滇池沉积物的功能: 磷源还是磷库?

Dianchi Lake is a highly eutrophic lake in southwestern China where phosphorus (P) is the limiting element for eutrophication and where lake sediments play an important role in the P cycle. One hundred and eighteen sites were sampled throughout Dianchi Lake in 2002 to investigate the P loading of the lake sediments, while fresh surface sediments were studied in the laboratory to clarify its role for phosphorus. The results showed that concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) in sediments were very high, with a maximum value of 6.66 g kg^-1, and decreased with sediment depth. P adsorption on surface sediments was rapid with adsorption amounts higher in acidic than in alkaline conditions. The release experiments showed that P release increased as pH rose from 7.0 to 10.5. Additionally, compared with aerobic conditions, P release was much higher under anaerobic: conditions, especially with low P content in the lake water. At present, the sediments in Dianchi Lake still function as a sink for phosphorus at high P levels in lake water. However, if the external P load was reduced and P content in lake water became low, the sediment would have a large potential for P release under anaerobic conditions.     

Lake Sediments from Dianchi Lake： A Phosphorus Sink or Source？

Dianchi Lake is a highly eutrophic lake in southwestern China where phosphorus (P) is the limiting element for eutrophication and where lake sediments play an important role in the P cycle. One hundred and eighteen sites were sampled throughout Dianchi Lake in 2002 to investigate the P loading of the lake sediments, while fresh surface sediments were studied in the laboratory to clarify its role for phosphorus. The results showed that concentrations of total phosphorus(TP) in sediments were very high, with a maximum value of 6.66 g kg^-1, and decreased with sediment depth. P adsorption on surface sediments was rapid with adsorption amounts higher in acidic than in alkaline conditions. The release experiments showed that P release increased as pH rose from 7.0 to 10.5. Additionally, compared with aerobic conditions, P release was much higher under anaerobic conditions, especially with low P content in the lake water. At present, the sediments in Dianchi Lake still function as a sink for phosphorus at high P levels in lake water. However, if the external P load was reduced and P content in lake water became low, the sediment would have a large potential for P release under anaerobic conditions.     

黄土高原土壤养分的损失

The soil nutrient losses due to excessive soil loss on Loess Plateau were studied by means of runoff plots and systematical determination of soil nutrients both in sediments and runoff.The results show that the amounts of nutrient losses depended on the amounts of ersoion sediments.Along with sediment,11-197kg nitrogen/hectare and 9-174kg phosphorus/hectare were lost,accounting for 92.46-99.47 percent of the total amount of nitrogen loss and 99.85-99.99 percent of the total amount of phosphorus loss respectively.The nutrient losses,very small in runoff,were mainly attributed to erosion of a few rainstorms during a year.The nutrient level in sediment was mostly higher than that in the original soil.Planting grass evidently redued the losses of soil nutrients.The N level was lower in runoff than in rainfall so that the N loss from runoff could be made up by rainfall.Fertilizer application to crops raised the nutrient level in runoff.     

Natural Nitrogen-15 Abundance of Ammonium Nitrogen and Fixed Ammonium in Soils

The present article deals with the natural nitrogen-15 abundance of ammonium nitrogen and fixed ammonium in different soils.Variations in the natural ^15N abundance of ammonium nitrogen mineralized in soils under anaerobic incubation condition were related to soil pH.The δ ^15N of mineralizable N in acid soils was lower but that in neutral and calcareous soils was higher compared with the δ ^15N of total N in the soils.A variation tendence was also found in the δ ^15N of amino-acid N in the hydrolysates of soils.The natural ^15N abundance of fixed ammonium was higher than that of total N in most surface soils and other soil horizons,indicating that the increase of δ ^15N in the soil borizons beneath subsurface horizon of some forest soils and acid paddy soils was related to the higher δ ^15N value of fixed ammonium in the soil.     

中国长江中下游地区浅水湖泊沉积物有机磷研究

Thirteen sediment core samples （0 10 cm） were taken from the seven lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River to determine the contents and distributions of organic phosphorus （P） fractions in the sediments of the shallow lakes in the area. The organic P fractions in the sediments were in the order of moderately labile organic P （MLOP） 〉 moderately resistant organic P （MROP） 〉 highly resistant organic P （HROP） 〉 labile organic P （LOP）, with average proportional ratios of 13.2：2.8：1.3：1.0. LOP, MLOP, and MROP were significantly related to the contents of total organic carbon （TOC）, water-soluble P （WSP）, algal-available P （AAP）, NaHCO3-extractable P （Olsen-P）, total P （TP）, organic P （OP）, and inorganic P （IP）. However, HROP was significantly related to OP and weakly correlated with TOC, WSP, AAP, Olsen-P, TP or IP. This suggested that organic P, especially LOP and MLOP in sediments, deserved even greater attention than IP in regards to lake eutrophication. In terms of organic P, sediments were more hazardous than soils in lake eutrophication. Although OP concentrations were higher in moderately polluted sediment than those in heavily polluted sediment, LOP and MLOP were higher in the heavily polluted sediment, which indicated that heavily polluted sediment was more hazardous than moderately polluted sediment in lake eutrophication.     

滇池水和沉积物中氮磷空间变化

Dianchi Lake is one of the most eutrophic lakes in China. In order to understand this eutrophication and to help control the pollution, this research investigated the spatial distribution of Kjeldahl nitrogen (K-N) and total phosphorus (TP) through analysis of bottom water and sediment (3 depths) samples collected at 118 sites around Dianchi Lake. The concentrations of K-N and TP for the lake bottom water in the Caohai part of the lake were much higher than those in the Waihai part, generally decreasing from north to south. In the sediments, the K-N concentration was higher in the Caohai part and the middle of the Waihai part. On the other hand, TP in the sediments was greater in the southern and western parts. Both K-N and TP had similar spatial distributions for the sediment samples of three different depths.Vertically, the KoN and TP concentration in the sediments decreased with an increase in depth. This was evidence that eutrophication and pollution of Dianchi Lake was becoming gradually more severe. Exterior factors including uncontrolled input of domestic and industrial effluents as well as non-point pollution around the lake were the main reasons for serious eutrophication; therefore, controlling these was the first step in reducing eutrophication of Dianchi Lake.     

我国一些土壤中较难提取的固定态铵

Ninety-three soil samples and 19 sedimentary rock samples collected from 21 provinces of China were analyzed for their contents of fixed ammonium and total N by Kjeldahl-HF method. Results showed that amount of difficultly extractable fixed ammonium (the fixed ammonium that is not determinable by Kjeldahl procedures commonly used for soils) in soils ranged from 0 to 202 mg kg^-1. It was generally more than 50 mg kg^-1 in soils in Changji and Turpan districts, Xinjiang, accounting for 3.2%~36.8% with an average of 13.9% of the total N. For some Orthents derived from purple shale and purple sandstone in Sichuan and Hunan provinces and Chao soils derived from secondary loess in Henan Province and Ningxia Autonomous Region it was generally around 30 mg kg^-1, accounting for 4%~7% of the total soil N, and for most of the rest of soils studied, with the exception of some subsoils, no or trace difficultly extractable fixed ammonium could be detected. It was suggested that the difficultly extractable fixed ammonium was originated from parent rock, and for slightly weathered soils derived from parent materials rich in this form of N the Kjeldahl method might give underestimation of total soil N.     

氧化势影响下的滇池沉积物孔隙水磷浓度变化

The sediment redox potential was raised in the laboratory to estimate reduction of internal available phosphorus loads, such as soluble reactive phosphorus （SRP） and total phosphorus （TP）, as well as the main elements of sediment extracts in Dianchi Lake. Several strongly reducing substances in sediments, which mainly originated from anaerobic decomposition of primary producer residues, were responsible for the lower redox potential. In a range of -400 to 200 mV raising the redox potential of sediments decreased TP and SRP in interstitial water. Redox potentials exceeding 320 mV caused increases in TP, whereas SRP maintained a relatively constant minimum level. The concentrations of Al, Fe, Ca^2＋, Mg^2＋, K^＋, Na^＋ and S in interstitial water were also related to the redox potential of sediments, suggesting that the mechanism for redox potential to regulate the concentration of phosphorus in interstitial water was complex.     

无定形锰氧化物在氮素损失中的作用

Studies have been made,by ^15N-tracer technique on nitrogen loss resulting from adding amorphous manganese oxide to NH4^ -N medium under anaerobic conditions.The fact that the total nitrogen recovery was decreased and that ^15NO2,^15N2O,^15N^14NO,^15NO,^15N2 and ^15N^14N were emitted has proved that,like amorphous iron oxide,amorphous manganese oxide can also act as an electron acceptor in the oxidation of NH4^ -N under anaerobic conditions and give rise to nitrogen loss.This once again illustrates another mechanism by which the loss of ammonium nitrogen in paddy soils is brought about by amorphous iron and manganese oxides.The quantity of nitrogen loss by amorphous manganese oxide increased with an increase in the amount of amorphous manganese oxide added and lessened with time of its aging.The nitrogen loss resulting from amorphous manganese oxide was less than that from amorphous iron oxide.And the nitrogen loss resulting from amorphous manganese oxide was less than that from amorphous iron oxide.And the nitrogen loss by cooperation of amorphous manganese oxide and microorganisms (soil suspension) was larger than that by amorphous manganese oxide alone.In the system,nitrogen loss was associated with the specific surface ares and oxidation-reduction of amorphous manganese oxide.However,their quantitative relationship and the exact reaction processes of nitrogen loss induced by amorphous manganese oxide remain to be further studied.     

三峡库区坡耕地磷素流失特征分析

Eutrophication in the Three Gorges Reservoir has become a serious issue, and phosphorus (P) is the nutrient thought to be primarily responsible although there are few studies about P loss from the mostly sloping farmlands of the area. This work investigated the amounts and forms of P loss from 9 farmlands with the slopes of 4°, 9°, and 17° in a small watershed, Wangjiagou in Fuling District, Chongqing of China. The slope of the relationship between runoff and rainfall increased with field slope; i.e., there was a significant interaction between the effects of rainfall and field slope on water export. For sediment export by surface runoff, there was no interaction between field slope and rainfall, and the intercept of the relationship between rainfall and sediment loss was significantly different for the 3 slopes. The main P loss was from sediments, regardless of slope. In the runoff water, particulate P was the largest P fraction, and its loss was greatest from the steepest land and least from the flattest. The release of total P and available P from sediments followed the same trend. The P loss during May to July in Wangjiagou was more than 60% of the annual total.     

锆改性沸石活性覆盖控制重污染河道底泥氮磷释放研究

通过实验考察了锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的吸附去除作用,并考察了锆改性沸石活性覆盖控制底泥溶解性磷酸盐和铵释放的效率。锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐的吸附能力随pH值的增加而降低：当pH值由4增加到5时,锆改性沸石对水中铵的吸附能力增加;当pH值5-8时,对铵的吸附能力较高;当pH值由8增加到10时,对铵的吸附能力下降。锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的吸附动力学满足准二级动力学模型,并且对磷酸盐和铵的吸附速率比较快。Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型可以用于描述锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的吸附平衡数据,根据Langmuir模型计算得到的锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的最大吸附量分别为7．75mg·g-1和9．59mg·g-1（pH7和25℃）。锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的去除率随锆改性沸石投加量的增加而增加,其吸附水中磷酸盐的主要机制是配位体交换,吸附水中铵的主要机制是阳离子交换。被锆改性沸石所吸附的磷酸盐大部分（82．5％）以较为稳定形态磷（NaOH—P）存在,低溶解氧条件下不容易重新被释放出来。吸附磷酸盐后锆改性沸石中水溶性磷（WSP）、易解吸磷（RDP）和NaHCO,可提取态磷（Olsen—P）含量非常低,藻类可利用磷（AAP）含量仅占总磷含量的29％左右。低溶解氧条件下,重污染河道底泥会释放出大量的溶解性磷酸盐和铵,锆改性沸石活性覆盖则不仅可以使上覆水中的溶解性磷酸盐浓度控制到很低的水平,而且可以明显降低铵由底泥向上覆水迁移的速率。上述实验结果表明,锆改性沸石适合作为一种活性覆盖材料用于控制底泥溶解性磷酸盐和铵的释放。     

沉积物中核酸态有机磷及其矿化过程研究

水体沉积物界面中磷的释放机制非常复杂,生物作用导致的pH值和氧化还原条件变化对湖泊沉积物矿化能力有显著影响。普遍认为沉积物中有机磷的矿化过程是对水体富营养化具有重要贡献的环节之一,而核酸态有机磷可从一定程度上表征微生物水平,反应微生物对矿化作用的影响。据此采用DNA提取的方法对沉积物中核酸态有机磷的含量进行测定,并模拟沉积物中核酸在不同pH和溶解氧条件下的矿化过程。结果表明,DNA提取方法可以快速、准确提取沉积物中核酸磷;沉积物中核酸磷含量为0．43～0．61μg·g^-1,占有机磷总量的0．27％～0．37％,精确度为1．58％～3．63％。模拟实验结果表明,在两种情况下上覆水中总磷浓度均呈波动式上升,在pH接近7时沉积物中核酸磷较低,有氧条件下核酸磷呈下降趋势。     

Phosphorus Retention and Release Characteristics of Sewage-Impacted Wetland Sediments

Sediment deposited in traps positioned along a sewage-impacted wetland receiving phosphorus (P)-retaining reactants from natural wetland water was fractionated into different particle sizes, and the amount of P retained in these particle sizes was investigated. Subsamples of the sediments collected from different sites along the wetland system were also equilibrated with water at different water:sediment ratios and equilibration periods to investigate the extent of P released from these sediments under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Results obtained showed that most of P deposited in sediments is in fine fractions (<16 µm), particularly in sediments collected from confluence sites where water inflow from the natural wetland provides P-retaining reactants and from sites immediately below these confluence sites (postconfluence sites). The extent of P release from sediments depended on the aerobic-anaerobic conditions of the sediments, equilibration period, water:sediment ratio and the position of sites within the wetland. The rate of P released from sediments associated with an increase in equilibration period tended to be higher under aerobic than anaerobic conditions. Water:sediment ratio was found to be a more important factor in controlling the release of P from sediments under anaerobic than aerobic conditions. The amount of P released from the confluence and postconfluence sites was higher than that from other sites over a range of equilibration periods and water:sediment ratios under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.     

Wetland Simulation Model for Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sediments Retention in Constructed Wetlands

Steamboat Creek, Washoe County, Nevada, is considered the most polluted tributary of the Truckee River, therefore the reduction of nutrients from the creek is an important factor in reducing eutrophication in the lower Truckee River. Restoration of the wetlands along the creek has been proposed as one method to improve water quality by reducing nutrient and sediments from non-point sources. This study was aimed to design a simulation model wetlands water quality model (WWQM) that evaluates nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediments retention from a constructed wetland system. WWQM is divided into four submodels: hydrological, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment. WWQM is virtual Visual Basic 6.0 program that calculates hydrologic parameters, nutrients, and sediments based on available data, simple assumptions, knowledge of the wetland system, and literature data. WWQM calibration and performance was evaluated using data sets obtained from the pilot-scale constructed wetland over a period of four and half years. The pilot-scale wetland was constructed to quantify the ability of the proposed wetland system for nutrient and sediment removal. WWQM simulates nutrient and sediments retention reasonably well and agrees with the observed values from the pilot-scale wetland system. The model predicts that wetlands along the creek will remove nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediments by 62, 38, and 84 %, respectively, which would help to reduce eutrophication in the lower Truckee River.     

Hydrolysis of ammonium polyphosphate in soils under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

Summary The hydrolysis of fertilizer-grade solid and liquid ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was studied on an aluvial (Entisol, Typic Ustifluvent), a sodic (Entisol Aquic Ustifluvent), and a laterite (Oxisol, Aquox) soil under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The hydrolysis rate was the fastest on laterite, intermediate on sodic, and slowest in the alluvial soil. Ammonium polyphosphate hydrolyzed more rapidly under anaerobic than under aerobic conditions. The hydrolysis of liquid ammonium polyphospahte was faster than that of solid ammonium polyphosphate in all soils. The half-life values for the polyforms of P in liquid ammonium polyphosphate ranged from 1.6 to 2.0 days under anaerobic and from 5.2 to 8.7 days under aerobic conditions. The corresponding values for solid ammonium polyphosphate were 3.9 to 9.2 days under anaerobic and 12.5 to 27.0 days under aerobic conditions.     

单养模式下罗非鱼亲本培育塘的沉积物产污系数初探

采用试验塘养殖方法研究了单养模式下罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus）亲本培育塘的沉积物污染物含量及沉积物产污系数。结果表明,单养模式下罗非鱼亲本培育塘的沉积物含水率、总有机质、TN、TP和有效磷的含量以及表层沉积物的氮磷比分别在61.07%～68.87%、5.42%～6.82%、2.12～3.18 mg.g^-1、0.34～0.45 mg.g^-1、15.39～24.92μg.g-1和5.74～7.85之间,上述指标在池塘水平分布上没有表现出变化的规律性。面积法和产量法计算得到的湿泥、干泥、总氮、总磷、有效磷、有机质的产污系数分别变化在5.60～15.13 kg.m-2、1.81～5.08 kg.m-2、7.24～23.86 g.m^-2、1.13～3.08 g.m^-2、0.06～0.18 g.m^-2、161.76～526.85 g.m-2和7.89～30.35 kg.kg^-1、2.55～10.19 kg.kg-1、10.43～47.86 g.kg^-1、1.59～6.18 g.kg^-1、0.08～0.36 g.kg^-1、256.37～1 004.69 g.kg^-1。同时,面积法计算显示,两试验塘的湿泥、干泥、总氮、总磷、有效磷、有机质的产污系数均差异不显著（P〉0.05）;而产量法计算显示,除底泥有效磷的产污系数差异不显著外（P〉0.05）,两试验塘的湿泥、干泥、总氮、总磷、有机质的产污系数均差异显著（P〈0.05）。这表明,当养殖模式、养殖技术、放养密度、投喂饲料等要素基本一致时,用面积法测定的沉积物产污系数比用产量法测定的稳定。     

Nitrogen Mobility at the Sediment-Water Interface of Lake Maracaibo,Venezuela

Nitrogen is one of the two most important elements in the metabolism of aquatic ecosystems. At low concentrations it can limit primary productivity and when present at very high concentrations it can participate in the eutrophication process of these environments. The mechanism of nitrogen transport in sediments is almost unknown, nevertheless it is of vital importance for establishing mass balances in aquatic systems. In the study presented here, we assessed the nitrogen flux in sediments of the central part of tropical Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela, in particular with regard to dissolved oxygen concentrations. Experiments were performed under laboratoryconditions in a batch system, and at varying dissolved oxygenregimes (aerobic and anaerobic). Every two days, during 3 months,overlying water samples were taken to analyze nitrite, nitrate,ammonium and Kjeldahl total nitrogen. Average release rates oftotal nitrogen were 0.86 in aerobic, and 1.06 mmol N m^-2 d^-1 in anaerobic systems corresponding to 41.7% of total N input to the lake. The behavior of nitrogen was strongly influenced by nitrate concentrations under aerobic conditions, and by organic nitrogen under anaerobic conditions during the course of the experiment. A major trend for the release of organic nitrogen during anaerobic conditions, and of nitrate, during aerobic conditions, was observed. Also fluxes of NO₃ ^-, NH₄ ⁺, organic N and Total N across the sediment-water interface were measured. In anaerobic conditions, which are predominant in the hypolimnetic cone of LakeMaracaibo, denitrification was estimated to be 0.02 mmol N m^-2 d^-1, which corresponds to 1.89% of the total N released from sediments.This is to our knowledge the first study of nitrogen fluxes insediments from Lake Maracaibo. The laboratory data presented herereflects conditions in the lake when major nutrients accumulation occurs.     

Sediment Phosphorus Release at Beaver Reservoir, Northwest Arkansas, USA, 2002–2003: A Preliminary Investigation

Phosphorus (P) release from bottom sediments can be a significant source to the overlying water column, potentially maintaining and enhancing algal growth and eutrophic conditions in lakes and reservoirs. Thus, the objectives of this study were to: (1) measure P flux under aerobic and anaerobic conditions from intact sediment cores collected at Beaver Reservoir, northwest Arkansas, (2) evaluate the spatial variability in measured sediment P flux under aerobic and anaerobic conditions along the reservoir, and (3) compare external and internal P loads to Beaver Reservoir. Six intact sediment cores were collected at three sites representing the lacustrine, transitional, and riverine zones during June 2003, September 2003 and February 2004 and incubated for 21 days in the dark at ～22°C. Three cores from each site were incubated under aerobic conditions and anaerobic conditions. Water samples were collected from the overlying water column in each core daily for the first five days and every other day thereafter and analyzed for soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP). Water removed from the core was replaced with filtered lake water, maintaining a constant overlying water volume of 1 l. Sediment P flux under anaerobic conditions (<0.01–1.77 mg m^?2 day^?1) was generally greater than that measured under aerobic conditions (<0.01–0.89 mg m^?2 day^?1). Some spatial variability existed in sediment P flux where P flux was generally greatest at the sites in the riverine and transitional zones. Maximum sediment P flux was observed under anaerobic conditions in cores collected from the transitional zone during September 2003. Average sediment P flux under aerobic conditions (0.09 mg m^?2 day^?1) and anaerobic conditions (0.31 mg m^?2 day^?1) was greater than the external P flux (0.05 mg m^?2 day^?1) estimated from the Beaver Reservoir tributaries. Results showed that the annual internal P load (7 Mg year^?1) from bottom sediments in Beaver Reservoir was less than 10% of the annual external P load (～81 Mg P year^?1). The internal P load was significant, but it would not currently be cost effective to manage this P source given the large surface area of Beaver Reservoir.