长江三角洲地区典型土壤对镉的吸附及其与有机质、pH和温度的关系

土壤重金属吸附-解吸反应影响重金属的迁移性、生物有效性和潜在毒性,研究土壤重金属的吸附-解吸过程及其机制对土壤污染评价、修复及环境容量预测至关重要。本文研究了长江三角洲地区四种典型土壤对Cd的吸附行为及有机质、pH和温度对土壤Cd吸附的影响,并运用热力学参数K°、ΔG°、ΔH°和ΔS°解释了土壤镉的吸附机制。研究结果表明,在本实验条件下,四种典型土壤镉吸附反应均很好地符合Fre-undlich模型。土壤镉吸附Kf值大小为:滩潮土(石质淡色潮湿雏形土)(238.8dm3kg-1)>乌黄土(底潜铁聚水耕人为土)(115.4dm3kg-1)>青紫泥(普通潜育水耕人为土)(54.40dm3kg-1)>黄泥砂土(铁聚潜育水耕人为土)(10.74dm3kg-1),滩潮土镉吸附Kf是黄泥砂土的24倍。土壤镉吸附量随溶液初始pH和土壤pH升高而增大;去除有机质后的土壤对镉的吸附量降低。吸附反应热力学表明,K°和ΔS°随温度升高而增大,ΔG°随温度升高而降低。ΔG°为负值表明镉吸附反应为自发反应,ΔH°为正值表明土壤镉吸附为吸热反应。     

镉高地质背景区设施栽培对土壤与蔬菜镉积累的影响

为探明镉(Cd)高地质背景区设施蔬菜生产的安全性,在贵州织金县4个设施蔬菜基地(B1、B2、B3、B4)采集设施栽培5年的表层(0～20 cm)与亚表层(20～40 cm)土壤及相应的蔬菜样本,并以附近露天菜田为对照,分析土壤和蔬菜样本中的Cd含量,探讨设施蔬菜栽培对土壤与蔬菜镉积累的影响。结果表明:设施蔬菜栽培加速了土壤酸化与表层土壤的Cd累积,设施菜地与露天菜地表层土壤Cd含量均值分别超出贵州省土壤Cd背景值(0.659 mg kg^-1)的42.6%与22.3%。研究区设施内和露地栽培蔬菜Cd含量均未超标,即使是果实Cd含量最高的设施蔬菜基地B1的番茄其超标指数也只有0.51;生产过程使用的沼渣Cd含量最高,是设施菜地土壤Cd最主要的来源,据估计每亩每年可带入Cd 6.33 g。蔬菜对Cd的吸收量受土壤pH影响大于土壤Cd全量的影响;土壤pH每降低1个单位,蔬菜中Cd的浓度上升0.022 mg kg^-1,为此当地设施蔬菜生产中的镉积累问题应得到足够重视。综上所述,贵州镉高地质背景区设施蔬菜镉积累可防可控,而调控设施菜地土壤pH应是首选的最...     

硒镉交互作用对西葫芦幼苗生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

硒能够缓解镉胁迫对植物产生的毒害。为探明硒(Se)和镉(Cd)交互作用对植物的影响,本研究以西葫芦为材料,采用沙培的方式,研究了不同浓度Se(0.5、2.0和4.0 mg·L^-1)与Cd(0.2、0.4和0.6 mg·kg^-1)交互作用对西葫芦幼苗生长和抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,单一Cd胁迫下,随着Cd浓度的增加,其对西葫芦幼苗的生长和抗氧化酶活性具有一定的促进作用。Se与Cd交互作用对西葫芦幼苗生长和抗氧化酶活性的影响与Se和Cd的浓度有关。不同浓度Se与低中浓度Cd(0.2和0.4 mg·kg^-1)交互作用可使Cd胁迫下西葫芦幼苗苗高、鲜重和干重显著增加,与高浓度Cd(0.6 mg·kg^-1)交互作用却抑制了西葫芦幼苗的生长。与单一Cd胁迫相比,不同浓度Se与0.2 mg·kg^-1Cd交互作用可显著提高西葫芦幼苗SOD和POD活性,不同浓度Se与0.4和0.6 mg·kg^-1Cd交互作用抑制了西葫芦幼苗SOD和POD活性,且Cd浓度越高,差异越明显...     

硅在Cd胁迫下对黄瓜产量和品质的影响

研究石灰性土壤Si对Cd胁迫下黄瓜产量和品质的影响,对实际土壤Cd毒害植物防治具有重要意义。采用盆栽完全随机设计方案,以黄瓜(密刺60)为试验材料,研究Si在Cd胁迫下对黄瓜产量和品质的影响。研究证明,随着Cd浓度的增加,黄瓜株高和鲜重显著降低,还原糖和维生素C含量降低,硝酸盐和果实中Cd含量明显增加。施入Si后,能显著改善黄瓜的产量和品质。当Cd含量为3 mg kg^-1,Si施加量为300 mg kg^-1时,黄瓜株高增加了31.9%。当Cd含量为5 mg kg^-1,Si施加量≥200 mg kg^-1情况下,黄瓜中硝酸盐含量下降21%～37%。Cd含量≤3 mg kg^-1,施Si量200 mg kg^-1时黄瓜中的维生素C含量达到最大值。当Cd含量≤3 mg kg^-1时,100mg kg^-1的Si施加量能使黄瓜果实中的Cd含量降至国家食品安全标准。试验结果可知,在石灰性土壤上,Cd会明显抑制黄瓜的生长,施加硅后可以显著改善Cd毒害,进而提高黄瓜的产量和品质。     

土壤镉污染对卷丹百合生长和镉分布的影响

为探究卷丹百合对镉污染的响应,开展不同镉浓度梯度(2.5、3、3.5、4 mg·kg^-1)的盆栽试验,研究了不同浓度镉污染卷丹百合种球萌发、生长速率、生物量积累、生理响应和各器官镉含量的影响,分析了镉分布规律及各器官镉含量与土壤镉浓度的关系。结果表明：(1)C4(4 mg·kg^-1)镉浓度显著降低卷丹百合发芽率、发芽势、生长速率,C2(3 mg·kg^-1)、C3(3.5 mg·kg^-1)镉浓度分别增加了百合鳞茎生物量的13.84%和38.96%。(2)随土壤镉浓度增加,丙二醛(MDA)的含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈先升后降再升趋势,过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性随镉浓度的增加呈先增后降趋势,C4浓度对SOD、CAT和POD具有抑制作用,对MDA的含量有促进作用。(3)各器官镉含量随土壤镉浓度的增加而增加,同一镉污染下,镉分布规律为地上茎>叶>花>根>鳞茎;与对照相比,各器官镉富集系数均显著下降,地下部转运系数显著上升,而地上部各器官转运系数呈下降趋势。...     

镉和模拟酸雨胁迫对苦楝幼苗镉含量及叶片抗氧化系统的影响

为探讨苦楝在重金属Cd和酸雨的单一及复合胁迫下的生理响应特征,采用人工配置土壤盆栽试验,研究不同浓度Cd(0、30、60、90、120、150、180 mg·kg^-1)和3个梯度模拟酸雨(pH值5.6、4.5、3.5)单一及复合处理对苦楝幼苗生物量、Cd含量及叶片保护性酶[超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)]活性和抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环(AsA-GSH)的影响。结果表明,除低浓度Cd(≤30 mg·kg^-1)单一及其与pH值4.5酸雨复合处理对幼苗地上部、地下部生物量有促进作用外,其他处理均表现出抑制作用,其中复合处理对苦楝幼苗的抑制作用更明显,表现为叠加效应;单一Cd处理时,随着Cd浓度的增加,幼苗根、茎、叶中Cd含量逐渐升高,且根系大于茎叶,复合处理抑制了植物对Cd的积累,对叶片的抑制作用最强;Cd和酸雨单一及复合处理下叶片SOD、CAT和POD活性均有所增加,分别在60 mg·kg^-1 Cd、pH值5.6,60 mg·kg^-1 Cd、pH值4.5和90 mg·...     

生物炭与沸石复配对碱性土壤铅镉有效性的影响

【目的】以生物炭单施及其与沸石复配为钝化剂,研究其对铅镉复合污染碱性土壤理化性质及铅镉有效性的影响,以期用钝化技术为碱性土壤重金属污染原位修复提供理论和实践支持。【方法】以河南某金属冶炼厂附近铅(Pb)镉(Cd)污染的碱性菜地土壤(Pb 227.75 mg kg^-1、Cd 3.38 mg kg^-1)为研究对象,采用盆栽试验,研究生物炭单施及其与沸石复配(生物炭∶沸石=1∶1)不同施入量(0、1%、2.5%、5%)对土壤理化性质、土壤Pb、Cd有效态含量、青菜根和叶中Pb、Cd含量以及青菜富集转运Pb、Cd的影响。【结果】与对照相比,生物炭单施及其与沸石复配处理,使土壤pH提高了0.03～0.17个单位,与对照无显著差异,但显著提高了土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量(P <0.05)。土壤有效态Pb、Cd含量随钝化剂施用量增加呈下降趋势,分别下降了10.69%～32.75%和7.63%～26.72%,相同施用量下复配处理效果优于单施处理。生物炭及其复配沸石促进了青菜生长,降低了青菜Pb的含量,根部和茎叶中Pb的含量比对照分别下降了2...     

土壤pH值与镉含量对水稻产量和不同器官镉累积的影响

为探明水稻产量与镉积累分配对土壤pH值和镉含量的响应,以3个籽粒Cd含量差异明显的晚稻品种(天优华占,TY;星2号,X2;湘晚籼13号,XW)为试验材料,分别于不同pH值稻田研究土壤镉(Cd)含量对水稻产量和不同器官Cd累积的影响,并比较了品种间差异。结果表明,水稻产量因土壤pH值下降而下降,且品种间降幅差异明显,以X2最大(21.72%33.81%),XW最小(3.05%17.71%);添加0.5 mg·kg^-1Cd时水稻减产不显著,但添加1.0 mg·kg^-1Cd时各品种均显著减产,且其降幅与品种和土壤pH值有关,X2和XW在酸化条件下降幅较大,而TY在正常pH条件下降幅较大。植株(整株)Cd含量存在品种间差异,各品种植株Cd含量均随着土壤Cd浓度的提高与土壤pH值的下降而显著提高,且植株Cd含量峰值因土壤酸化而提前。水稻器官间Cd含量依次表现根>茎>穗>叶,各器官Cd含量均随着土壤Cd浓度提高而显著增大,但增大倍数存在器官间差异;品种间器官Cd含量差异明显,营养器官表现为X2>TY>XW,而稻穗表现为TY>X2>XW。水稻各器官及全株Cd累积量均随着土壤Cd浓度提高和土壤pH值降低而显著增大,成熟期累积量表现为茎>穗>根>叶;品种间Cd累积量差异明显,营养器官和整株Cd累积量表现为X2>XW>TY,而穗Cd累积量表现为TY>X2>XW。Cd分配比例一般以茎为最高,叶最低,土壤酸化使茎、叶所占比例增大,根、穗所占比例降低;品种间Cd分配比例存在一定差异,穗Cd所占比例表现为TY>X2>XW。可见,水稻产量与器官间Cd累积分配规律受到土壤Cd含量和pH值的影响显著,同时也具有明显的品种间差异。本研究为不同水稻品种在不同pH值与Cd含量稻田上的应用提供了理论依据。     

镉胁迫对不同基因型玉米生长和镉吸收分配的影响

为比较玉米不同类型及其基因型对重金属镉富集特性的差异,筛选出具有镉(Cd)低积累潜力的玉米品种,通过盆栽模拟试验,研究3种玉米类型(普通玉米、甜性玉米和糯性玉米)的6个基因型(掖单13、郑单-958、苏玉糯-2、沪玉糯-2、金珠蜜超甜和申甜-1)在镉中度污染胁迫(3 mg·kg^-1)与轻度污染胁迫(1 mg·kg^-1)下植株生长及镉吸收分配特征。结果表明,轻度镉胁迫(Cd1)能够促进所有玉米基因型的生长,而中度镉胁迫(Cd3)降低了掖单-13、苏玉糯-2和沪玉糯-2基因型的生物量,同一镉水平下植株的生物量表现为普通玉米>甜玉米>糯玉米。随着土壤镉含量的提高,镉在普通玉米基因型根中的分配量大于甜型玉米和糯型玉米,但同一镉水平下普通玉米茎、叶和籽粒中的镉含量显著低于甜性玉米和糯性玉米。参试6个玉米基因型中普通玉米郑单-958基因型对镉的生物富集和转运能力最小。依据我国食品中污染物限量标准(GB2762-2017)和饲料卫生标准(GB13078-2017),郑单-958基因型在土壤轻度镉污染(Cd1)下籽粒中镉含量为0.083 mg·kg^-1,未超过国家食品安全标准(≤0.1 mg·kg^-1),2个普通玉米基因型和2个甜玉米基因型籽粒中的镉含量在土壤中度(Cd3)、轻度(Cd1)镉污染下均未超过国家饲料卫生标准(≤0.5 mg·kg^-1)。本研究结果为中、轻度镉污染耕地进行玉米安全生产提供了理论依据。     

连续三年施用改良剂对镉污染稻田的修复效果研究

【目的】本研究目的为探讨连续三年施用石灰、生物炭和硅肥对中度镉污染稻田的修复效果。【方法】以湖南省典型双季稻区土壤-水稻系统为研究对象,采用随机区组设计,共设对照(T₁)、施用石灰(T₂)、施用生物炭(T₃)和施用硅肥(T₄)4个处理,分析施用不同改良剂的稻田土壤理化性质和水稻镉含量特征,通过冗余分析与回归分析探究土壤因子对镉在土壤-水稻系统中迁移转运的影响。【结果】相较于T₁处理,T₂处理土壤pH显著增加至6.92±0.05,土壤有效镉降低至0.41±0.09 mg kg^-1;T₃、T₄处理与T₁处理相比,土壤pH、有效镉、活性有机质均无显著差异。T₃处理早稻和晚稻糙米镉含量最高,分别为0.54±0.07和0.11±0.04 mg kg^-1;T₂处理最低,分别为0.16±0.00和0.03±0.01 m...     

Wheat Growth and Photosynthesis as Affected by Oxytetracycline as a Soil Contaminant

Extensive worldwide use of oxytetracycline (OTC),a member of the tetracyclines,has resulted in its accumulation in soils,posing a potential risk to food production and safety.A pair of OTC-sensitive (Heyou 1) and OTC-tolerant (Yannong 21) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars was compared hydroponically at 0.01,0.02,0.04,and 0.08 mmol L-1 OTC in terms of wheat growth and photosynthesis.Biomass and shoot length decreased significantly with the addition of OTC,with the decreases in dry biomass and shoot leng...     

土壤抗生素污染对小麦生长和光合参数的影响

Extensive worldwide use of oxytetracycline (OTC),a member of the tetracyclines,has resulted in its accumulation in soils,posing a potential risk to food production and safety.A pair of OTC-sensitive (Heyou 1) and OTC-tolerant (Yannong 21) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars was compared hydroponically at 0.01,0.02,0.04,and 0.08 mmol L-1 OTC in terms of wheat growth and photosynthesis.Biomass and shoot length decreased significantly with the addition of OTC,with the decreases in dry biomass and shoot length being 5.61%-13.75% and 3.33%-8.57% larger,respectively,for Heyou 1 than Yannong 21.Photosynthesis of Heyou 1 was suppressed by OTC as indicated by the significant decreases in photosynthetic rate (PN),transpiration rate (TR),and stomatal conductance (GS) and the significant increase in intercellular CO 2 concentrations (CI),at all OTC levels.Stomatal limitation (LS) and water use efficiencies (WUE) of Heyou 1 also increased significantly,but not at 0.08 mmol L-1 OTC.However,photosynthesis of Yannong 21 was suppressed by OTC only at high OTC levels from 0.02 to 0.08 mmol L-1 as indicated by the decreases in PN,GS,TR,and LS;at 0.01 mmol L-1 OTC,PN,CI,GS,and TR significantly increased.It was noted that WUE of Yannong 21 was not affected by OTC addition.The results from this hydroponic test suggested that OTC had a potential risk to crop growth through inhibition of photosynthesis,requiring further confirmation with soil tests.     

Cyanobacteria as test organisms and biosorbents

Bioassay and biosorption potentials of different groups of cyanobacteria (CB)—Nostoc linckia (Roth.) Born. et Flah. No. 271, natural biofilms dominated by CB of Phormidium genus, and biofilms dominated by Nostoc commune (Vauch. Elenk)—were estimated. The physiological-biochemical response of CB to the influence of copper sulfate (II) (catalase activity with a gasometric method and dehydrogenase activity, lipid peroxidation, and chlorophyll ɑ and pheophytin contents with a spectrophotometric method) was studied; metal bioaccumulation was determined with a stripping voltammetry method. It was found that the communities dominated by Phormidium genus (CB biomass 0.2 g/dm³) removed copper compounds from the solutions with Cu²⁺ ion concentration of 20 mg/dm³ almost completely (by 99%); communities dominated by CB N. commune, by 87%; and pure culture of N. linckia, by 50%. Dehydrogenase and catalase activities and the intensity of bioluminescence proved to be sensitive indicators of the response of CB to Cu²⁺ ions. The impact of Cu²⁺ ions (20 mg/dm³) on a biofilm dominated by CB of Phormidium genus resulted in the fivefold decrease of catalase activity during 24 h; dehydrogenase activity decreased by nearly 357 times. The bioluminescence intensity during 24 h decreased by 1.3–100 times under the impact of Cu²⁺ (2 mg/dm³) and by 8.6–200 times in variants with a higher concentration of Cu²⁺ (20 mg/dm³). This regularity can be used as a test function in bioassay.     

Oxido-Reductases and Lipases as Dough-Bleaching Agents

To replace benzoyl peroxide as a bread dough-bleaching agent, pure and commercial oxido-reductases (peroxidases, catalases, glucose oxidases, lipoxygenase, and laccase) were screened based on degradation of β-carotene in a liquid system (5 μg of β-carotene/mL of 0.1M citrate phosphate buffer at pH 5.5 or 6.5) or dough. Peroxidases had the best bleaching activity; some catalases also showed bleaching potential in a liquid system but not in bread dough, suggesting that screening enzymes in liquid media has limited application for dough. In 100 g of flour, combinations of peroxidase (3,000 U), lipase (815–1,630 U), and linoleic acid (0–300 mg) completely bleached bread dough.     

Non-streptomycete actinomycetes as biocontrol agents of soil-borne fungal plant pathogens and as plant growth promoters

Among soil microorganisms, bacteria and fungi and to a lesser extent actinomycetes, have received considerable attention as biocontrol agents of soil-borne fungal plant pathogens and as plant growth promoters. Within actinomycetes, Streptomyces spp. have been investigated predominantly, mainly because of their dominance on, and the ease of isolation from, dilution plates and because of the commercial interest shown on the antibiotics produced by certain Streptomyces spp. Many of non-streptomycete actinomycetes (NSA) taxa are therefore rarely reported in literature dealing with routine isolations of biocontrol agents and/or plant growth promoters from plant and soil. It is clear that special isolation methods need to be employed in routine isolations to selectively isolate NSA. Some interesting information exists, albeit in relatively few reports compared to that on other microorganisms, on the biological activities of NSA, especially in relation to their mechanisms of action in the biological control of soil-borne fungal plant pathogens and plant growth promotion. This review presents an overview of this information and seeks to encourage further investigations into what may be considered a relatively unexplored area of research. Certain soil environmental factors, especially in horticultural systems, could be manipulated to render the soil conducive for the biological activities of NSA. A variety of NSA isolated by selective methods have not only shown to be rhizosphere competent but also adapted for an endophytic life in root cortices. Some of the NSA, including endophytic strains that have shown potential to suppress soil-borne fungal plant pathogens, are able to employ one or more mechanisms of antagonism including antibiosis, hyperparasitism and the production of cell-wall degrading enzymes. Strains of NSA promote plant growth by producing plant growth regulators. Enhancement of plant growth by the antagonists are considered to help the host by producing compensatory roots that mask the impact of root diseases.     

耕层增减对作物产量、养分吸收和土壤养分状况的影响

试验于2012—2015年在淮北平原中部的濉溪县展开,设原始耕层(TS)、在原始耕层厚度上人工削减5 cm(TS-5)和在原始耕层厚度上人工增加5 cm(TS+5) 3个处理。在玉米和小麦成熟期采样分析和田间测产,在3季小麦收获后分别采集0~20 cm土层土样进行分析,明确耕层厚度变化对玉米–小麦轮作体系作物产量、养分积累的影响和土壤养分含量的变化规律。结果表明,耕层减少5 cm处理明显降低玉米–小麦轮作体系作物产量和N、P2O5、K2O积累量,与原始耕层处理相比,分别下降了5.61%和8.31%、5.65%、18.38%;耕层增加5cm后作物产量和各养分积累量均未出现显著变化。第1个轮作周期结束时,耕层减少5cm处理的土壤有机质、全氮和速效钾含量明显低于原始耕层处理;而经过3个轮作周期,土壤有机质含量仍处于较低水平,全氮和速效钾含量逐渐回升,与原始耕层对应指标已无显著差异。耕层增加5cm处理明显提高了土壤有机质和各养分含量,并在3个轮作周期后仍处于较高水平。综上,耕层厚度减少5 cm会降低玉米–小麦轮作体系作物产量、各养分积累量和土壤有机质含量,并在短期内难以恢复;增加5 cm耕层虽然能改善土壤养分状况,但对作物产量和养分积累量的提高没有明显效果。     

快速推进山西省小流域治理开发和生态环境建设

国家对山西水土保持生态环境建设的重视与资金投入的增加 ,为快速推进山西小流域治理开发和生态环境建设创造了条件。全省要大力实施陡坡地退耕还林还草 ,年治理水土流失的速度达到 3 %以上 ,年初步治理水土流失面积33 33万hm2 。要把专业队治理及项目报账制作为一项重大措施推广普及开来 ,把扶持水保治理大户成长作为任务去落实 ,切实抓好政策落实。各有关部门要通力协作 ,为小流域治理开发和生态环境建设提供农艺、技术和信息服务     

施硅对小白菜吸收累积和迁移重金属铬的影响

蔬菜品质越来越引起全社会的关注,如何预防和治理重金属对蔬菜产品的污染是目前需要迫切解决的环境问题。通过模拟铬污染土壤施硅的盆栽试验,探讨硅、铬在土壤-蔬菜作物系统间的迁移、转化特性,为研究通过施硅调控蔬菜重金属污染提供依据。研究结果表明:(1)在不同铬水平胁迫下,硅在小白菜体内的积累量不同,根吸收硅的量不同;总的趋势是在试验的各个铬污染水平,一定的施硅量均可提高小白菜地上部的硅含量。(2)铬的各污染处理均有随施硅量的提高而降低小白菜铬积累量的趋势,说明施硅可有效抑制小白菜对铬的吸收。(3)硅的施入,可抑制根吸收的铬进一步运输到地上部,因而减轻了小白菜可食部分受铬污染的程度,在高浓度铬污染处理下,小白菜根中的铬较难运转到茎部;而运输到茎部的铬却易于向叶部转移。(4)硅的加入降低了小白菜各部位对铬的富集能力,从而降低了重金属铬对小白菜的污染。     

土壤水分与玉米种植密度及产量的相关性研究

本文讨论了松辽平原内两个代表性试区的玉米田间土壤水分的变化、土壤水分与产量、土壤水分与密度、产量与密度几方面的关系,明确了试验条件下5月前土壤水分亏缺最大,6-9月略有盈余,基本明确了不同条件下补水的增产潜力,最终建立了水密度耦合方程,为类似地区的玉米种植提供了实践参考依据。