobacter spp on 6 of the 10 farms. Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from fecal specimens from 64 hens (28.4%), C coli was isolated from 6 hens (2.7%), and C laridis was isolated from 9 hens (4%). The isolation rate of C jejuni was 6.7% to 46.7% for 9 of the 10 farms. On 2 farms, agglutinin titers greater than or equal to 1:40 against somatic and flagellar antigen of C jejuni were detected in hens from which the bacteria were isolated. Hens having titers greater than or equal to 1:40 against C jejuni or hens from which C jejuni had been isolated often occupied adjacent pens. Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from a watering tray on 1 farm and from fly vectors on 2 farms.