一枝黄花在加拿大发生状况考察

通过对加拿大萨斯喀彻温（Saskatchewan）、安大略（Ontario）、魁北克（Quebec）3省南部地区野外考查,发现上述地区菊科一枝黄花属有4个种分布,分别是狭叶一枝黄花（Solidago graminifolia）、巨大一枝黄花（S.gigantean）、粗糙一枝黄花（S.altissima）和加拿大一枝黄花（S.canadensis）。但不同种类分布区域明显不同,其中巨大一枝黄花在萨斯喀彻温省许多生境中极常见,狭叶一枝黄花有分布但极少见,粗糙一枝黄花和加拿大一枝黄花未查见;在安大略、魁北克两省粗糙一枝黄花和加拿大一枝黄花是许多生境中的优势种,未查见狭叶一枝黄花和巨大一枝黄花。考查过程中还发现,当地制约一枝黄花种群发展的因素主要有3个：气候、生物和耕作。     

不同光强处理下加拿大一枝黄花的短期光合特性研究

对野外自然生长的加拿大一枝黄花（Solidago Canadensis L．）人为不同程度遮阳处理后,研究了其在不同光强下（高光强,冠层相对光照度RI=100％;中光强,RI=60％;低光强,RI=20％;弱光强,RI=5％）短期内的光合作用特性,同时比较研究了加拿大一枝黄花和其同处于生境内的另一种入侵植物加拿大蓬[Conyza Canadensis（L．）Crong]的光合特性。结果表明：（1）高光强和中光强处理下的加拿大一枝黄花的净光合速率Pn先升高再降低,并且在12：30时达到最大值。对于低光强和弱光强处理的加拿大一枝黄花,其净光合速率变化平缓,并且其值显著小于高光强和中光强下加拿大一枝黄花的净光合速率,弱光照下的大部分时间内其净光合速率都为负值,呼吸速率都大于光合速率。（2）随着进入叶室中CO2浓度的降低,加拿大一枝黄花的净光合速率Pn呈现明显下降趋势。当进入叶室的CO2是大气CO2浓度的60％时,它的净光合作用由快速降低转为缓慢降低。（3）随着进入叶室中气体湿度的降低,加拿大一枝黄花的净光合速率逐渐缓慢地升高,变化范围为42．0～59．7μmol／（m^2·s）。（4）中光照处理对加拿大一枝黄花叶绿素含量的影响较小,而在低光照和弱光照处理下加拿大一枝黄花的叶绿素含量比较接近,并表现出随时间逐渐增加的趋势。（5）加拿大一枝黄花和加拿大蓬的净光合速率随光照条件变化而改变的趋势相似。同一测量时间内,加拿大一枝黄花和加拿大蓬的叶绿素含量十分接近。从光合作用这一生理适应对策上来说,加拿大一枝黄花相对于加拿大蓬并没有入侵的优势。     

加拿大一枝黄花难控原因分析及对策建议

南京市六合区从2006年开始对加拿大一枝黄花进行了防控,取得了较大的成效。但通过今年的普查情况来看,加拿大一枝黄花出现了新的发生特点,防控形势还不容乐观。通过对加拿大一枝黄花防控后新发生特点的分析,论述造成难控的原因,提出了充分认识防控的紧迫性、加大资金投入、加强防控督查及技术指导服务等对策措施。     

基于形态学和ITS序列鉴定加拿大一枝黄花

加拿大一枝黄花（Solidago canadensis L.）是我国重要外来入侵植物，给我国生态、农业造成严重危害。加拿大一枝黄花与同属种形态特征相近，种间容易杂交形成复合群，难以准确鉴定，不能及时、有效开展防控工作。该文通过对加拿大一枝黄花与同属种的形态特征和ITS序列比较研究，明确加拿大一枝黄花与近似种可区分的关键形态特征。并根据该特征，确定采自我国宁夏隆德县的样品为加拿大一枝黄花。这是我国宁夏回族自治区首次发现加拿大一枝黄花。     

加拿大一枝黄花防控组织模式及防治成本研究

以不同的防控组织模式及植株发生密度、发生面积等影响因素对加拿大一枝黄花的防治成本进行了全面地分析，提出高效、低成本防治加拿大一枝黄花的组织模式和具体措施，为有效开展加拿大一枝黄花等外来有害生物的防控提供技术支撑。     

广州野生加拿大一枝黄花的鉴定

本文对2008年10月在广州发现的野生一枝黄花属植物进行了形态鉴定和分子鉴定,结果表明该植物形态特征与加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis L.)完全吻合,分子鉴定结果表明ITS区段序列同源性也达到100%,因此确定该一枝黄花属植物为外来危险性杂草加拿大一枝黄花。并对加拿大一枝黄花与广州本地种一枝黄花(S.decurrens Lour.)在形态上进行了比较。     

黔南地区入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花风险分析

加拿大一枝黄花Solidagocanadensis L.是我国极具威胁的外来入侵物种之一,主要发生在我国长三角及东南沿海地区.2018—2021年,在黔南独山、贵定、都匀、福泉、长顺、惠水先后发现入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花.本研究运用林业有害生物风险分析指标体系,对加拿大一枝黄花进行定量分析,得出加拿大一枝黄花的风险综合评...     

加拿大一枝黄花高效防治的物理与化学技术筛选

【目的】筛选出对防治加拿大一枝黄花高效且对生态环境影响较小的防治方法。【方法】以入侵至江西省的加拿大一枝黄花为试验材料,选用2个物理处理、8个化学处理防治措施,每个措施4个生物学重复,处理前调查样方中加拿大一枝黄花总株数、株高,处理后通过设定样方考查每个防治处理加拿大一枝黄花的死亡株数、株高、校正株防效和鲜重防效。【结果】物理处理中,刈割+翻耕+碎土处理15～60d后,进贤、九江两处试验地加拿大一枝黄花再生植株的平均密度（15.33株/m2和21.00株/m2）均极显著远小于刈割处理（204.33株/m2和85.33株/m2）。化学处理中,30%草甘膦异丙胺盐+75%甲嘧磺隆可湿性粉剂和21%氨氯吡啶酸能够有效防治加拿大一枝黄花。处理60 d后,进贤、九江两处试验地加拿大一枝黄花的死亡率达到100%,且没有再生苗;校正株防效均达到100%,地上与地下鲜重防效分别在63%、70%以上;根部的根状茎及营养细根均坏死、萎缩腐烂;处理一年后仍没有加拿大一枝黄花再生,且21%氨氯吡啶酸对环境的毒副作用更小。而其它6组药剂均不能彻底防除加拿大一枝黄花,处理60 d后,加拿大一枝黄花的死亡率未能达到...     

AM真菌对加拿大一枝黄花与菌根植物和非菌根植物种间作用的影响

为明确丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌对加拿大一枝黄花Solidago canadensis与本地菌根植物和非菌根植物种间竞争格局的调控作用,采用温室盆栽试验,通过接种摩西球囊霉Glomus mosseae(GM)、根内球囊霉G. intraradices(GI)及其混合菌种(GM+GI)3种处理,分析AM真菌对加拿大一枝黄花与本地菌根植物玉米Zea mays和非菌根植物油菜Brassica campestris种间作用的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,接种AM真菌均显著提高了加拿大一枝黄花和玉米的菌根侵染率,菌根侵染率为13.720%～50.015%,且前者的菌根侵染率明显高于后者。单独种植时,与对照相比,接种AM真菌尤其是接种混合菌种显著提高了加拿大一枝黄花的株高、叶片数和总干重。在加拿大一枝黄花与玉米混合种植时,与单独种植相比,加拿大一枝黄花的株高、叶片数、根长和总干重均较低;同时,与对照相比,接种AM真菌显著提高了玉米的相对竞争强度而对加拿大一枝黄花的相对竞争强度没有显著影响。在加拿大一枝黄花和油菜混合种植时,与对照相比,接种AM真菌则显著提高了加拿大一枝黄花的株高、叶片数、净光合速率和总干重;同时,接种AM真菌促进了入侵种的竞争优势而抑制了非菌根植物油菜的生长。说明加拿大一枝黄花与本地种的竞争格局受到与之混生物种的菌根依赖性强度以及AM真菌的种类差异影响。     

加拿大一枝黄花在鄂西北地区的防控策略探讨

加拿大一枝黄花是我国危害较大的外来入侵物种之一，严重威胁本土生态平衡，被湖北省列入林业检疫性有害生物补充名单。本文概述了加拿大一枝黄花的发生情况及危害性，结合其在鄂西北地区造成的环境生态风险，提出了针对加拿大一枝黄花的防控策略，为鄂西北地区加拿大一枝黄花的综合治理提供参考。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.