Lectin activation in Giardia lamblia by host protease: a novel host-parasite interaction

A lectin in Giardia lamblia was activated by secretions from the human duodenum, the environment where the parasite lives. Incubation of the secretions with trypsin inhibitors prevented the appearance of lectin activity, implicating proteases as the activating agent. Accordingly, lectin activation was also produced by crystalline trypsin and Pronase; other proteases tested were ineffective. When activated, the lectin agglutinated intestinal cells to which the parasite adheres in vivo. The lectin was most specific to mannose-6-phosphate and apparently was bound to the plasma membrane. Activation of a parasite lectin by a host protease represents a novel mechanism of host-parasite interaction and may contribute to the affinity of Giardia lamblia to the infection site.     

Phylogenetic meaning of the kingdom concept: an unusual ribosomal RNA from Giardia lamblia

An analysis of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (16S-like rRNA) from the protozoan Giardia lamblia provided a new perspective on the evolution of nucleated cells. Evolutionary distances estimated from sequence comparisons between the 16S-like rRNAs of Giardia lamblia and other eukaryotes exceed similar estimates of evolutionary diversity between archaebacteria and eubacteria and challenge the phylogenetic significance of multiple eukaryotic kingdoms. The Giardia lamblia 16S-like rRNA has retained many of the features that may have been present in the common ancestor of eukaryotes and prokaryotes.     

汉逊德巴利酵母菌在胃酸、肠胆盐环境的耐受性研究

为探究汉逊德巴利酵母菌在酸性、胆盐环境及人工胃肠液下的存活情况,采用活菌计数法,分别在p H值1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5,胆盐浓度0.2%、0.3%、0.4%的PDA液体培养基,人工胃液作用0、2、4 h,以及人工肠液作用0、2、4、6、8、10 h环境下,测定汉逊德巴利酵母菌的活菌数。结果表明:耐酸试验中,该菌株在p H值1.0没有存活,p H值1.5、2.0、2.5活菌数与对照组比较下降明显(P0.01);耐胆盐试验中,该菌株在0.4%的高胆盐浓度下仍然存活,活菌数随胆盐浓度增加而降低;人工胃液试验中,与0 h比较,2 h、4 h活菌数显著增加(P0.01);人工肠液试验中,随着处理时间的延长,该菌株活菌数先升后降,但都比0 h活菌数增加。可见,汉逊德巴利酵母菌能够耐受较高的酸性环境和较高的胆盐环境,并在人工胃肠液环境下具有较高的存活能力,符合研制新型微生态制剂的条件。     

酸牦牛乳中乳酸菌降胆固醇作用及胆盐耐受性研究

为了从分离自甘肃酸牦牛乳中的23株乳酸菌中筛选能够同时降低胆固醇并耐受胆盐的乳酸菌,通过邻苯二甲醛法测定降胆固醇能力,并比较各菌株对三种形式的胆盐:牛胆汁、胆酸、甘胆酸钠的耐受性。结果表明,这些菌株在不同条件下的降胆固醇能力差异显著(P<0.05),多数菌株在不含牛胆汁的培养基中培养比添加牛胆汁时有着更好的对胆固醇的去除能力;死菌体对胆固醇的去除能力较弱;对各菌株对不同形式的胆盐耐受能力比较分析得出,各种形式的胆盐对乳酸菌的生长均有抑制作用,抑制顺序由强到弱依次为:甘胆酸钠>胆酸>牛胆汁;各菌株对胆盐的耐受力与降胆固醇能力没有相关性。通过比较选择出H1,I10和W2三株菌,作为功能性菌株为开发应用进行深入研究。     

多粘芽孢杆菌抗逆性与益生性的体外评价

为了探讨多粘芽孢杆菌的抗逆性与益生特性,通过5个试验评定多粘芽孢杆菌的抗热、抗酸、耐胆盐、抑菌性能和粘附性。85℃水浴对多粘芽孢杆菌分别处理2.5,5.0,7.5 min模拟制粒条件;利用pH分别为2、3、4的人工胃液模拟胃液环境;0.3%胆盐模拟肠液环境;抑菌试验测定多粘芽孢杆菌发酵液对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制能力;以蛋鸡肠道上皮细胞为模型测定多粘芽孢杆菌的粘附能力。结果表明:多粘芽孢杆菌高温处理7.5min活菌数较对照组减少1.17%(P0.05)。在耐酸性试验中,pH3的试验组较对照组活菌数降低0.37%(P0.05)。在耐胆盐试验中,试验组活菌数较对照组降低了0.74%(P0.05)。多粘芽孢杆菌发酵液对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌环直径分别为0,17.46 mm。粘附性试验结果显示,在每100个蛋鸡肠道黏膜上皮细胞上可以粘附30个多粘芽孢杆菌。因此,制粒温度、人工胃液、人工肠液不影响多粘芽孢杆菌活菌数;多粘芽孢杆菌对金黄色葡萄球菌有显著的抑制能力,基本不能在蛋鸡消化道内定植。     

具有潜在抑制肠道致病菌能力的乳酸菌的筛选

[目的]从实验室保藏的乳酸菌中筛选出耐酸耐胆盐能力较强的乳酸菌,并研究其对肠上皮细胞的黏附能力及对肠道病原菌的抑制能力。[方法]通过模拟人工胃肠液及体外与IEC-6细胞共培养来分别研究乳酸菌的耐酸耐胆盐能力及对细胞的黏附能力,并利用单层琼脂平板扩散法测定其抑菌效果。[结果]试验的27株乳酸菌中,10株乳酸菌在p H 3.0的人工模拟胃液中培养3 h的存活率均大于44.00%,在p H 8.0的人工模拟肠液中培养4 h的存活率均大于51.56%,在含0.30%胆盐的培养基中培养24 h的存活率均大20.00%;其中菌株C13、A03、A17及A90对IEC-6细胞的黏附个数均大于8个/cell;菌株C13、A03对艰难梭菌、沙门氏菌和大肠杆菌的抑制能力较强,抑菌圈直径均大于22 mm。经16S rRNA测序将C13和A03分别鉴定为鼠李糖乳杆菌(Lactobacillus rhamnosu)和植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)。[结论]L.rhamnosu C13、L.plantarum A03的耐酸耐胆盐能力及对上皮细胞的黏附能力较强,对肠道病原菌有较好的抑制作用,可作为良好的抑制肠道病原菌的候选益生菌株。     

健康犬肠道乳酸杆菌某些生物学特性的研究

从健康犬的肠道中分离并鉴定出5株乳酸杆菌,其中嗜酸乳杆菌3株、肠乳杆菌1株、发酵乳杆菌1株。根据其耐胆盐、生长表现等特性选择2株嗜酸乳杆菌（D1-3、D4-3）,作进一步的耐酸性、粘附性、抑菌作用等生物学特性试验。结果表明：D1-3和D4-3菌株能耐受高达6．0g／L的胆盐以及pH值低至2．0的酸性环境,对犬肠粘膜上皮细胞有良好的粘附性,其代谢产物对常见致病菌有较好的抑制作用,对小白鼠无毒性。     

鸡胆汁对动物小肠平滑肌及胆汁分泌的影响

采用肠管运动实验的在体法和离体法证明鸡胆汁对家兔在体和离本肠管平滑肌的收缩强度均有极显著的抑制作用，其抑制率分别为３９．９１％和６２．４９％，但对两者的收缩频率则均无显著影响。另外，本文还观察了鸡胆汁对大鼠胆汁分泌量的影响，结果表明，鸡胆汁能显著地提高大白鼠的胆汁分泌量。     

Evidence for karyogamy and exchange of genetic material in the binucleate intestinal parasite Giardia intestinalis

The diplomonad parasite Giardia intestinalis contains two functionally equivalent nuclei that are inherited independently during mitosis. Although presumed to be asexual, Giardia has low levels of allelic heterozygosity, indicating that the two nuclear genomes may exchange genetic material. Fluorescence in situ hybridization performed with probes to an episomal plasmid suggests that plasmids are transferred between nuclei in the cyst, and transmission electron micrographs demonstrate fusion between cyst nuclei. Green fluorescent protein fusions of giardial homologs of meiosis-specific genes localized to the nuclei of cysts, but not the vegetative trophozoite. These data suggest that the fusion of nuclei, or karyogamy, and subsequently somatic homologous recombination facilitated by the meiosis gene homologs, occur in the giardial cyst.     

黑熊肠道乳酸菌的分离鉴定及生物学特性研究

从延边地区黑熊肠道中分离并鉴定出3株乳酸菌,其中,嗜酸乳杆菌2株,发酵乳杆菌1株．根据其活性及胆盐耐受性选择2株嗜酸乳杆菌（L-1,L-3）进行耐酸试验、抑菌试验及毒性试验．结果表明,这2株嗜酸乳杆菌在胆盐含量0．3％,pH值为2．0时仍然生长,其代谢产物对常见致病菌有较好抑制作用,对小白鼠的毒性试验无毒性．这表明该菌株完全能适应动物胃肠道环境,作为微生态制剂用菌种具有较好的潜力．     

实验小鼠肠道寄生虫观察

本文对开放式设施内饲养的7个品系中351只实验小鼠的肠道寄生虫作了观察。共检出方种寄生虫;毛滴虫、鼠贾第虫、鼠六鞭虫、隐藏管状线虫、四翼无刺线虫和微小膜壳绦虫;其感染率为:毛滴虫100%、鼠贾第虫49.57%、鼠六鞭虫22.51%、隐藏管状线虫58.40%、四翼无刺线虫21.94%、微小膜壳绦虫21.37%。     

大豆胞囊线虫病的抗性机制研究

大豆胞囊线虫病是一种危害大豆的重要病害,引起大豆根系发育受阻和群体产量严重下降。为了进一步研究大豆胞囊线虫病的抗性机制,并对其进行有效的防治,综述了大豆胞囊线虫病的生理分化以及大豆胞囊线虫病的抗性基因和分子机制,对大豆胞囊线虫病抗性研究及品种选育进行了展望。     

无机盐诱导两种蓝藻异形胞的效果比较

蓝藻异型胞与生物固氮密切相关,同时也是蓝藻产氢的主要场所。采用17种无机盐,对两种蓝藻的异型胞分化进行诱导,实验结果表明：低渗水平浓度（0．05mol／L）的NaCl,MgCl2和MgSO4,既促进水华鱼腥藻（Anabaena flos—aquae）生长,又促进其异形胞的分化。其中,MgCl2对两者的促进作用最明显,分别比对照提高了1．5倍和1．2倍。17种无机盐中,只有MgSO4对念珠藻（Nostoc sp．）的生长和异形胞的分化都有促进作用,分别比对照提高了50％和56％。对两种藻的比较结果发现,无机盐对水华鱼腥藻的诱导作用明显大于念珠藻。     

草鱼胆汁酸与细菌生长试验

本文研究了草鱼结合胆汁酸直游离胆汁酸盐的抑菌作用,研究结果表明,草鱼结合胆汁酸直力游离胆汁酸酸盐对三种革兰氏阳性菌,如金黄色葡萄球菌、藤黄八叠球菌和苦草孢杆菌有抑菌作用,能够明显地抑制革兰氏阳性菌的生长。草鱼结合胆汁酸盐像乳糖培养基中的牛胆盐一样,能够抑制革兰阳性菌的生长,而有利于革兰氏阴性菌和如大肠杆菌的生长。草鱼游离胆汁酸盐像ＧＮ增菌液中的去氧胆酸钠一样,能够抑制革兰氏阳性菌的生长,而对革兰氏     

草鱼胆汁酸与细菌生长试验

本文研究了草鱼结合胆汁酸直游离胆汁酸盐的抑菌作用,研究结果表明,草鱼结合胆汁酸直力游离胆汁酸酸盐对三种革兰氏阳性菌,如金黄色葡萄球菌、藤黄八叠球菌和苦草孢杆菌有抑菌作用,能够明显地抑制革兰氏阳性菌的生长。草鱼结合胆汁酸盐像乳糖培养基中的牛胆盐一样,能够抑制革兰阳性菌的生长,而有利于革兰氏阴性菌和如大肠杆菌的生长。草鱼游离胆汁酸盐像ＧＮ增菌液中的去氧胆酸钠一样,能够抑制革兰氏阳性菌的生长,而对革兰氏     

Structural basis for gluten intolerance in celiac sprue

Celiac Sprue, a widely prevalent autoimmune disease of the small intestine, is induced in genetically susceptible individuals by exposure to dietary gluten. A 33-mer peptide was identified that has several characteristics suggesting it is the primary initiator of the inflammatory response to gluten in Celiac Sprue patients. In vitro and in vivo studies in rats and humans demonstrated that it is stable toward breakdown by all gastric, pancreatic, and intestinal brush-border membrane proteases. The peptide reacted with tissue transglutaminase, the major autoantigen in Celiac Sprue, with substantially greater selectivity than known natural substrates of this extracellular enzyme. It was a potent inducer of gut-derived human T cell lines from 14 of 14 Celiac Sprue patients. Homologs of this peptide were found in all food grains that are toxic to Celiac Sprue patients but are absent from all nontoxic food grains. The peptide could be detoxified in in vitro and in vivo assays by exposure to a bacterial prolyl endopeptidase, suggesting a strategy for oral peptidase supplement therapy for Celiac Sprue.     

芽孢杆菌益生菌株的筛选

选用从健康动物肠道中分离的芽孢杆菌为出发菌株,按照益生菌的特定要求,模拟体内胆盐环境(胆盐含量0.3%w/v),来监测菌株的耐受能力;测定在人工胃液、肠液环境中作用不同时间后的存活率,初步筛选能够作为益生菌的芽孢杆菌。试验结果表明,有3株芽孢杆菌分别为:B5329、B22、B544,在胆酸盐、人工胃液、人工肠液中表现出了很强的耐受能力,其中B544还具有很强的产淀粉酶、蛋白酶和木聚糖酶的能力。     

传统乳制品中嗜酸乳杆菌的生理特性研究

文章以实验室保藏的从内蒙古地区采集传统发酵乳制品中分离出的8株嗜酸乳杆菌为研究对象,研究了它们的生理特性,包括生长曲线的测定,渗透压对菌体生长的影响,耐胆盐性及抑菌能力。结果表明,该8株菌耐盐和耐胆酸盐能力分别达到6.0%和1.0%,经过多次筛选后,获得了两株细菌素产生菌株KLDS1.0365和KLDS1.0384。     

圈养猕猴肠道寄生虫感染情况调查

为了解圈养猕猴肠道寄生虫感染情况,采用卢戈氏碘液染色法、饱和蔗糖溶液漂浮法和改良抗酸染色法对广西、河南和四川的3个猕猴养殖场共346份新鲜猕猴粪便进行检查.结果显示,寄生虫总感染率为51.4%(178/346),共栓出6种肠道寄生虫:阿米巴原虫、球虫、贾第虫、鞭虫、类圆线虫和钩虫,感染率分别为39.6%、0.9%、0....