印楝素0.3%乳油的配方优化及田间防效研究

本研究以印楝素为有效成分,松脂基植物油为溶剂,配制了印楝素0.3%乳油。通过对乳化剂、稳定剂等的筛选,优化配方,获得了各项质量控制技术指标合格的印楝素0.3%乳油。田间药效试验结果表明:药后14d,该制剂800倍液对苹果黄蚜的若蚜、成蚜有较好的防治效果,而对苹果黄蚜的天敌瓢虫的成虫、卵、幼虫、蛹以及其他有益生物无害。     

48%毒死蜱乳油苗木消毒处理防治苹果绵蚜

有效的灭虫处理技术是防止苹果绵蚜进一步扩散危害的重要手段。本试验用48%毒死蜱处理带虫苹果枝条和幼苗以及冷藏处理带虫苹果果实,结果表明:接穗和幼苗分别经48%毒死蜱乳油1 500倍液浸泡处理10 s和30 s,48 h后可完全杀灭其上苹果绵蚜,且安全可靠;而带虫果经低温(3℃)冷藏处理40 d后仍不能完全杀灭果实内的苹果绵蚜。     

木醋液处理对绿豆萌发及抗蚜作用初步研究

为明确木醋液对绿豆萌发及寄主抗蚜作用的影响, 探讨木醋液作为植物生长调节剂和生物源农药的应用潜力, 本试验将木醋液原液稀释为500?1 000?2 000?3 000倍和5 000倍5个浓度, 通过浸种催芽法分析木醋液对绿豆种子萌发和抗氧化指标的影响, 同时用不同浓度木醋液浸泡的脱脂棉包裹绿豆苗根部模仿灌根, 在培养皿中接种蚜虫, 分析蚜虫繁殖力和存活率等抗虫指标?结果表明, 5 000倍稀释液能显著促进绿豆苗芽和根的生长, 处理后7 d, 根长和芽长较未处理对照显著增加19.65%和33.74%, 500?1 000?2 000倍稀释液处理的种子其发芽率?发芽势?芽长和根长与未处理对照相比显著降低?经5 000倍稀释液浸种和包裹根部的幼苗第二对真叶展开时, 叶片中的CAT活性显著增加了11.54%, MDA的含量显著减少了54.19%, 蛋白质含量显著增加了14.40%?500倍稀释液处理5 d的蚜虫存活率与对照相比显著降低了33.33%; 2 000倍稀释液处理后蚜虫7 d内繁殖力显著提高了41.53%; 5 000倍稀释液对蚜虫存活率?繁殖力无显著影响?综上, 较高浓度的木醋液处理的绿豆苗喂食蚜虫可降低蚜虫存活率和繁殖力, 但同时也抑制绿豆的萌发和幼苗生长, 较低浓度木醋液促进绿豆萌发和幼苗生长, 但是对寄主抗蚜性影响不显著?     

3种新型杀虫剂对苹果黄蚜的毒力效果评价

采用浸叶法在室内测定了3种药剂对苹果黄蚜的毒力,并在田间进行了防治试验。室内毒力测定结果表明:供试3种新型药剂中,双丙环虫酯和氟吡呋喃酮对苹果黄蚜的毒力较高,LC₅₀分别为3.16 mg/L和23.58 mg/L,三氟苯嘧啶毒力较低,LC₅₀为329.92 mg/L。田间试验结果表明:3种药剂对苹果黄蚜均有较好的速效性和持效性。17%氟吡呋喃酮可溶液剂和10%三氟苯嘧啶悬浮剂各处理3～7 d防效为82.19%～93.45%,药后30 d防效达到78.91%～87.92%;50 g/L双丙环虫酯可分散液剂2.5 mg/kg和4.2 mg/kg处理药后3～7 d防效为94.64%～97.04%,药后21 d防效仍可达88%以上。因此,3种新型药剂均可以用于防治苹果黄蚜,田间使用时推荐有效成分用量为双丙环虫酯2.5～4.2 mg/kg,氟吡呋喃酮113～170 mg/kg,三氟苯嘧啶28～80 mg/kg。     

3种喷雾助剂对呋虫胺防治苹果黄蚜的增效作用

采用室内毒力测定、助剂润湿铺展性能和田间效果评价研究了3种功能助剂NF-100、GY-T1602和迈道对呋虫胺防治苹果黄蚜的减施增效作用。结果表明,NF-100、GY-T1602和迈道3种助剂均未能提高呋虫胺对苹果黄蚜的毒力;20%呋虫胺SG 1 110～5 000倍液中分别添加0.1%NF-100、0.5%GY-T1602和0.3%迈道,表面张力降低6.97～37.44 mN/m、静态接触角降低10.58°～48.67°、黏附张力增加2.32～21.71 mN/m; 20%呋虫胺SG(有效成分用量32 mg/kg)减量处理添加3种助剂药后3～15 d对苹果黄蚜田间防效达90.83%～99.33%,其中添加NF-100和GY-T1602药后15 d防效均显著高于添加迈道处理及20%呋虫胺SG(40 mg/kg)未减量处理。因此,喷雾助剂NF-100和GY-T1602可显著改善呋虫胺药液的润湿铺展性能,减少呋虫胺有效成分用量20%,对苹果黄蚜仍有较高防效、且持效期延长。     

灭蚜菌对四种果树蚜虫的防效试验研究

１９９２～１９９３年室内试验，用灭蚜菌１５０倍液喷雾防治桃粉蚜、石榴上棉蚜、桃蚜和２００倍液防治苹果黄蚜，２４小时的防治效果分别为９７％、６６．８％、８４％和９２％。田间小区试验用１００、１５０和２００倍液防治苹果黄蚜，２４小时防治效果均在９９％，但９６小时后２００倍液防治区的蚜虫数量即迅速增加。大田防治示范果园分别用２００、４００和６００倍灭蚜菌防治苹果黄蚜２４小时后防效均在９４．９％～９８．１％，１０天后虫口均未见增长，而未喷灭蚜菌的对照树，黄蚜数量增加了４．７４倍     

芽胞杆菌SM905的鉴定及其对铁皮石斛胶孢炭疽菌的抑菌活性研究

芽胞杆菌Bacillus sp.SM905是本实验室分离并保存的一株活性细菌，为进一步明确其分类地位及其对铁皮石斛胶孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides的抑菌活性，利用形态学、生理生化特性及16S rDNA和gyrB序列分析对SM905进行种属鉴定；采用菌丝生长速率法、插片法和琼脂平板法测定了不同浓度的SM905发酵上清液对靶标菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的影响；并通过盆栽试验考察其防效。结果表明，SM905为贝莱斯芽胞杆菌Bacillus velezensis。不同稀释倍数的SM905发酵上清液对胶孢炭疽菌均有一定的抑制作用，其中5倍稀释液对菌丝生长的抑制率最高，为97.89%，20倍稀释液的抑制率也达90%左右。处理组残留胶孢炭疽菌气生菌丝表现为畸形、空洞、色素积累等，基内菌丝产生大量的分生孢子。SM905发酵上清液不影响胶孢炭疽菌孢子的萌发率，但是导致萌发后的菌丝生长稀疏、膨大。盆栽试验结果表明，SM905粉剂100倍液间隔7 d喷施2次对铁皮石斛炭疽病的防效为80.74%，优于10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂800倍液。本研究表明，芽胞杆菌SM905可以作为铁皮石斛炭疽病生物防治用生防菌，具有良好的应用前景。     

七株植物内生放线菌对苹果树腐烂病的防治作用

通过分生孢子萌发试验、菌丝抑制试验、接种离体枝条试验及田间病斑涂抹药剂防治试验,研究了7株植物内生放线菌对苹果树腐烂病的防治效果。结果表明,7株植物内生放线菌无菌发酵滤液对病原菌分生孢子萌发及菌丝生长均有明显的抑制作用,2倍稀释液对孢子萌发抑制率均达85%以上,20倍稀释液对菌丝生长抑制率均达80%以上。显微观察发现,Hhs.015 (BAR1-5)菌株无菌发酵滤液可导致病菌芽管、菌丝畸形。在人工接种条件下,无菌发酵滤液原液对离体枝条病斑扩展具有明显的抑制作用,其中AR1-14、Hhs.015 (BAR1-5)和TGYXCSA-7处理5天后防治效果分别达83.2%、69.7%和85.6%。田间刮除病斑后涂抹放线菌发酵原液也可明显抑制病斑复发,防效均达80%以上。     

灭蚜菌对四种果树蚜虫的防效试验研究

１９９２－１９９３年室内试验，用灭蚜菌１５０倍液喷雾防治桃粉蚜、石榴上棉蚜、桃蚜和２００倍液防治苹果黄蚜，２４小时的防治效果分别为９７％、６６．８５、８４％和９２％。田间小区试验用１００、１５０和２００倍液防治苹果黄蚜，２４小时治效果均在９９％，但９６小时后２００倍液防治区的蚜虫数量即迅速增加。从田防防治示范果园分别用２００、４００和６００倍灭蚜菌防治苹果黄蚜２４小时后效均在９４．９％－９８．１％     

3种果树蚜虫有效防治药剂及剂量筛选

本文针对杏瘤蚜、梨二叉蚜和苹果黄蚜3种主要果树蚜虫,选取2种新型杀虫剂50%氟啶虫胺腈WG和240g/L螺虫乙酯SC以及2种常用杀虫剂70%吡虫啉WG和20%啶虫脒WG,采用常规喷雾法比较了不同药剂、不同用药剂量的田间防治效果和持效性。结果表明,在杏瘤蚜和梨二叉蚜发生期,使用50%氟啶虫胺腈WG 41.67、55.56、83.33mg/L,240g/L螺虫乙酯SC 28.00、56.00mg/L,70%吡虫啉WG 35.00、70.00mg/L和20%啶虫脒WG 33.33、50.00mg/L喷雾处理,药后7、14和21d防治效果均在86.21%以上,具有良好的防治效果和持效性。在苹果黄蚜发生期,70%吡虫啉WG和20%啶虫脒WG药后7d防治效果较好,14d和21d的防治效果远低于7d的防效,持效性较差;50%氟啶虫胺腈WG 41.67 mg/L处理与70%吡虫啉WG和20%啶虫脒WG表现相似;而50%氟啶虫胺腈WG 55.56、83.33mg/L和240g/L螺虫乙酯SC 28.00、56.00mg/L在7、14和21d防治效果分别在97.24%、92.44%和75.42%以上,表现良好的防治效果和持效性。综合分析认为,杏瘤蚜和梨二叉蚜对4种药剂均具有较高的敏感性,而70%吡虫啉WG和20%啶虫脒WG在田间对苹果黄蚜已表现出防效下降和持效期缩短的现象。据此推荐在杏瘤蚜和梨二叉蚜成蚜发生期,使用50%氟啶虫胺腈WG、240g/L螺虫乙酯SC、70%吡虫啉WG、20%啶虫脒WG,分别以有效成分用量41.67、28.00、35.00、33.33mg/L进行常规喷雾处理。在苹果黄蚜成蚜发生期,使用50%氟啶虫胺腈WG 55.56mg/L和240g/L螺虫乙酯SC 28.00mg/L进行常规喷雾处理,可有效控制3种蚜虫为害。     

3种植物次生物质对金银花蚜虫的活性测定及防效评价

为明确反式-2-己烯醛、牛至油和百里香油对金银花蚜虫的生物活性及橙皮精油、有机硅对这3种药剂杀蚜活性的增效作用,本研究以金银花蚜虫的优势种胡萝卜微管蚜为试虫,采用浸虫浸叶法和叶面喷雾法进行生物活性测定及防效评价。室内测定结果显示百里香油毒力最高,LC 50为1.793 mg/L,添加橙皮精油、有机硅对供试药剂杀蚜活性均有提高,其中反式-2-己烯醛、牛至油、百里香油与有机硅组合有明显增效作用,毒力系数为1.80、1.48、1.45。田间试验结果表明常规施药后百里香油校正防效最高,施药7 d后3种药剂防治效果均高于对照组;3种药剂减量20%添加有机硅处理施药1 d后防治效果提高约10%,施药4 d后防治效果均高于对照组,施药14 d后防治效果达98%。综上,百里香油对胡萝卜微管蚜的毒力和防治效果最高,3种药剂结合有机硅使用减量增效作用明显,具有进一步开发的潜力。     

The efficacy of a petroleum spray oil against Aphis gossypii Glover on cotton. Part 2: indirect effects of oil deposits

The primary mode of action of petroleum spray oils (PSOs) on pest insects is through direct contact. Indirect effects are, however, also possible, and deposits of the oils may influence pest populations by killing insects and/or by influencing their behaviour. The indirect effects of deposits of a new nC24 oil against the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, were therefore determined. The effects of oil deposits on the acceptance of cotton as host plant by the aphids were assessed, as well as aphid mortality rates and their success in the establishment of colonies. The efficacy of deposits of a heavier oil (nC27) was also evaluated. Deposits of PSO were toxic to A. gossypii and remained effective until 8 days after spraying. Mortality decreased with time, so that, the older the deposit, the lower was the mortality. Significantly higher aphid mortalities were achieved on younger leaves than on mature ones. Thus, leaf age proved a significant factor in the efficacy of the deposits. Consecutive prophylactic applications (at 9 day intervals) did not have a cumulative effect, and their killing power proved to be independent of one another. Thus, applying the oil prior to aphid infestations would confer only minimal protection. The mortality inflicted by the deposits was not improved by increasing the molecular mass of the oil used (nC27 oil), but the toxic life of the oil deposit was increased. Oil deposits did not deter alates from landing on oil-sprayed plants. Oil deposits did, however, affect subsequent alate and nymphal survival, and thus the establishment of aphid colonies. The impact that the oils could have on the longer-term development of aphid populations in the field was thus demonstrated. First- and second-instar nymphs were the most susceptible life stages, with > 50% mortality compared with < 10% for the other stages. These nymphs did not show the typical signs of oil-induced mortality observed in aphids killed by direct oil applications, which suggests an alternative mode of action to that of the directly applied oil. Anoxia does not seem to be involved in either process, and alternative modes of action of the oil deposits are discussed. The implications of these findings for cotton aphid control are also considered, primarily in relation to the timing and frequency of oil application.     

6种常用杀菌剂对苹果黄蚜及其天敌异色瓢虫的影响

本文研究了有机苹果园常用的6种杀菌剂,包括农抗120、绿乳铜、高锰酸钾、大生M-45、成标和多菌灵对果园重要害虫苹果黄蚜Aphis citricola van derGoot及其天敌异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis Pallas死亡率的影响。结果表明,这6种杀菌剂使用喷雾和浸叶饲喂法对蚜虫的死亡率均有一定的影响,但校正死亡率均小于21%。喷雾处理和二次中毒处理对瓢虫幼虫的死亡率均无显著影响。上述结果说明6种供试杀菌剂的常用浓度对蚜虫有较低的致死率,而对其天敌异色瓢虫则是安全的,因此我们推测上述杀菌剂的常规使用不会对果园昆虫的群落结构造成重大影响。     

球孢白僵菌对斜纹夜蛾高毒菌株筛选与制剂的研发

斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura是一种危害极大的农业害虫,为了探索1条可持续、无污染的新型防治方法,我们通过标准喷塔法从12株球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana中筛选出1株对斜纹夜蛾2龄幼虫高毒力的菌株--球孢白僵菌Bb2860菌株.在喷雾浓度为(2592±275)孢子·mm-2的高浓度下,菌株Bb2860对斜纹夜蛾2龄幼虫在第7d的校正死亡率达82.43%±6.03%.不同制剂的室内生测试验表明,孢子水悬液和2种油剂(分别为不含稳定剂和含有稳定剂)在中浓度319～529孢子·mm-2的喷雾浓度下,7d后对斜纹夜蛾2龄幼虫的累计死亡率分别为54.8%、70.0%和76.7%;菌药协同作用为86.8%.另外,于2009年9月在安徽马鞍山进行自然条件下对花椰菜叶上斜纹夜蛾幼虫的田间小区药效试验.处理9d后,纯菌剂的相对防效为77.64%;低剂量和常规用量5%氟啶脲(抑太保)的相对防效分别为49.02%和89.70%;菌药混用的相对防效为91.13%.本研究显示出利用球孢白僵菌制剂及其与低剂量抑太保混用防治斜纹夜蛾的良好应用前景.     

噻虫嗪对螺旋粉虱的室内毒力与田间药效

以螺旋粉虱为试虫,在室内用叶面喷雾、包柄和浸液法,田间用喷雾、包茎和灌根法,对噻虫嗪杀虫效果进行了评价。结果表明,室内毒力中,药后144 h 3种方法处理对螺旋粉虱若虫的校正死亡率均达到70%以上,且正面喷雾效果略好于浸液法和包柄法。药剂对螺旋粉虱成虫同样具有较高的活性。在田间的药效评估中,药后144 h,500 mg/L的高浓度处理校正虫口减退率均达到73.00%以上,且叶面喷雾的速效性明显高于灌根和涂茎。其中药后24 h的喷雾与灌根和涂茎的效果差距在1~2倍之间,药后120 h灌根和涂茎也分别表现出74.55%和73.66%的良好效果。且从药后72 h虫口回升情况来看,体现了噻虫嗪具有较强的内吸传导性和持效作用。上述结果表明, 噻虫嗪的内吸传导作用最强,其次为触杀活性,并有一定的渗透性,在田间持效期长,在生产中可以根据需要选择使用不同的施药方式和适合的有效剂量以达到最佳防治效果。     

机动弥雾法施用70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂防治小麦蚜虫的雾滴沉积密度与防效的关系

田间采用背负式机动弥雾机对70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂进行喷雾试验,证明若吡虫啉喷雾雾滴在小麦穗部形成一定的沉积密度即可有效防治麦蚜。当70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂用水稀释2 333倍(有效成分300 mg/L),雾滴密度在54,133和280个/cm2条件下,施药7 d后对麦蚜的防治效果分别为83.3% ,88.7%和93.7%;当药剂稀释1 167倍(有效成分600 mg/L),雾滴密度在75,142和291个/cm2条件下,7 d后对麦蚜的防治效果分别为88.1%,94.5%和96.5%。采用背负式机动弥雾机,采用常量150 L/hm2、低浓度(300 mg/L)喷雾时,小麦穗部、旗叶上的雾滴沉积密度分别为177±12,113±8个/cm2,沉积量分别为27.4±6.8,6.6±1.6 ng/cm2,地面流失率为12.8%,7 d后的防治效果为94.0%; 当采用低容量75 L/hm2、高浓度(600 mg/L)喷雾时,小麦穗部、旗叶上的雾滴沉积密度分别为127±13,91±7个/cm2,沉积量分别为29.8±1.2, 6.7±0.6 ng/cm2,地面流失率为10.6%,7 d后的防治效果为93.8%。生产中建议采用吡虫啉低容量75 L/hm2、高浓度600 mg/L喷雾,省工、省水、省时。     

江西双季稻重要病虫害高效防治药剂筛选

为筛选出适宜江西双季稻田常见病虫害的新型高效药剂,选用9种农药进行田间药效试验.结果 表明:9种药剂在中高浓度下对防治对象均可达到较好的效果.其中10％溴氰虫酰胺OD 45 g/hm2(有效成分用量,下同)对早稻田二化螟防效最佳,药后28 d防效达93.22％;30％唑虫酰胺SC 67.5 g/hm2对稻纵卷叶螟防效最...     

Oviposition deterrency and deterrent stability of some oily substances against the pear psylla<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cacopsylla pyri</Emphasis>

Oviposition deterrents have the potential to prevent insect infestations in agroecosystems. In the present study, the level and duration of this behavioral effect was evaluated against pear psylla,Cacopsylla pyri (L.) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), a serious pest of pears in Turkey. The activity of four oily substances — cotton seed oil, fish-liver oil, neem oil and summer oil — was tested against winterform and summerform females of the pest in laboratory and field experiments, in order to determine their oviposition deterrency and stability as deterrents. In the laboratory assays, the initial (3 days after treatments) deterrency of all test materials was 100%. While decreases in initial deterrency started after 1 week for neem oil and after 2 weeks for cotton seed oil, fish-liver oil and summer oil exhibited 100% deterrent activity against winterforms, but not summerforms during the 3-week test period. The last two also exhibited strong oviposition deterrent activity for both forms ofC. pyri females in field trials. A significant reduction in the total number of eggs laid was observed in the field plots. Data showed that summer oil and fish-liver oil are the most promising oviposition deterrents against pear psylla females. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.     

Evaluation of some selective insecticides and their combinations with summer oil for the control of the pear psyllaCacopsylla pyri

A field trial was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of several selective insecticides for the control of pear psyllaCacopsylla pyri (L.) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in two successive years. Three insect growth regulators (IGRs) — diflubenzuron, pyriproxyfen and teflubenzuron, and an amin-hydrazine derivative — amitraz, were evaluated singly and in combination with summer oil (1%). All insecticides were applied at recommended label rates in both years. When compared with the untreated control, all insecticides alone and their combinations with summer oil, except for pyriproxyfen alone, provided control of young (1st and 2nd instars) nymphs. However, combined applications of these insecticides and summer oil were more effective than either insecticide alone for controlling the egg and young nymph stages of the pest. The products were less effective against older (3rd–5th instars) nymphs, even in combination with summer oil, and failed to suppress the population of older nymphs. Adding oil to sprays also delayed oviposition by winterform and summerform females. With the exception of oil with amitraz, combinations of insecticides with summer oil did not cause any phytotoxicity during the study.     

苏云金芽胞杆菌G033A对新发南美番茄潜叶蛾的室内毒力及田间防效

南美番茄潜叶蛾Tuta absoluta（Meyrick）是新近传入我国的一种世界毁灭性番茄害虫,对我国番茄产业的潜在威胁巨大。为有效控制南美番茄潜叶蛾,测定了新型苏云金芽胞杆菌基因工程菌G033A（Bt G033A）对该昆虫的室内毒力及田间防效。结果表明,在室内条件下,以32000 IU/mg Bt G033A WP处理过的番茄叶片饲喂南美番茄潜叶蛾幼虫,其室内毒力效果由高至底依次为4龄幼虫,3龄幼虫,1～2龄幼虫,致死中浓度LC₅₀分别为14.63、15.59和23.17 g/L;浓度在10 g/L及以上时,Bt G033A对南美番茄潜叶蛾各龄幼虫的毒力均较高,处理后96 h（第4 d）校正死亡率均超过90%。在田间条件下,以Bt G033A WP 100倍液（10 g/L）喷雾防治低龄幼虫即有较好的防效,药后第5 d对1龄和2龄幼虫的校正死亡率分别为89.1%和98.0%,药后第7 d对1龄和2龄幼虫的校正死亡率均为100%;并且,与常用的生物杀虫药剂鱼藤酮的防效相当。研究结果对有机蔬菜生产基地新发南美番茄潜叶蛾的有效控制及其综合防控方案制定,具有重要指导意义。