猪流行性腹泻和传染性胃肠炎弱毒二联疫苗免疫抗体应答的研究

用猪流行性腹泻（PED）和传染性胃肠炎（TGE）弱毒二联疫苗（下称二联苗）免疫PED和TGE抗体阴性的妊娠母猪，仔猪出生后第7、14、21和28d抽取仔猪血样用微量血清中和试验检测血清抗体。结果，免疫母猪所产仔猪通过哺乳获得了相当高的血清抗体，在出生后第7d时接近母体的中和抗体水平，并随日龄增大而下降。二联苗免疫母猪所生仔猪和相同株的PED、TGE疫苗株免疫母猪所生仔猪的血清抗体变化基本相似。用二联苗免疫PED和TGE抗体阴性的10日龄仔猪，并于免疫后以7d的间隔（1月龄内）或半月（1月龄后）间隔采取血样进行血清抗体检测。结果，用二联苗免疫抗体阴性的10日龄仔猪，抗体在免疫后第21d（TGE）或第28d（PED）达到最高值，但抗体下降缓慢，在免疫后第5月，免疫猪血清中仍能检测出抗体。相同弱毒株的PED和TGE疫苗免疫组的结果与之基本相同。提示，PED和TGE弱毒株联合免疫在诱导妊娠母猪和小猪产生抗体以及母猪产后向哺乳仔猪传递抗体方面未见有相互影响的现象。     

猪病毒性腹泻弱毒疫苗与灭活疫苗联合使用的免疫效果评价

为研究猪病毒性腹泻弱毒疫苗与灭活疫苗联合使用的免疫效果,本实验应用"猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)-猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(TGEV)-猪轮状病毒(PoRV)三联弱毒疫苗"和"PEDV-TGEV二联灭活疫苗"对100头妊娠母猪和所产140头仔猪进行不同免疫,在不同日龄对仔猪前腔静脉采血并离心取上清,利用直接ELISA方法测定其免疫抗体滴度。结果表明,妊娠母猪于产前40 d首次免疫和产前20 d二次免疫,所产仔猪3日龄滴鼻接种三联弱毒疫苗,28日龄二次免疫和65日龄三次免疫后14 d,抗体滴度开始上升。通过本实验基本分析猪病毒性腹泻疫苗母源抗体和免疫抗体水平的消长规律,为猪病毒性腹泻疫苗免疫程序提供理论参考。     

猪流行性腹泻的防控实践

湖北某种猪场发生腹泻,经病原检测,确诊为猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)感染。进行猪流行性腹泻(PED)疫苗免疫、药物预防与对症治疗,结果表明,母猪产前免疫PED疫苗,可防止所产仔猪发生PED;而初产母猪对PED免疫力弱、最易感,其仔感染死亡更严重,需重点搞好后备猪预防;哺乳仔猪PED首发日龄与死亡率呈现高度负相关,10日龄内仔猪发病死亡率高达49.07%;发病仔猪口服补液剂配合静脉输液,对10日龄以上仔猪治愈效果明显。同时需搞好清洁卫生与消毒,阻止PED水平传播。     

隆重推出--"猪传染性胃肠炎与猪流行性腹泻二联疫苗"新产品

该系列新产品包括猪传染性胃肠炎(TGE)和猪流行性腹泻(PED)二联灭活苗及二联活疫苗,是预防由猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(TGEV)和猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)引起的仔猪呕吐,水样腹泻及新生仔猪高死亡率(可达100％)的高度传染性肠道病发病的主要手段。两种疫苗主要用于妊娠母猪的被动免疫以保护仔猪,也用于主动免疫保护不同年龄的猪只。     

国产与进口猪伪狂犬病gE基因缺失苗免疫对比试验

为比较国产与进口猪伪狂犬病娅基因缺失疫苗免疫效果,并制定合理的免疫程序,笔者选用国产和进口的猪伪狂犬病gE基因缺失弱毒疫苗,用3种不同的免疫程序,对240头母猪和1200头仔猪进行免疫试验。试验期间,定时随机采集免疫猪的血液,用ELISA试剂盒进行抗体检测。结果表明,母猪和仔猪无论免疫国产或进口猪伪狂犬病gE基因缺失弱毒疫苗,免疫效果均良好。母猪免疫抗体合格率达100％,仔猪49日龄前免疫抗体合格率达100％,免疫效果差异不显著。但免疫猪群在75日龄后抗体逐渐降低,120日龄后基本消失。为维持猪体免疫力,不给野毒入侵的机会,建议仔猪首免后,在适当时间进行二次加强免疫。     

一例猪流行性腹泻的诊治

<正>猪流行性腹泻(Porcine epidemic diarrhea,PED)是由猪流行性病毒(PEDV)引起的接触性肠道传染病,其特征为初生仔猪呕吐、腹泻、脱水。近几年来,国内PED呈高发趋势,特别是哺乳仔猪病死率高达100%,给我国养猪业造成了重大经济损失。贵阳市某猪场有母猪600余头,母猪于产前60 d、25 d先后对PEDV和TGEV进行了2次免疫,2015年1月初母猪首发腹泻,而后3~7日龄仔猪相继发病死亡,1月份死亡300余头哺乳仔猪;经过再次     

一例猪腹泻病的诊断及免疫防控评估

猪流行性腹泻(PED)是猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)引起的一种猪的急性肠道传染病。该病主要呈现哺乳仔猪高发病率、高致死率的特点。2014年11月开始至2015年6月,河北某猪场长期暴发仔猪腹泻病,死亡率高达50%以上。通过现场调查、病理解剖、实验室病原诊断,确定该疾病主要由PEDV造成。并针对该场实际情况采用本实验室研制的PEDV新毒株弱毒疫苗与某商品灭活疫苗,以3种不同免疫方案进行免疫效果评估,综合安全性、免疫效力与生产成绩情况,结果显示两种疫苗联合使用及弱毒疫苗组免疫方案较仅使用商品灭活疫苗的灭活疫苗组有较高安全性、免疫保护效果及生产成绩。     

猪瘟感染和免疫状况的血清学调查

从宁波市11个县（市）的17个集约化猪场随机采集猪血分离血清，共3437份．其中母猪878份，育肥猪1017份，生长猪778份，哺乳仔猪764份。受检猪均进行过猪瘟疫苗免疫。检验使用猪瘟弱毒或强毒单抗纯化的酶联抗原建立的间接ELISA诊断试剂盒，所用的纯化抗原，阴、阳性标准血清和相关试剂均购自中国兽药监察所。检测结果，猪瘟强毒（野毒）感染率平均14．1％，其中哺乳仔猪（45日龄内）为9．82％。     

猪传染性胃肠炎与猪流行性腹泻二联疫苗及其应用

我所研制成的猪传染性胃肠炎(TGE)和猪流行性腹泻(PED)二联灭活苗及二联活疫苗，是预防由猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(TGEV)和猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)引起的仔猎呕吐，水样腹泻及新生仔猪高死亡率(可达100％)的高度传染性肠道病发病的有效措施。用于妊娠母猪的被动免疫以保护仔猪，也用于主动免疫保护不同年龄的猪只。     

猪伪狂犬病病毒gE基因缺失苗免疫试验

为了掌握猪伪狂犬病gE基因缺失疫苗免疫效果,并制定合理的免疫程序,选用国产和进口的猪伪狂犬病gE基因缺失弱毒疫苗,用4种不同的免疫程序,对250头母猪和1000头仔猪进行了免疫试验。试验期间,按比例定时采集免疫猪的血液,用ELISA试剂盒进行抗体检测,证明猪伪狂犬gE基因缺失疫苗,无论国产苗或进口苗都可以产生良好的免疫效果;无论跟胎免疫、1年2次普免,每隔4个月定时免疫,效果均良好。种猪免疫抗体合格率达100%,仔猪49日龄前抗体合格率达100%,75日龄后抗体逐渐降低,120日龄后基本消失。为了使猪体免疫力更强,不给野毒入侵的机会,建议仔猪在首免后,适当时间进行二次加强免疫。而只给公猪、母猪春秋两季免疫,不给仔猪免疫组,仔猪在35日龄后抗体降为阴性,不能抵抗野毒的侵袭,这种免疫方法不宜推广。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein