新疆野苹果多酚物质的遗传多样性

以新疆野苹果(Malus sieversii)30个单株的成熟果实为试材,对果实多酚物质的组成、含量及遗传多样性进行了研究,结果表明：新疆野苹果30个单株多酚物质含量存在广泛的遗传变异,变异系数均在36.12%以上,遗传多样性极为丰富;鉴定出原花青素、没食子酸、绿原酸、对羟基苯甲酸、儿茶素、表儿茶素、香草醛、阿魏酸、苯甲酸、根皮苷、槲皮素、肉桂酸、根皮素等13种多酚物质,其中原花青素、表儿茶素、根皮苷和绿原酸是野苹果的主要多酚组分,总酚及主要多酚物质含量显著高于栽培苹果(Malus domestica)品种红星。     

Flavonol and phenolic acid composition of sweet cherries (cv. Lapins) produced on six different vegetative rootstocks

The effect of rootstock (‘MaxMa 14’, ‘Weiroot 13’, ‘PiKu 1’, ‘Weiroot 158’, ‘Gisela 5’ and ‘F12/1’) on phenolic acid and flavonol content of “Lapins” sweet cherry was investigated. Phenolic acids and flavonols were isolated from sweet cherries and analyzed by using reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The major phenolic acids in sweet cherries were neochlorogenic acid (18–50 mg kg⁻¹), chlorogenic acid (19–62 mg kg⁻¹) and p-coumaric acid derivatives (15–125 mg kg⁻¹). The amount of flavonol quercetin-3-rutinoside (8–37 mg kg⁻¹) was significant as well. There are significant variations in the phenolic compound content among sweet cherry fruits grown on trees grafted on different vegetative rootstocks. The significantly higher chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, p-coumaric derivative and quercetin-3-rutinoside contents were found in sweet cherry fruits grown on trees grafted on ‘Weiroot 13’ and ‘PiKu 1’ rootstocks. Sweet cherries produced on trees grafted on other rootstocks had significantly lower phenolic compound content.     

Varietal differences in the chlorogenic acid,anthocyanin, soluble sugar,organic acid,and amino acid concentrations of eggplant fruit

Summary

Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is an important crop in Japan, with a long history of cultivation. Although many eggplant cultivars and lines have been developed, their nutrient concentrations, including phenolic compounds, have not been investigated in detail. In the present study, we investigated varietal differences in the concentrations of taste (e.g., soluble sugars, organic acids, and amino acids) and functional (e.g., chlorogenic acid, anthocyanins, and amino acids) compounds in eggplant fruit using 34 cultivars and lines with diverse growth habits, fruit shapes, sizes, and colours. The concentrations of taste and functional compounds differed among cultivars and lines. Variations in chlorogenic acid [0.1 – 2.5 mg g^–1 fresh weight (FW)] and anthocyanin (0.0 – 0.4 A₅₃₂ units g^–1 FW) concentrations were greater than those of soluble sugars (e.g., sucrose, 0.5 – 1.7 mg g^–1 FW; glucose, 7.6 – 13.7 mg g^–1 FW; fructose, 6.2 – 15.0 mg g^–1 FW) and organic acids (e.g., citric acid, 0.07 – 0.21 mg g^–1 FW; malic acid, 0.9 – 1.9 mg g^–1 FW). We also found that the coefficient of variation in amino acid concentrations varied with amino acid. Glutamine (27.4 – 135.8 mg 100 g^–1 FW) and arginine (4.5 – 23.1 mg 100 g^–1 FW) had the largest variation between varieties. These results indicate the importance of cultivar selection to optimise the concentrations of ingredients and will contribute to improvements in the functionality of eggplant through breeding.     

In vitro embryo germination and proliferation of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.)

In vitro development of isolated embryos and axillary bud proliferation were studied in Pistacia vera L. Different regulator-free nutrient media were compared to determine the effects of the mineral solution, agar and sucrose concentrations on seedling development from mature embryos. Nutrient-rich MS [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tabacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–479] and DKW [Driver, J.A., Kuniyuki, A.M., 1984. In vitro propagation of Paradox walnut rootstock. HortScience 19, 507–509] mineral solutions were more efficient for the development of aerial parts than nutrient-poor KN [Knop, W., 1884. Bereitung einer concentrierten nährstofflosung für pflanzen. Landwersuhssat 30, 292–294] and WT [Withe, P.R., 1936. Plant tissue cultures. Bot. Rev. 2, 419–437] solutions. Reducing the agar concentration enhanced fresh matter production and balanced seedling development. When tested at different concentrations, sucrose was found to orient mature embryo development, with the best results obtained at concentrations of 2–4%, whereas high concentrations (6 and 12%) mainly inhibited elongation of the aerial parts. Plantlets obtained previously from in vitro cultured embryos were propagated by axillary budding. High bud proliferation (six shoots per explant) was achieved when using 17.8 μM benzyladenine (BA) combined with 0.5 μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). The addition of 2.9 μM gibberellic acid (GA₃) to the propagation medium did not improve axillary shoot yields and on average, media with GA₃ produced 2.3–2.6 elongated stems per cultured explant. Shoots were rooted in vitro in half-strength MS medium containing 12.3 μM IBA.     

Accumulation of phytotoxic organic acids in reused nutrient solution during hydroponic cultivation of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

Proper nutrient solution management in the root zone is the first consideration for the adoption of a closed hydroponic system. Plant roots often exude numerous organic acids, which are known to inhibit growth. To investigate the accumulation of these phytotoxic organic acids as root exudates, lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) was hydroponically grown in reused nutrient solution. Organic acids were extracted with diethyl ether from the reused nutrient solutions (RNS), root residues, and activated charcoal (AC) then quantified by GC/MS. Five individual organic acids were identified from the root residues and seven from the reused nutrient solutions. After 90 days of lettuce cultivation, in the treated AC in 3RNS, benzoic, phenylacetic, cinnamic, p-hydroxybenzoic, lauric, phthalic, vanillic, palmitic, and stearic acids were identified. In contrast, little or no organic acids were detected in the 3RNS treated with AC (3RNS/AC). Artificially applied pure organic acids ranging from 25 to 200 μM inhibited lettuce growth in a concentration-dependent manner. Lettuce growth was also greatly reduced in the nutrient solutions containing a externally applied, simulated mixture of the organic acids as in the 3RNS. Lettuce growth was not inhibited following the addition of AC (2.5 g/L) to the nutrient solution containing the mixture of organic acids. Our results demonstrated that organic acids were accumulated in reused nutrient solutions and were phytotoxic to lettuce growth. Also, this study showed that the addition of AC reduces the phytotoxic effects by eliminating the organic acids.     

Effect of nitrogen nutrition of stock plants of Justicia gendarussa L. on the rooting of cuttings

The effect of the nitrogen nutrition of stock plants of Justicia gendarussa L. on the rooting of cuttings was studied in sand culture under high, medium and low levels of nitrogen.

Nitrogen starvation induced rooting. Exogenous application of the auxins IAA (indol-3yl-acetic acid), IBA (indol-3yl-butyric acid) and NAA (naphth-lyl-acetic acid) greatly increased the rooting response of cuttings from-stock plants grown with small amounts of nitrogen.

The root-promoting effect of a low nitrogen supply was associated with a retardation of growth in the stock plants from which the cuttings were made. High C/N (total available carbohydrates/total nitrogen) and P/N (total phosphorus/total nitrogen) ratios increased anthocyanin pigmentation in the shoot, and increased rooting cofactor activity in the tissues of cuttings. The phenolic compounds, ferulic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and p-coumaric acid were present in the shoots of all three nutritional treatments and acted as important cofactors in the cuttings. In general, rooting cofactor activity was inversely related to nitrogen supply and the activity was highest under low nitrogen.

The cuttings taken from plants grown under different levels of nitrogen interacted differentially with the exogenously applied auxins.     

Stabilisation of the colour of anthocyanins in solutions by admixture with phytocomponents from apple

Summary

The colour of anthocyanins can be enhanced by planar chemical complex formation, or stabilised by the formation of adducts. We investigated these properties using fruit extracts. Delphinidine and its glucoside, myrtilline, at 0.1 mM were mixed with 10 mM caffeoylquinic acid (CQA; chlorogenic acid) or 6 mM ferulic acid (FeA). In a second experiment CQA, ferulic acid, and a CQA-rich apple extract were added in variable concentrations to a blackcurrant pigment preparation and incubated at 37°C in 0.02 M citrate buffer at pH 1.5, pH 3.0, or pH 4.5. The colour change was followed by measuring the absorbance at 540 nm and the composition of the solutions was assayed by HPLC using diode array detection. Deglycosylation of anthocyanins leads to a loss of colour and chemical stability. It is therefore of major importance that the enzyme preparations used during juice extraction be devoid of glycosidases. Addition of phenolic acids to an anthocyanin solution increases and stabilises the colour, which is accompanied by an acceleration of the loss of the native anthocyanins and the formation of coloured adducts, presumably based on the pyranoanthocyanin structure. The glycosyl residue in anthocyanins is necessary for colour stabilisation, which appears to be due to the formation of new pigments. Caffeoylquinic acid appeared to be more efficient than ferulic acid, and a CQA-rich extract from apple also resulted in stabilisation of the colour of a blackcurrant extract.     

Effect of explants source on shoot proliferation and adventitious regeneration in 10 Buddleia cultivars

Viable shoot cultures and weaned plants were obtained from cultured apical meristems with 10 Buddleia cultivars giving viabilities of 32–72%. The number of shoots produced, the micropropagation rate and the root number produced in vitro was higher in meristem derived shoots compared to those derived from shoot-tips. The subsequent growth rate of meristem derived plants, in the greenhouse, was also greater. The number of roots produced by conventional cuttings collected from meristem derived plants was significantly higher than in cuttings which were collected from plants derived from shoot-tips or from the original stock plants.Endogenous bacteria were not detected in either shoot cultures derived from meristems or in 10-week-old weaned plants derived from meristems whereas those derived from shoot-tips showed the presence of endogenous bacteria when sterilized explants were cultured on nutrient agar or on tryptic soy broth.Factors affecting adventitious bud and shoot production in leaf and internode explants was determined for ‘Lochinch’, ‘Border Beauty’, ‘Ile de France’ and ‘Pink Delight’ using meristem derived shoot cultures. Adventitious shoots appeared after 4 weeks of culture, in both types of explant when cultured on MS supplemented with 0.5–5.0 μM TDZ. The highest percentage regeneration was achieved from bisected internode explants cultured on 0.5 μM TDZ, with 93–100% regeneration among the cultivars whereas BA was less effective. The best response was obtained using 5.0 μM TDZ which gave over 10–11 shoots per explant in all bisected explants for all cultivars.     

Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) fruit quality attributes and phytochemicals under different crop load

Three apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivars were subjected to different degrees of fruit thinning during pit hardening. At harvest fruit quality characteristics were assessed, along with phytochemicals’ concentration, such as carbohydrates, phenolic compounds and organic acids. Antioxidant capacity of the pulp was estimated by diphenyl picryl hydrazyl and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays. Thinning improved fruit weight in two of the three cultivars with a subsequent decrease in fruit firmness, without significant effect on total soluble solid content and titratable acidity. The skin color was not influenced by thinning, but carbohydrate concentration and sweetness index increased. Total phenol concentration increased with thinning, without any similar increase of the major individual phenolic compounds detected (neo-chlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, catechin, epicatechin, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid and caffeic acid). The antioxidant capacity of the pulp was not influenced by thinning. In overall, thinning enhanced the pomological traits of apricot fruits as well as their phytochemical content.     

Relations of Phenolic Inhibitors to Resistance of Immature Apple Fruits to Rot

Extracts of phenolic compounds from maturing Red Delicious apple tissues containing p-coumaryl-quinic acids and chlorogenic acid were shown to be inhibitory to germination of Botrytis cinerea spores and mycelial growth of B. cinerea, Penicillium expansum and Alternaria sp. Measurements of the content of both acids during the growing season showed that the content of phenolic compounds was highest early in the season and decreased as the fruit matured. The decrease coincided with the rise in susceptibility of the fruit to rot caused by B. cinerea. The concentration of p-coumaryl-quinic acid was highest near the skin and lowest near the core.     

Micropropagation and accumulation of essential oils in wild sage (Salvia fruticosa Mill.)

A protocol for in vitro propagation of the wild three-lobed sage (Salvia fruticosa Mill.) (Synonym, Salvia triloba L.) was developed. Shoot tips were excised from in vitro seedlings and established on MS, Nitch and Nitch (NN), or B5 medium. For shoot proliferation, in vitro nodal and apical explants were cultured on MS medium containing 0.25–2 μM 6-benzylaminopurine (BA), 6-furfurylaminopurine (kinetin), or thidiazuron (TDZ). Proliferated microshoots were rooted on MS medium supplemented with 2.7–11.4 μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), or α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Results indicated that shoots established at 100% regardless of media type, however, shoot height, nodes per shoot, and leaf number were highest for explants established on MS medium compared to NN or B5. Number and height of proliferated shoots, nodes per shoot, and leaf number were highest for nodal explants cultured on a medium containing 0.75 μM BA. Microshoots cultured on a medium supplemented with 2.7 μM IBA exhibited the highest rooting percentage compared to those cultured with IAA or NAA. Essential oil composition in microshoots and shoots of greenhouse-grown plants was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The major essential oils detected in both plant materials were α-pinene, 1,8-cineole, camphor, and borneol. No α-thujone or β-thujone was detected. The content of essential oils, camphor, and borneol were higher in the microshoots than in shoots of greenhouse-grown plants.     

Auxin synergists in the rooting of mango cuttings

Preplanting application of phenolic compounds, p-hydroxybenzoic acid p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid, in most cases promoted auxin-induced rooting on cuttings of mango, a difficult-to-root fruit plant. The ethylene-releasing chemical CEPA (ethrel, ethephon) also stimulated rooting in the presence of auxins. Synergism was more pronounced in the presence of IBA than with IAA. To a certain extent, root-promoting effects of auxins and non-auxin chemicals were related to the utilization of carbohydrate fractions from the region of root formation. Utilization of reserve polysaccharides assumed greater importance only during the root-development phase.     

Influence of medium composition and vessel ventilation on in vitro propagation of Phillyrea latifolia L.

Micropropagation of Phillyrea latifolia L. a wild species present in Mediterranean coastal areas having drought and salt tolerance was performed using explants from adult plants. Shoots were induced from nodal explants on the Rugini’s initial medium (IM). Then these were proliferated on either Rugini olive medium (OM) or Linsmaier and Skoog (LS) medium, each supplemented with 2.22 μM 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) or 4.56 μM zeatin (Z). Rooting (66.1±11%) was induced on shoots grown in perlite soaked with half-strength Rugini olive proliferation medium (OMr) containing 2.69 μM α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 160 mg l⁻¹ putrescine. Both shoot multiplication and rooting were performed using Magenta^® GA-7 (Sigma) vessels either non-permeable or permeable to gas exchanges. Contamination (about 40%) was observed during the first five passages notwithstanding the addition of cefotaxime to the culture medium, but a high proliferation rate (90%) of explants provided enough healthy plant material. The highest shoot proliferation was observed on LS medium and zeatin whereas the presence of the ventilated filters reduced fresh weight of explants growing on LS media and did not affect shoot growth on OM media. During rooting, the use of ventilated vessels in comparison with the closed ones enhanced development of roots, and doubled the dry weight of plantlets. The vessel ventilation combined with the artificial substrate (perlite) was beneficial for in vitro acclimatization of rooted Phillyrea plantlets.     

桃3种颜色果肉中10种酚类物质的测定及比较

 优化了桃酚类物质分析的高效液相色谱法（HPLC）,并测定和比较了红、黄、白色类型桃果肉酚类物质组分。以甲醇（0.1% H₃PO₄）为提取剂,采用C₁₈柱（4.6 mm × 250 mm,5 μm）,以甲醇（0.1% H₃PO₄）和水（0.1% H₃PO₄）为流动相梯度冲洗,流速1.0 mL · min^-1,温度30 ℃,检测波长280 nm,适于桃果肉酚类组分分析。在桃果肉中检出了绿原酸、新绿原酸、儿茶素、表儿茶素、芦丁、槲皮素、没食子酸、阿魏酸、根皮苷和根皮素。不同肉色类型桃的主要酚类组成和含量存在差异,红肉桃主要成分为表儿茶素、绿原酸、儿茶素和新绿原酸,黄肉桃为新绿原酸、绿原酸和儿茶素,白肉桃为新绿原酸、儿茶素和芦丁;红肉桃含量最高的酚类为表儿茶素最高（78.91 ~ 673.90 mg · kg^-1FW）,黄肉桃为新绿原酸（7.28 ~ 25.57 mg · kg^-1FW）,白肉桃中含量最高的酚类因品种而异,规律不明显,以新绿原酸（3.17 ~ 6.16 mg · kg^-1FW）和儿茶素（4.21 ~ 14.55 mg · kg^-1FW）较高;各酚类含量差异显著,对于绿原酸、新绿原酸、儿茶素、表儿茶素和芦丁等桃果肉中的主要组分而言,红肉桃的含量均显著高于白肉和黄肉桃。同一肉色不同品种间一些酚类物质的含量差异显著,可用于筛选桃特异种质。     

Callus induction and plant regeneration from cotyledonary explants of ash gourd (Benincasa hispida L.)

A protocol for the production of complete plantlets through multiple shoots from the cotyledon-derived calli of ash gourd (Benincasa hispida L.) is described. The embryos were excised from mature seeds and cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurin (BAP, 1–5 μM). After 10 days the well-developed green cotyledons from the growing embryos were isolated and cultured on MS medium fortified with 2,4-D (1–6 μM). The cultured cotyledons gave rise to luxuriantly growing calli after 6 weeks. These calli were subcultured on MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of BAP (1–6 μM) alone or in combination with naphthalene acetic acid (NAA, 0.2 and 0.5 μM) for regeneration. The regenerated shoots were multiplied and rooted on quarter strength MS medium supplemented with indole-3-butyric acid or NAA (1–5 μM). The rooted shoots were transplanted to soil with 90% success.     

Auxins increase the occurrence of leaf-colour variants in Caladium regenerated from leaf explants

Leaf explants of Caladium ‘Pink Cloud’ were cultured in vitro on MS medium containing various auxins (NAA, IBA, IAA, 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D) in combination with cytokinin (BA). NAA gave the most vigorous in vitro propagation of this plant, and only 15% of the plants were leaf-colour variants on the medium containing 0.5 μmol NAA. Leaf colour variation was observed in all plants regenerated on the medium containing 2,4-D at 0.5–4.5 μmol. In hormone-free medium, only a few leaf-colour variants (6%) occurred, but the rate of plant regeneration was very low. Application of 0.5 μmol NAA together with 4.5 μmol BA seemed to be the most appropriate for in vitro propagation of Caladium ‘Pink Cloud’ with only a few leaf-colour variants.     

Varietal differences in phenolic content and astringency in skin and flesh of hardy kiwifruit resources in Japan

Varietal differences in the total phenolic content and astringency in the skin and flesh were determined among the cultivars and local collections of hardy kiwifruit with a ploidy variance found in Japan. The average values of the total phenolic content in the skin and flesh were 2.66 and 0.18 g 100 g⁻¹ FW, respectively. There were large varietal differences in the total phenolic content in the skin in the range of 1.3–5.0 g 100 g⁻¹ FW. Kochi (tetraploid), while Gassan and ‘Mitsuko’ (hexaploid) contained a larger amount of total phenolics. High astringency was found in Gassan, ‘Mitsuko’ and ‘Hoko’ (hexaploids) and Kochi. HPLC analysis showed that the major components of phenolics in the flesh were (+)-catechin, chlorogenic acid, rutin, (−)-epicatechin and quercetin.     

酚类物质与蝴蝶兰褐变关系初探

 利用高效液相色谱法对3个褐化程度不同的蝴蝶兰品种A1 (大白花红心) 、B3 (迷你型白花黄心) 和R4 (深红花红心) 进行了9种酚酸定性定量分析, 并研究了以叶片为外植体的初代培养过程中总酚含量的动态变化。结果表明: 绿原酸、邻苯二酚、儿茶酚、咖啡酸及没食子酸、对羟基苯甲酸、香豆酸可能与蝴蝶兰褐变相关, 苯甲酸对蝴蝶兰褐变影响很小; 在褐变过程中, 总酚含量越高, 褐变程度越严重。     

Parameters of inner quality of the apple scab resistant and susceptible apple cultivars (Malus domestica Borkh.)

Individual organic acids and sugars were analysed in the fruits of scab resistant and susceptible apple cultivars. The total sugars ranged between 128.2 and 191.6 g/kg, and the total organic acid between 5.1 and 13.4 g/kg. In the flesh and peels of different apple varieties single phenolics (gallic, protocatehuic, chlorogenic, caffeic, ferulic and p-coumaric acid, phloridzin, epicatechin, catechin, quercitrin and rutin) were analysed together with their total phenolic content (TPC). ‘Golden Delicious’ was the cultivar with the lowest TPC whereas ‘Rubinola’, ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Goldrush’ had the highest level of TPC in the pulp. Peels showed a 2–9 times higher phenolic content than the pulp. ‘Goldrush’ had the highest content of TPC in its peel. The total antioxidant capacity of peels was about 2–5 times higher than respective pulps. Scab resistant apple cultivars had significantly higher content of some single and total phenolic contents in comparison with the scab susceptible, especially the pulp.     

椰糠复合基质槽培番茄营养液浓度的研究

以无限生长型番茄‘丰收’为试材,以椰糠∶珍珠岩=3∶1为基质,设置EC值为1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0 mS·cm^-1的6种营养液浓度,研究了在不同EC值营养液处理下植株的株高、茎粗、叶片数的生长变化,根系活力、可溶性糖、有机酸、可溶性蛋白质、维生素C含量、产量、干鲜质量、水分利用效率和根区液养分离子浓度等的变化。结果表明:适当提高营养液浓度可以改善番茄品质,但营养液浓度过高盐分累积严重时会导致产量和品质下降。EC值为2.5、3.0、3.5 mS·cm^-1的营养液较适合椰糠复合基质栽培,其中EC值为4.0 mS·cm^-1可作为短期内高品质栽培使用,番茄长季节高产栽培则可以选择EC值为2.0 mS·cm^-1的营养液。