THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IS THE KEY TO VIGOROUSLY DEVELOP THE FORESTRY

The forestry is the main department of the national economy.During forty yearsdevelopent of the forestry,it has made a lot of contribution for the national economic construc-tion and society development.However,paying more attention to the logging than to thesilviculture for a long time lead that the felling amount has been more than the growth in volume offorest.And the forest resources have much decreased.The forestry is now faced to many difficulties.The forestry problems should be tackled by relying on the progress of science and technology.Theachievements of science and technology should be first spread in forest zone.And the second task isthat the step of the progress of science and technology in forestry enterprises should be quicken.Inorder to raise the economic benefits of forestry enterprises.The key problems of science and tech-nology and enlarging the international exchange are the othe important aspect of vigorously de-veloping the forestry.     

Conservation and Sustainable Exploitation of Forest Ecosystem in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River -Case Study on Gongga Mountain

The deforestation on large scale in the upper reaches of Yangtze River has caused serious problems of ecosystem and environment. Restoration of the degenerated forest ecosystems is one of the main research fields. Taking Gongga Mountain as an example, degeneration features and existing problems of forest ecosystems are analyzed in this paper, and the measures are also proposed.     

Overview of Rattan Plantation Management

Rattans are climbing spiny plants that are regarded as an important kind of commercial non-timber forest products. Rattan resources are dwindling rapidly due to over-exploitation in the wild and the loss of tropical forest cover. These threaten the sustainable utilization of rattan resources and long-term survival of the rattan industry. The development of rattan plantation and the improvement of management technique are hence important. The major issues on plantation management are reviewed in this paper. It includes fertilization, growth and yield model and harvesting technique. The problems and prospects in future management techniques are also discussed.     

Development of Low-carbon Forest Tourism with Emphasis on Construction of Urban Forest Park

This paper mainly points out that the urban forest tourism has so many advantages and it will hopefully become the support industry of low-carbon forestry, and the development of urban forestparks in low-carbon economy is extraordinarily important, especially when faced with some serious traditional problems. A series of proposals about revolutionary measures are put forwards.     

Current Situation and Challenges of Plantation Development in China

The area of plantation in China ranks the first in the world. But, many challenges are still faced in the development of China’s plantation. A review of plantation in China was presented and the challenges were analyzed. The plantation features juvenile and middle age class with low diameter at breast height. There are the risks of pests and diseases in plantation, the potential decline in land fertility and bio-diversity, all of which are unfavorable to a healthy development of plantations.     

Hydrological impacts of afforestation — A review of research in India

We review the current status of experimental studies in India to understand the linkages between afforestation and hydrology. This discipline deals with the use and management of water, social awareness of environmental problems, and ecosystem limitations on provision of watershed services by river basins in the mountain regions of India. Our review begins with examination of experimental works in tropical countries and proceeds to discussion of initiatives of Indian research institutes and Government organizations towards establishing experimental watersheds to understand the impacts of land cover changes on hydrologic regimes in the Indian sub-continent. This is followed by the review of the experimental work carried out by various authors to assess the impact of land cover changes on major water balance components such as, runoff, groundwater, evapotranspiration and sediment yield. The spatial scales of these experiments have been limited to small watersheds or field plots. This paper also describes impacts of human interventions （such as planta- tions of exotic forest species to restore degraded landscapes） on the water balance components in diverse hydro-geo-environmental conditions in the Indian sub-continent. We focus on identifying the research areas which require immediate attention to develop tools to assist planners and policy makers in assessing and managing the water resources in these complex environments. The review is largely based on research results reported during the last 20 to 30 years.     

Research and Conservation of Forest Genetic Resources in China

The present situation of forest tree genetic germplasm resources research and conservation in China is introduced which including the background, decision-making of conservation strategies and principles, the plan of area division and tree species classification, the sample strategy of germplasm conservation, the advances in conservation pattern and related technologies research, the achievements of germplasm conservation and utilization in China, and the problems to be solved. The recent achievements and data related are listed.     

Investigation and Analysis of Chinese Enterprises Exploiting Forest Resources in Russia

Based on collected data and information from journals, newspapers, internet and reports, the main distribution regions of China’s enterprises in Russia were presented firstly. According to the investigation by questionnaire and telephone, the general situation of Chinese enterprises exploiting forest resources in Russia was introduced and analyzed. The main difficulties faced by Chinese enterprises in Russia were summarized. Future trends faced by Chinese enterprises, such as increasing competition, encoura...     

INFLUENCE OF FIRE ON KOREAN PINE AND SCOTS PINE TREES IN PLANTATION

The plantations of korean pine(Pinus koraensis)and scots pine(Pinus sylvesrisvar.mongolica)are mainly pure stands.Fires are gradually causing problems in theseplantations and being paid much more attention recently.Study on the influence of fire ontrees and the adaptation to fire,therefore,is of great important to probe the fire ecologicalproperties and the protection ways of these two species.The results are as follows:Bothof the species are easily damaged by fire,but korean pine is more susceptible.In the samefire,korean pine is damaged more seriously than scots pine although they have the samesize.Young individuals have low fire resistant capacity and can be damaged seriously,andolder ones have strong fire resistance and can be damaged lightly.Up-hill fire makes aserious damage to the trees distributed in up-slopes with the reason of higher fireintensity.Down-hill fire makes a serious damage to the trees distributed in down-slopcswith the reason of higher fire severity.The larger deocambium area in t     

An overview of the “Three-North” Shelterbelt project in China

The "Three-North" Shelterbelt is the largest and most distinctive artificial ecological engineering project in China.It has been conducted since November 25,1978 in the "Three-North" (i.e.,Northeast China,North China and Northwest China) regions.In this study,the background and the essential benefits of the "Three-North" Shelterbelt project are summarized.The basic status and future development of the "Three-North" Shelterbelt project are also studied.As well,we tried to discuss the problems existing in the current shelterbelt system and the strategies to conduct this ecological project rationally.     

Causes and typical control model of wind-drift sandy lands in abandoned channel of the Yellow River

The historical formation and development of the abandoned channel of the Yellow River is reviewed and its causes of formation and present condition of prevention and control are analyzed in this paper. Based on this analysis, some ideas about control, critical problems and countermeasures in the next period are proposed with two typical control models as examples. We suggest that in preventing and controlling the wind-drift sandy lands in the region, the emphasis should be to develop, with a greatly expanded effort, a recycling economy. This should realize a combination of two ideas, i.e. integrate combating desertification with a structural adjustment of agricultural and an increase in the income of farmers.     

A rapid,automated flaw segmentation method using morphological reconstruction to grade wood flooring

Region-Growing Algorithms(RGAs) are used to grade the quality of manufactured wood flooring. Traditional RGAs are hampered by problems of long segmentation time and low inspection accuracy caused by neighborhood search. We used morphological reconstruction with the R component to construct a novel flaw segmentation method. We initially designed two template images for low and high thresholds, and these were used for seed optimization and inflation growth, respectively. Then the extraction of the flaw skeleton from the low threshold image was realized by applying the erosion termination rules. The seeds in the flaw skeleton were optimized by the pruning method. The geodesic inflection was applied by the high threshold template to realize rapid growth of the flaw area in the floor plate, and region filling and pruning operations were applied for margin optimization. Experiments were conducted on 512×512, 256×256 and 128×128 pixel sizes, respectively. The 256×256 pixel size proved superior in time-consumption at 0.06 s with accuracy of 100%. But with the region-growing method the same process took 0.22 s with accuracy of 70%. Compared with RGA, our proposed method can realize more accurate segmentation, and the speed and accuracy of segmentation can satisfy the requirements for on-line grading of wood flooring.     

History and perspectives of induction technology for agarwood production from cultivated Aquilaria in Asia: a review

Agarwood, the resinous product of Aquilaria spp.(Thymelaeaceae), is highly valued for medicinal and fragrant purposes. Unsustainable forest harvesting contributes to the declining population in the wild, threatening their existence. As a protection effort, cultivation occurred in range countries, mainly in Asia, effectively establishing mass plantations. The success of domesticating Aquilaria relies heavily on technological advancement in agarwood induction, without which the entire thriving industry will collapse. In this paper, we describe efforts since 1929 and current progress and variation in induction as practiced in Asia. The methods include traditional practices and artificial induction via inoculum and chemical inducer, experimented and patented or otherwise. Artificial induction methods are being developed to intensify agarwood production in terms of yield and quality. While traditional methods are commonly applied by rural planters, artificial methods with the use of specific agents/chemicals are seen as more appealing for inducing agarwood, and have a higher demand from entrepreneurs and plantation owners.Several issues related to induction technology faced by stakeholders in agarwood cultivation are presented, such as safety levels, cost, yields, and quality. We conclude by highlighting remaining challenges in induction methods and their associated technologies.     

A review of the formulation and application of the spatial equilibrium models to analyze policy

This paper reviews alternative market equilibrium models for policy analysis. The origin of spatial equilibrium models and their appli- cation to wood and wood-processing industries are described. Three mathematical programming models commonly applied to solve spatial problems - namely linear programming, non-linear programming and mixed complementary programming - are reviewed in terms of forms of objective functions and constraint equalities and inequalities. These programming are illustrated with numerical examples. Linear program- ming is only applied in transportation problems to solve quantities trans- ported between regions when quantities supplied and demanded in each region are already known. It is argued that linear programming can be applied in broader context to transportation problems where supply and demand quantities are unknown and are linear. In this context, linear programming is seen as a more convenient method for modelers because it has a simpler objective function and does not require as strict condi- tions, for instance the equal numbers of variables and equations required in mixed complementary programming. Finally, some critical insights are provided on the interpretation of optimal solutions generated by solving spatial equilibrium models.     

Measurement Models of Forest Biodiversity Variation and Its Controlling Study in China

According to the evaluative data of forest biodiversity variation in China from 1973 to 1998, not only the gray model GM( 1,2), but also the status spatial characterization model with the optimal control model for forest biodiversity variation is developed by using some mathematic approaches and knowledge in economic cybernetics. Furthermore, the structural characteristics of forest biodiversity variation are analyzed. The paper points out that the variation of forest biodiversity is instable, but it can be controlled and known certainly. The close-loop feedback controlling and the optimal controlling are also existent. That is to say, the preestablished targets of forest biodiversity variation can be met by adjusting the policy's variables, thus alleviating the pressure of forest biodiversity. The variation of forest biodiversity can be shown by the pressure index of variation. This paper finally shows that when the pressure index of forest biodiversity is a constant 100, the optimal movement curves ar     

Laminated Panel Manufacture of Two Kinds of Bamboo for Architecture Material and Property Comparison

The manufacture technologies of two kinds of bamboo laminated panel and their physical-mechanical properties have been studied in the paper. The species of bamboo are the D. yunnanicus Hsueh et D. Z. Li in Yunnan Province and P. heterocycla var. pubescens Ohwi in Zhejiang Province. The data are offered in order to provide proof to produce architectural panel by bamboo materials. The results show as follows: Laminated bamboo panel can be produced by the reconstruction technology, and the mechanical properties of the panels reached or even exceeded some pine used in architecture. Comparing the physical-mechanical properties of laminated panel made of two bamboo species, it can be seen that properties of laminated D. yunnanicus Hsueh et D. Z. Li panel were higher than those of laminated P. heterocycla var. pubescens Ohwi panel, but dimensional stability was poorer than the latter. In the comparison of laminated directions, it can be seen that parallel panel had better mechanical properties than crossed pan     

Effect size in papers published by the Journal of Forestry Research:A missing treasure?

P values based on standard hypothesis testing are commonly reported in articles published by the Journal of Forestry Research(JFR).However,effect sizes are barely used and reported,even if they are of direct relevance to the primary questions of many of the published studies.The incorporation of effect sizes in studies published by JFR should be encouraged and promoted.Inclusion of effect sizes as a requirement in the journal guidelines will facilitate a major change in the way data are tested a...     

Conversion of water consumption of a single tree and a forest stand of Populus euphratica

Our study dealt with the determination of sapwood sap flow of a single Populus euphratica tree by heat pulse technique and the calculation of water consumption of an entire forest stand, given the correlation between sap flow and sapwood area of P. euphratica. The relation between diameter at breast height （DBH） and sapwood area constitutes a powerful model; these variables are highly correlated. By means of an analysis of DBH in the sample plot, the distribution of the sapwood area of the forest land was obtained and the water consumption of this P. euphratica forest, in the lower reaches of the Heihe River, calculated as 214.9 mm by standard specific conductivity of the sample tree.     

Sustainable Management of Conurbation Forestsin Northern Hesse （FRG）

1 FORESTS IN HESSEThe state of Hesse is located in the centre of the FederalRepublic of Germany. Forty-two percent (9 000 km2)of the area is covered with forests. Forty percent ofthe forests are owned by the state, 35% by communities(inter alia municipalities of Frankfurt, Kassel andWiesbaden) and 25% by private forest owners. Sinceseveral years, the forest area has slightly increased dueto the fact that the number of farms is decreasing.The forests in Hesse are characterised by a hig…     

Effect of Vegetation and Precipitation upon Runoff and Sediment Production on Slope Lands of the Loess Area in China

INTRODUCTION The vegetation construction on the Loess Plateau is of significant importance in ameliorating the serious situation of soil and water conservation. The Loess Plateau is characterized by lots of gullies, and its surface soil is fragile and easily eroded, the factors that influence soil and water loss are: rainfall, vegetation, slope and others. Rainfall is the motive, power of causing soil and water loss; besides, vegetation and slope also greatly affect soil and water loss. …