夏高粱高产制种关键技术

杂种优势利用在我国高梁育种研究中起步较早,选育水平居世界先进行列。高梁杂交种选育一般以应用国外雄性不育系和中国高粱品种为恢复系组配,地理远源,性状差异大,具有强大的杂种优势。同时由于杂交种双亲的各方面的差异也给杂交高粱制种带来很大的难度,经常造成杂交种的减产或绝收,因此杂交高粱制种不仅要有育种单位在品种选育过程中谨慎的工作,     

浅议保证杂交高粱种子纯度的措施

高粱杂交种的纯度不高，一直是高粱生产中的重要问题之一。要想保证杂交高粱种子纯度，首先要从亲本种子抓起，然后在繁育过程中保证隔离、去杂工作的及时彻底，另外还要严防机械混杂。     

高产优质多抗高粱杂交种辽杂10号

高产优质多抗高粱杂交种辽杂１０号陈悦曹嘉颖（辽宁省农业科学院高粱所,沈阳１１０１６１高粱新杂交种辽杂１０号是辽宁省农科院高粱所选育,其父母本分别为７０５０Ａ２×ＬＲ９１９８。１９９７年由辽宁省品审委审定通过并定名为辽杂１０号。１杂交种亲本和杂交种特征...     

堰玉18玉米选育技术

<正>1亲本来源及选育经过1.1亲本来源母本Z069是湖北省十堰市农科院1991年从华中农业大学玉米研究室引入的美国杂交种Pioneer3358的早代系3358-2经过多代自交选择育成的自交系,其系谱     

贮藏期间相对湿度和温度对两个一代高梁杂交种及其亲本的萌发效应

两个高粱bicolor(L.)MoenchF_1杂交种及其亲本的种子,均贮藏在相对湿度20.45和80%以及温度20℃和33℃的条件下432天,生活力的丧失不是随相对湿度(20—80%)增加而增加,就是随温度(20℃—33℃)增加而增加。杂交种CSH—5及其亲本种子,并不与杂交种CSH—1及其亲本种子的贮藏一样好。关于母本亲本品系(杂交种CSH一1的CK一60A,杂交种CSH一5的2077A)的耐藏力,在遗传学上看来象是要比父本亲本品系好。杂交种CSH一1的种子维持其生活力跟其母本CK一的A耐藏是显性的种子一样好。然而,杂交种CSH一5父本CS一3541不耐藏花粉是显性。因此,这两个杂交种中反应出的生活力丧失,可能是不同的     

饲草高粱部分不育系和恢复系的聚类分析

探讨饲草高粱的分类方法,分析饲草高粱亲本材料之间的遗传距离。对50份饲草高粱亲本材料进行了相关性状分析,计算了彼此间的遗传距离,并通过判别分析、卡方距离最低距离和卡方距离类平均方法进行聚类分析。通过聚类分析将50个饲草高粱亲本材料分为2个大类群,可以初步看出亲本间遗传距离的远近。2种方法对查明不同材料间的亲缘关系是有效的,对育种过程中的材料选配也具有一定的参考价值。在选育饲草高粱杂交种时应根据亲本间遗传距离远近进行测配,提高选配强优组合的效率。     

山东省主要玉米杂交种系谱分析

山东省80～90年代推广的主要玉米杂交种的系谱是以黄早4、M_(017)、8112、330和E_(28)等骨干自交系及其衍生系为主,与其他自交系杂交,形成了较大的品种系谱群。这些玉米杂交种对玉米生产起了很大推动作用。系谱分析还表明美国种质对山东省的玉米育种效果影响较大。今后要改进育种方法,提高育种效率,选育推广紧凑大穗型玉米杂交种,进一步加大密度,使玉米产量再上一个新台阶。     

高粱杂种优势生理特点的初步研究

杂交种为什么具有较高的生产率,较强的生活力和经济性状的一致性,前人曾进行过多方面的探讨,迄今未得到确切解释。尤其以高粱为试材的研究报告,在国内还未见过报导。但高粱的三系及其组成的杂交种,确实由于授精过程一粒花粉差异的原发机制,导致二者在生理代谢过程中发生变化,最后表现在经济产量上,亲本和杂交种表现了较大的差异。因此,为了探讨产生杂种优势的原因,我们近年来结合育种工作,开展了对高粱的后发生理指标的研究,企图通过杂交种及其相应亲本的生理特性和经济性状的测定,探讨高粱杂种优势的生理基础。现将初步研究结果,报告如下。     

大豆杂交种异地鉴定及选育方法初探

为了研究大豆杂交种杂种优势大小及其稳定性,进一步探讨杂交大豆选育方法,通过对2006—2010年异地鉴定试验初次测产及二次测产结果进行分析。结果表明,大豆杂交种同常规对照品种比较,具有较强的杂种优势,增产效果显著。大豆杂交种各产量性状间差异明显,这是由杂交种的遗传基础决定的,与杂交种的亲本的遗传基础及配合力有关。杂交种产量优势主要来自于三粒荚数、四粒荚数、单株荚数、单株粒数、单株产量、分枝数等产量性状,为杂交大豆新品种选育提供了依据。同时指出了大豆杂交种异地鉴定中存在的问题及解决方法。     

四川高粱良种繁育存在的问题与对策探讨

本文对四川高粱产业发展与品种利用现状做了评述。通过对四川高粱品种繁育中存在的常规高粱品种选育滞后于杂交高粱品种选育、高粱良种繁育体系建设滞后、高粱良种繁育基地建设滞后,不适应新形势发展的分析,提出了四川发展高粱产业的当务之急是及时完善高粱良种繁育基地建设规划、加大对高粱良种繁育基地建设的投入,加大对高粱新品种选育、推广的投入等建议。     

新引进高粱雄性不育系的配合力分析

按格子方法对新引进美国高梁不育系 Tx622A、Tx623A、Tx624A 等进行了主要农艺性状的配合力分析。不育系间穗粒重、穗粒数、生育期、株高、穗长、角质含量配合力差异显著,千粒重配合力差异不显著。在全部被研究性状的遗传控制中,加性基因效应占主导。除 Tx622A 外,其余新引不育系穗粒重,穗粒数的一般配合力效应优于3197A,全部     

Effect of cytoplasmic male-sterility in sorghum on host plant interaction with sorghum midge,Contarinia sorghicola

Summary Sorghum midge, Contarinia sorghicola Coq. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) is one of the most important pests of grain sorghum worldwide. We studied the reaction of midge-resistant and midge-susceptible genic-cytoplasmic male-sterile (A-lines) and their maintainers (B-lines), and the effect of resistant and susceptible restorers on sorghum midge. Midge damage and adult emergence were significantly lower on the B-lines of midge-resistant genotypes (PM 7061 and PM 7068) than their corresponding A-lines, while the reverse was true for the midge-susceptible genotypes (296A and ICSA 42). Differences in midge damage and the number of midges emerged were not significant between the midge-resistant and midge-susceptible A-lines when infested without pollination (except midge emergence on PM 7061A). Pollination with a midge-resistant restorer (DJ6541) reduced midge emergence significantly in one of two seasons. Source of pollen did not influence midge emergence on the highly-resistant A-line, PM 7061A. The implications of these observations in the development of midge-resistant hybrids were discussed.     

Ergot reaction of pearl millet hybrids affected by fertility restoration and genetic resistance of parental lines

Summary High ergot (Claviceps fusiformis Loveless) susceptibility of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) hybrids has often been associated with the A₁ cytoplasm of male-sterile lines (A-lines). To understand the underlying basis of this association and to examine the prospects of breeding ergot-resistant hybrids, we evaluated 56 hybrids and their 15 parental lines for ergot reaction and selfed seedset for 2 years in disease nurseries at ICRISAT Asia Center. Hybrids were made by crossing seven pollen parents (2 susceptible and 5 resistant) onto two resistant and two susceptible A-lines, and their four corresponding maintainer lines (B-lines). A-lines had no selfed seedset while B-lines had 32–75% selfed seedset. Hybrids of A-lines had significantly less selfed seedset than the hybrids of the corresponding B-lines. The reduced seedset of A-lines and their hybrids, however, was not always accompanied by significantly higher ergot susceptibility. Highly resistant hybrids were obtained where both A-lines and pollen parents were highly resistant, regardless of male fertility levels of the hybrids. Thus, although the A₁ cytoplasm, by its reduction of male fertility, had a large and significant effect in increasing ergot severity of hybrids, the contribution of nuclear genetic factors of female parents was about 1.8 times larger than that of the cytoplasm.Submitted as JA No. 1776 by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi Arid Tropies.     

小麦K型不育系的易恢性及育性恢复的稳定性研究

利用2个K型不育系与不同K型恢复系组配测交组合，研究了不同不育系的易恢性及其遗传机理，恢复系在年份间恢复度的稳定性以及播期、播量对育性恢复度的影响。结果表明, 2个K型不育系易恢性有明显差异，其易恢性受2对主基因和微效多基因共同控制，不育系易恢性与恢复系恢复力差异的机理是相同的。大多数K型杂交组合的恢复度在不同年份间有较大差异，但恢复度高的组合稳定性较好，异常年份鉴定恢复系的恢复力是最有效的。播期对恢复度的影响较大，播量影响较小。抽穗至开花期间的异常高温是恢复度不稳定的主要外部原因。     

Genetic contribution of Chinese landraces to the development of sorghum hybrids

The origin of sorghum hybrids developed in China in the past several decades was analyzed in order to assess genetic contribution of Chinese landraces (Kaoliang) to the sorghum hybrids, to evaluate the genetic diversity existing in the A-lines and R-lines mainly used in breeding programs, and to outline a proper strategy for the future development of sorghum improvement. Basically, Chinese sorghum landraces have played an important role in the development of R-lines while foreign germplasm have played an essential role in the development of A-lines. Because cytoplasmic male-sterility has not been certainly found in Chinese sorghum, cytoplasmic and nuclear genetic backgrounds of A-lines will continue to depend on foreign sorghum types in the future. Genetic diversification including cytoplasmic diversification has to be a priority in future hybrid breeding and production. To obtain superior hybrid vigor, Chinese sorghum germplasm will have to play a more important role in hybrid breeding programs in the future. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

高粱出苗能力的遗传研究

本文利用4个不育系和4个恢复系、两组亲本及其16个杂种、两个杂交组合的F_2为材料研究了高粱胚轴伸长潜力、出苗日数和出苗率的遗传规律及其相互关系.结果表明,高粱胚轴伸长潜力和出苗日数具有较高的遗传力,其基因系统的加性效应占主导地位;品种胚轴伸长潜力大小是出苗率高低的决定因素;出苗日数与胚轴伸长潜力呈高度负相关.     

Combining ability and heterosis as influenced by male-sterility inducing cytoplasms in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]

An investigation was carried out to assess the efficiency of A₂ cytoplasmic-nuclear male-sterility (CMS) system in comparison to the widely used A₁ cytoplasm in terms of general combining ability (gca) effects of male-sterile (A-) lines and mean performance, specific combining ability (sca) effects and mid-parent heterosis of hybrids for days to 50% flowering, plant height and grain yield at International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India in 2001 and 2002 rainy seasons. The material for the study consisted of six pairs of iso-nuclear, allo-plasmic (A₁ and A₂) A-lines and 36 iso-nuclear hybrids produced by crossing these A-lines with three dual restorer (R-) lines. The results revealed that cytoplasm and its first-order interaction with year, R- and A-lines did not appear to contribute to variation in iso-nuclear hybrids for plant height and grain yield. Cytoplasm had limited effect on gca effects of A-lines and on sca effects and mid-parent heterosis of iso-nuclear hybrids for days to 50% flowering, plant height and grain yield. The mean days to 50% flowering, plant height and grain yield of A₂ cytoplasm-based hybrids were comparable with those of widely used A₁ cytoplasm-based hybrids. The relative frequency of the occurrence of the A₁- and A₂-based hybrids with significant sca effects and mid-parent heterosis indicated that A₂ CMS system is as efficient as A₁ with a slight edge over A₁ for commercial exploitation. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to opportunities for broadening not only cytoplasm base but also nuclear genetic base of both the hybrid parents.     

Seed parent breeding efficiency of three diverse cytoplasmic-nuclear male-sterility systems in pearl millet

Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) hybrids, grown widely in India and to some extent in the US, are all based on an A₁ CMS source, leaving the pearl millet hybrids vulnerable to potential disease or insect pest epidemics. A comparison of this CMS system with two additional CMS systems (A₄ and A₅) in the present study based on isonuclear A-lines (seed parents) and their isonuclear hybrids showed that A-lines with the A₄ cytoplasm had much fewer pollen shedders and much reduced selfed seed set in visually assessed non-shedding plants as compared to those with the A₁ cytoplasm. A-lines with the A₅ cytoplasm had neither any pollen shedders nor did they set any seed when selfed. This showed that the A₅ CMS system imparts complete and most stable male sterility, followed by the A₄ and A₁ CMS systems. The frequency of maintainers, averaged across a diverse range of 26 populations, was highest for the A₅ CMS system (98%), followed by the A₄ (59%) and the A₁ (34%) system indicating the greatest prospects for genetic diversification of A-lines lies with the A₅ cytoplasm, and the least with the A₁ cytoplasm. Mean grain yield of hybrids with the A₁ cytoplasm was 5% more than the A₄-system hybrids, while there was no difference between the mean grain yield of hybrids based on A₁ and A₅ CMS systems. Based on these results, it is suggested that seed parents breeding efficiency will be the greatest with the A₅ CMS system, followed by the A₄ CMS system, and least with the currently commercial A₁ CMS system.     

Commercial viability of alternative cytoplasmic-nuclear male-sterility systems in pearl millet

Commercial viability of three cytoplasmic-nuclear male sterility (CMS) systems (A₄, A₅ and A_v) as potential alternatives to the most widely used A₁ system in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.) was evaluated in terms of stability of complete male sterility of four isonuclear A-lines (81A₁, 81A₄, 81A₅ and 81A_v) and the level and stability of male fertility restoration of their 44 single-cross hybrids. Lines 81A₄ and 81A₅ had no pollen shedders (PS), and there were very low frequency of non-PS plants of these A-lines that had a maximum of 1–5% selfed seedset (SSS). In 81A₁ and 81A_v,there were, albeit low frequency (<1%) of PS plants, and relatively higher frequency of the non-PS plants in these two lines, the more so in 81A_v,had 1–5% and even greater SSS. Some hybrids made on each of the three A-lines (81A₁, 81A₄ and 81A_v) had high and stable male fertility, while others made on the same three A-lines displayed large variation in SSS across the environments, the more so in case of hybrids made on 81A_v. These results indicate that the A₄ CMS system provides a better alternative to the A₁ CMS system, while the A_v system does not. On the basis of highly stable male sterility and the highest frequency of pollinators behaving as maintainers, the A₅ CMS system appeared to be the best for A-line breeding. The commercial viability of this CMS system in breeding R-lines of grain hybrids, however, still remains to be ascertained as no hybrid on it was fully male fertile in any environment. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Smut reaction of pearl millet hybrids affected by fertility restoration and genetic resistance of parental lines

Summary Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) hybrids based on the A₁ cytoplasmic-nuclear male-sterile (CMS) lines are more susceptible to smut (Tolyposporium penicillariae Bref.) than open-pollinated varieties. Seventy eight pairs of hybrids, made onto male-sterile (A) lines and their counterpart maintainer (B) lines, were evaluated to examine the effects of male sterility and genetic resistance of parental lines on the smut severity of hybrids. The A-line hybrids had higher smut severity and lower selfed seedset than the counterpart B-line hybrids, indicating that it is the CMS-mediated male sterility rather than the A₁ cytoplasm per se that caused greater smut severity of A-line hybrids. However, with the use of resistant parental lines even male-sterile hybrids of A-lines, in several cases, were as resistant as some of the highly resistant male-fertile hybrids of B-lines. It would be possible to produce smut resistant hybrids (< 10% severity) on A-lines, albeit in low frequency, even if only one parent of a hybrid were resistant. However, the probability of producing such hybrids would be higher when both parents were resistant to smut. Thus, improvement in smut resistance of parental lines and fertility restoration ability of pollinators would provide the most effective genetic approach to smut disease management in hybrids.Submitted as JA No 1737 by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT).