中国近海日本鳗鲡玻璃鳗体组织营养成分及氨基酸、脂肪酸组成的比较

为了解日本鳗鲡玻璃鳗的早期营养需求,分别对中国近海6个不同地点玻璃鳗体组织一般营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸含量进行了分析。结果显示,野生玻璃鳗体组织中水分含量为78.62%±2.03%,干重基础下粗蛋白质含量为69.08%±0.64%、粗脂肪含量为11.96%±1.33%、粗灰分含量为11.45%±1.30%。在台州、舟山、南通和东台4个采样点的样品中,水分含量无显著差异,而粗蛋白含量以舟山点最高、粗脂肪含量最低,并且舟山点样品肠道内发现可见内容物。玻璃鳗样品中氨基酸含量以谷氨酸、天门冬氨酸、赖氨酸、亮氨酸最高,半胱氨酸最低;除舟山点外,各采样点氨基酸含量无明显差异。不同洄游地点玻璃鳗组织中脂肪酸含量均以C16:0、 C18:1n9、 C20:5n3(EPA)、 C22:5n3、 C22:6n3(DHA)为主要成分,其中EPA和DHA共占脂肪酸总量的31.59%±1.00%,不同洄游地点样品必需脂肪酸含量差异明显。研究表明,必需氨基酸、必需脂肪酸对于玻璃鳗的正常生长存活具有重要意义。此外,对比不同地点营养物质组成及稚鱼饵料理论需求量分析,推测舟山点海洋环境中包含更适合玻璃鳗稚鱼摄食的食物,...     

人工条件下日本鳗鲡胚胎及早期仔鱼发育的生物学特征

在多年对日本鳗鲡人工育苗技术研究的基础上,通过采用对胚胎和早期仔鱼的活体观察、计算机图文分析以及组织切片等方法,系统研究了鳗鲡胚胎及孵化后19d前仔鱼的生物学特性。研究结果表明,在水温(23±0.5)℃条件下,日本鳗鲡从受精卵到仔鱼出膜需约38h30min,总积温为885.50℃·h。其特征与一般硬骨鱼类胚胎发育基本相同,鳗鲡胚胎发育可分为14期,为典型的盘状卵裂,原肠作用通过细胞的下包和内卷完成。但日本鳗鲡早期仔鱼与一般硬骨鱼类的仔鱼存在较大差异,表现为无色透明的血细胞和S形心管;开放型的口腔,发达且不能闭合的上下颌和3对颌齿;孵化后3～9d在身体两侧出现由神经细胞和支持细胞构成发达的感觉丘,其数目为6～9对不等;以及形态不断变化的尾垂体等生物学特性。分析认为这些生物学特性决定了日本鳗鲡仔鱼的孵化环境可能相对较稳定,以及仔鱼摄食方式可能为触碰后咬食的方式。     

池塘养殖鳗鲡初孵仔鳗生长发育和卵黄消耗的研究

本文初步研究了池塘养殖日本鳗鲡初孵仔鳗生长与卵黄消耗的关系。在水温(24±1)℃下,仔鳗发育至7~8日龄,口、肠道、肛门、胸鳍等器官形成。仔鳗全长与卵黄的关系为:(1)0~18 d仔鳗全长随日龄的增加而有不同程度的增长;其中0~7 d生长快,平均日增长0.57 mm/d,8~10 d,平均日增长0.13 mm/d,11~18 d,平均日增长0.09mm/d;(2)0~10 d,仔鳗以内源性营养方式吸收营养,仔鳗全长与卵黄消耗呈指数相关,可用公式Y=1.5879e1.4371L(R2=0.8979)表示,仔鳗卵黄消耗与日龄可用公式Y=0.0852e-0.5547L(R2=0.9702)表示;10 d后仔鳗卵黄消失。     

日本鳗鲡人工繁殖的研究进展

为了解日本鳗鲡玻璃鳗的早期营养需求,分别对中国近海6个不同地点玻璃鳗体组织一般营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸含量进行了分析。结果显示,野生玻璃鳗体组织中水分含量为78.62%±2.03%,干重基础下粗蛋白质含量为69.08%±0.64%、粗脂肪含量为11.96%±1.33%、粗灰分含量为11.45%±1.30%。在台州、舟山、南通和东台4个采样点的样品中,水分含量无显著差异,而粗蛋白含量以舟山点最高、粗脂肪含量最低,并且舟山点样品肠道内发现可见内容物。玻璃鳗样品中氨基酸含量以谷氨酸、天门冬氨酸、赖氨酸、亮氨酸最高,半胱氨酸最低;除舟山点外,各采样点氨基酸含量无明显差异。不同洄游地点玻璃鳗组织中脂肪酸含量均以C16:0、C18:1n9、C20:5n3(EPA)、C22:5n3、C22:6n3(DHA)为主要成分,其中EPA和DHA共占脂肪酸总量的31.59%±1.00%,不同洄游地点样品必需脂肪酸含量差异明显。研究表明,必需氨基酸、必需脂肪酸对于玻璃鳗的正常生长存活具有重要意义。此外,对比不同地点营养物质组成及稚鱼饵料理论需求量分析,推测舟山点海洋环境中包含更适合玻璃鳗稚鱼摄食的食物,需进一步研究分析,为日本鳗鲡开口饵料的研究提供理论支持。     

鳗鲡繁殖生物学研究进展

鳗鲡是优质养殖鱼类,但鳗鲡苗种完全依靠天然捕捞。近年来鳗鲡苗种的短缺限制了鳗鲡养殖业的进一步发展,开展鳗鲡人工繁殖技术研究势在必行。文章从鳗鲡的催熟与催产、产后鳗鲡的某些繁殖生物学以及鳗鲡胚胎和仔鱼发育等方面简要回顾了鳗鲡繁殖生物学的研究概况,并着重介绍了日本的最新研究进展,日本已将人工苗培育至20多厘米的成鱼,实现了实验室内鳗鲡由卵到成鱼的全人工养殖。文章最后指出人工育苗中存在的问题,并提出今后应从内因和外因两方面研究,才能真正实现鳗鲡苗种规模化生产。     

中草药添加剂对日本鳗鲡生长和非特异性免疫效应的研究

在基础饲料中分别添加0.5 g/kg、1.0 g/kg和1.5 g/kg的自制中草药免疫添加剂,配制成3种试验饲料,以基础饲料为对照组饲料,每处理设3个平行样,对体重为30~40 g的日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)进行为期60 d的饲养试验,每20 d取样一次,以相对增重率、成活率和血清中的溶菌酶(LZM)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性为指标,探讨了中草药免疫添加剂对日本鳗鲡生长和非特异性免疫效应的影响。结果显示:饲料中添加中草药免疫添加剂可以显著提高日本鳗鲡的增重率,降低饲料系数(P<0.05)。试验组日本鳗鲡血清中的LZM、NOS、AKP和SOD等活性均高于对照组。因此,中草药免疫添加剂具有显著促生长和增强机体免疫能力的作用,建议在实际生产中的添加量为1.0 g/kg较为合适。     

长江口环境条件对日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)鳗苗溯河洄游的影响

为掌握长江口日本鳗鲡的苗汛特征与捕捞生产现状,于2017—2020年在长江口开展了定点监测和走访调查,分析了长江口鳗苗的汛期规律、捕捞努力量及捕捞产量和产值。研究发现,长江口鳗苗旺发期为2－4月,主要捕捞区域分布在东旺沙、佘山岛和南汇嘴附近水域。长江口鳗苗捕捞努力量呈现下降趋势,有效网口面积从2017年的78.72万m²,下降到2020年的50.40万m²,下降了36%。长江口鳗苗汛期的单位捕捞努力量渔获量 (CPUE)和总捕捞产量呈现波动变化趋势,2017和2020年较高,分别为(4 474±256) 尾/100 m²和(5 220±1 063)尾/100 m²,2018和2019年较低,分别为(1 917±335)和(1 365±257) 尾/100 m²。研究表明,长江口鳗苗生产值受到捕捞总产量影响,近4年来逐渐下降。建议进一步加强长江口鳗苗的资源监测和科学评估,指导规范鳗苗捕捞生产。     

Epidermal proteases of the Japanese eel

A fluorescent-sensitive assay was used to demonstrate the protease activity in the dorsal skin of Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica). Two distinct extracts were separately prepared from skin mucus and epidermal cell layers, with no mutual contamination. The epidermal extract was sensitive to various substrates, whereas there was no, or only marginal, susceptibility to the same substrates for the mucous extract. Optimum hydrolysis pHs of the epidermal extract was variable and below pH 7.0, and the optimum hydrolysis temperatures were between 40 and 50 °C. In addition, Tos-Phe-Ch₂Cl, chymostatin, CdCl₂, CuCl₂, HgCl₂ and ZnCl₂ inhibited protease activities to different extents. Several other reagents specifically affected the protease activities, and their induced effects were useful for the identification of epidermal proteases. The findings indicate that a proteolytic factor, exhibiting various enzymological specificities, is retained within epidermal cell layers of Japanese eel. This factor is composed of 4 distinct proteases, such as cathepsins L and B-like proteases, a serine protease and an aminopeptidase.     

Lysis of pathogenic bacteria by epidermal cathepsins L and B in the Japanese eel

Cysteine proteases, cathepsins L and B, in Japanese eel epidermis are suspected bacteriolysins against aquatic pathogens. This work examines the lysis of three species of gram-negative pathogenic bacteria by the eel epidermal extract according to the assay method for cysteine proteases. The optimum pH for the lysis of the three species of bacteria were commonly determined to be 5.0, where both of eel epidermal cathepsins L and B caused active proteolysis. Four kinds of specific inhibitors for cysteine proteases strongly inhibited these catheptic proteolyses and bacteriolyses. The activities for the lysis of three types of bacteria were at a similar level, but the effects on the bacterium which infects predominantly eel skin largely varied with individual fish. These results suggest that epidermal cathepsins L and B are responsible for lysis of any pathogenic bacteria in the nonspecific defense of Japanese eel.     

Movements of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) in a chalk stream

Abstract – The movements of wild European eels (Anguilla anguilla L.) were monitored continuously over a 2‐year period in a tributary of the River Itchen, Hampshire, UK, using a passive integrated transponder (PIT) antenna system. The time of these movements was then related to a number of monitored and calculated environmental parameters. No eel movements were recorded in the winter months when mean stream temperature was below 10 °C. The numbers of movements peaked in May, when mean water temperatures and day length were increasing. The movement of eels was significantly (P < 0.001, R² = 0.45, N = 72) correlated with the time of sunset, with the majority (72%) recorded during the hours of darkness. The results of this investigation have implications for the design/timing of surveys of yellow eel populations and their habitat associations and suggest that successfully determining the microhabitat preferences of active resident eels will require remote monitoring throughout the 24‐h period.     

Population structure of the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica as examined by mitochondrial DNA sequencing

SUMMARY: To examine the population structure of the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica , mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis was made for various samples of glass eels that might reflect genetic characteristics of spawning aggregates. The mitochondrial DNA from a total of 51 glass eels collected at Tanegashima Island, Kanagawa and Ibaraki in different periods within an inshore migrating season was sequenced for a 615 base-pair fragment from the tRNA^Thr gene to the central part of the control region. The DNA region was so variable that no individual was found to possess the same sequence, although average sequence differences within samples (1.07–1.63) were not large. Average sequence differences between samples (1.22–1.57) were comparable to those within samples, suggesting no genetic heterogeneity among samples. Tree analysis of the sequences showed neither a geographical nor temporal structure of population. Furthermore, although all DNA sequences from the present study were different from one another, two sequences were found to be the same with those reported from individuals collected in different localities in different years. Altogether, the present mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis of glass eels did not provide any evidence for genetic subdivision of the Japanese eel population.     

日本鳗鲡腐皮病病原菌的分离及鉴定

从患腐皮病的日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)体表溃烂处分离到1株病原菌(322A),对其进行了人工感染实验和生理生化分析,测定了该菌株的16S rRNA基因序列和促旋酶(gyrase)B亚单位gyrB基因序列,并分别构建系统发育树。结果显示:感染实验证实菌株322A具有致病性;生理生化分析鉴定该菌株属于气单胞菌属(Aero-monassp.);16S rRNA基因分析显示,该菌株与气单胞菌属细菌的同源性均在99%~100%,构建的系统树显示,菌株322A与嗜水气单胞菌(A.hydrophila(FJ462702))亲缘关系最近;gyrB基因分析表明,该菌株与A.hydrophila种内序列的相似性为96%~98%,种间序列的相似性为94%~95%,构建的系统树结果显示,该菌株与A.hydrophila(FJ608553、FJ608552、AF208259)聚为一个分支。综合上述实验结果,菌株322A可鉴定为嗜水气单胞菌(A.hydrophila)。     

Distinct regional profiles of trace element content in muscle of Japanese eel Anguilla japonica from Japan, Taiwan, and China

Trace element distribution patterns were examined in Japanese eel from five Asian regions for the purpose of identifying the elements and patterns that could be used to determine provenance. Distinctive patterns were found in eels from the Japanese prefectures of Miyazaki, Kagawa, and Shizuoka, and from Taiwan and China. The levels of six trace elements, selenium, mercury, copper, manganese, zinc, and arsenic, in muscle tissue varied among eels of different origins, and factorial analysis of the elemental patterns showed that Factor 1 was attributable to selenium and mercury levels and Factor 2 to zinc and copper levels. Multivariate analysis showed that the patterns of elemental composition in fish muscle were mainly differentiated by these two factors.     

荻芦溪日本鳗鲡的食性研究

本试验于1987年每月或隔月从福建莆田获芦溪采集日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)共256尾进行该种的食性研究。结果显示鳗鲡为典型的肉食性鱼类。其主要食物为蟹类、虾类和鱼类,次要食物为摇蚊科、蜉蝣目和蜻蜓目等的幼虫。鳗鲡的摄食强度随体长增长而增强,在6—7月份最强,年平均空肠率为24.8%。鳗鲡的食物组成随季节不同和个体大小而有所差异。     

Temporal changes in European eel, Anguilla anguilla, stocks in a small catchment after installation of fish passes

Abstract  Changes in the abundance of European eel, Anguilla anguilla L., in the River Frémur, France, were examined over an 8-year period. Natural connectivity of the river was disturbed by three high dams that inhibited eel upstream migration and reduced recruitment by elvers and yellow eels. After eel passes were installed, fish became more abundant upstream (mean density 0.5 eel m⁻²). Moreover, except in the more upstream areas, no decline in eel numbers and biomass was found, in contrast to the general decline of eel throughout its distribution range. It was concluded that eel passes are important to conserve and/or to recover eel stocks.     

用RAPD技术研究3种鳗鱼的种质鉴定

利用RAPD技术从32个随机引物中筛选出20个引物,对日本鳗(Anguillajaponicus)、欧洲鳗(Anguillaanguilla)和美洲鳗(Anguillarostrata)的DNA进行扩增,均得到1～13条大小不等的DNA片段,长度大部分在500～2300bp,其中14个引物共扩增出37个特异性标记,可用来区分这3种鳗鱼。日本鳗和欧洲鳗和美洲鳗种群内相似系数分别为0.885,0.717,0.686;种间遗传距离分别为:日本鳗和欧洲鳗0.747,日本鳗和美洲鳗0.668,欧洲鳗和美洲鳗0.211。这与形态学分析的结果相一致。     

Variation in numbers of eel Anguilla anguilla caught by constant effort in an Irish lake, 1981–1994

Abstract– A total of 8,903 eels were collected in 503 fyke-net samples during the months March to December from 1981 to 1994 in a small bay in Lough Derg, a mesotrophic lake. Variations in catch between months and between years are described. In addition to expected decreases in catch in the colder months, a regular reduction was observed in June. Low catches were observed from 1985 to 1987, coinciding with low water temperatures. A very low catch in August 1994 may have been a chance variation but could have been a first indication of the effects of poor recruitment or of increased commercial fishing effort. The results support the initial hypothesis that a long-term study is required to determine the extent of variation in an eel population.