Clinicophysiological Effects of Spinally Administered Ketamine and Its Combination with Xylazine and Medetomidine in Healthy Goats

The study was conducted in 9 healthy adult goats of either sex, weighing 15–20 kg, to evaluate and compare the clinicophysiological effects of spinally administered ketamine alone and in combination with xylazine and medetomidine. Nine trials each of the three treatments were conducted randomly by injecting ketamine (2.5 mg/kg) (n = 9), ketamine and xylazine (2.5 mg/kg and 0.05 mg/kg) (n = 9) and ketamine and medetomidine (2.5 mg/kg and 10 μg/kg) (n = 9). The drugs were administered at the lumbosacral subarachnoid space under strict aseptic conditions. The treatments were evaluated on the basis of clinicophysiological, haematological, biochemical and haemodynamic observations. Ketamine produced mild to moderate analgesia of the hindquarters. Its combination with either xylazine or medetomidine produced complete analgesia of the hindquarters for 45–60 min. Ataxia was moderate in the ketamine group, whereas animals attained sternal recumbency in the combination groups. A moderate degree of sedation was recorded in the combination groups. Heart rate and respiratory rate depression in the combination groups and heart rate and respiratory rate stimulation in ketamine group were recorded. Haematological parameters decreased in all the groups. Increase in serum glucose, creatinine and urea nitrogen was recorded in all the groups. Serum electrolytes did not show any significant change. The results showed that the combination of ketamine with xylazine or medetomidine at these dose rates produced a comparable degrees of analgesia of hindquarters with transient and minimal cardiopulmonary side effects.     

隆朋对犬红细胞ATPase活性及其抗氧化功能的影响

将12只健康本地犬,肌肉注射隆朋3.0 mg/kg,在注药前(即对照组)及注药后2、8、24、72、120、168 h静脉采血,分别测定红细胞三磷酸腺苷酶(ATPase)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量.结果显示,注射隆朋后红细胞膜Na+-K+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase、Mg2+-ATPase三种酶活性均呈下降趋势,并在8 h均降到最低值,与对照值比较差异显著(P<0.05).注射隆朋后2 h T-AOC、SOD活性显著低于对照组(P<0.05);而MDA的含量在注药后2 h高于对照组且差异极显著(P<0.01),120 h基本恢复正常.本试验结果表明,隆朋对于犬红细胞膜Na+-K+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase、Mg2+-ATPase活性均有不同程度的抑制作用.隆朋对于犬的T-AOC及sOD的活性存在显著影响,并会引起红细胞分泌MDA含量升高,从而导致红细胞膜发生损伤.     

噻拉嗪对山羊不同脑区Glu及Asp含量的影响

为研究噻拉嗪对山羊兴奋性氨基酸类神经递质含量的变化,探讨噻拉嗪中枢麻醉作用机制.本试验将25只山羊随机分为5组,分别为对照组,诱导组,麻醉组,恢复Ⅰ组和恢复Ⅱ组,使用高效液相色谱法对不同麻醉时期采取的不同脑组织检测谷氨酸(Glu)和天门冬氨酸(Asp)的含量.结果海马、丘脑和脑干Glu含量在麻醉组显著降低,差异极显著;各脑区Asp含量先降低后升高,在麻醉组降至最低且差异显著.表明噻拉嗪的中枢麻醉作用,可能与降低5个脑区内Asp含量和海马、丘脑、脑干内Glu含量有关.     

噻拉嗪对山羊不同脑区NE及DA含量的影响

本实验以山羊为研究对象,研究噻拉嗪对山羊不同脑区去甲肾上腺素(NE)、多巴胺(DA)含量影响的研究来探讨噻拉嗪麻醉的中枢作用机制。本试验用25只健康山羊随机分为5组(n=5),生理盐水对照组,诱导组,麻醉组,恢复1组和恢复2组,试验组山羊肌肉注射噻拉嗪12.8 mg/kg·bw。在相应麻醉期取不同区域脑组织,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定不同脑区NE及DA的含量。结果注射噻拉嗪后大脑、海马和丘脑内NE和DA的含量在麻醉期显著降低,恢复期恢复到正常水平(P<0.05)。小脑和脑干内NE和DA含量变化不明显,差异不显著(P>0.05)。表明大脑、海马和丘脑内是噻拉嗪麻醉引起山羊NE及DA含量变化的作用部位。噻拉嗪的中枢麻醉作用机制可能与抑制大脑、海马和丘脑内NE及DA的释放相关。     

Xylazine and xylazine-ketamine in dogs

The cardiopulmonary consequences of IV administered xylazine (1.0 mg/kg) followed by ketamine (10 mg/kg) were evaluated in 12 dogs. Xylazine caused significant decreases in heart rate, cardiac output, left ventricular work, breathing rate, minute ventilation, physiologic dead space, oxygen transport, mixed venous partial pressure of oxygen, and oxygen concentration. It caused significant increases in systemic blood pressure, central venous pressure, systemic vascular resistance, tidal volume, and oxygen utilization ratio. The subsequent administration of ketamine was associated with significant increases in heart rate (transient increase), cardiac output, the alveolar-arterial PO2 gradient and venous admixture (transient increase), and arterial PCO2 (transient increase). It caused significant decreases in stroke volume (transient decrease), left ventricular stroke work (transient decrease), effective alveolar ventilation, arterial PO2 and oxygen content (transient decrease).     

Cardiovascular Effects After Epidural Injection of Xylazine in Isoflurane-Anesthetized Dogs

The cardiovascular effects following epidural injection of xylazine or isotonic saline during isoflurane anesthesia were assessed in six healthy dogs. Dogs were anesthetized with isoflurane in O₂ and maintained at 2.0% end-tidal concentration. Ventilation was controlled to maintain PaCO₂ at 35 to 45 mm Hg. The dorsal pedal artery was cannulated for measurement of arterial blood pressure (AP)(systolic AP, mean AP, diastolic AP) and for blood sample collection. Arterial pH and blood gas tensions (PaO₂ and PaCO₂) were determined. Cardiac output was measured by thermodilution. The electrocardiogram (ECG), heart rate (HR), core body temperature, central venous pressure (CVP), mean pulmonary AP, and end-tidal isoflurane concentration (ETISO) and CO₂ tension (ETCO₂) were monitored. Systemic vascular resistance (SVR), arterial HCO₂ concentration, base balance, and cardiac index (CI) were calculated. After baseline measurements were taken, either xylazine (0.2 mg/kg) in 5 mL isotonic saline or 5 mL of isotonic saline was injected into the lumbosacral epidural space. Data were then recorded at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, and 120 minutes after epidural injection. Data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures. When significant differences were encountered, mean values were compared using Bonferroni's test. The level of significance was set at P <.05. Mean values for diastolic AP decreased at 90 and 120 minutes compared with the mean value at 15 minutes after epidural injection of xylazine. No differences were detected at any time or between treatments for HR, systolic AP, mean AP, CVP, CI, SVR, mean pulmonary AP, temperature, ETCO₂, ETISO, arterial pH, PaCO₂, PaO₂, plasma bicarbonate concentration, or base balance. Results of this study indicate that epidural injection of xylazine (0.2 mg/kg) is associated with minimal cardiovascular side effects during isoflurane anesthesia in mechanically ventilated dogs.     

Effects of Acute Hyperventilation on Serum Potassium in the Dog

The effects of increasing respiratory rates on arterial pH, PaCO2, HCO3, and potassium (K) were measured in normal anesthetized dogs. Hyperventilation resulted in increased pH, decreased PaCO2, decreased HCO3, and decreased K compared with those parameters in spontaneously breathing dogs. The changes were related quantitatively: each 10 mmHg decrease in PaCO2 was associated with a pH increase of 0.1, a HCO3 decrease of 2.0 mEq/L, and a K decrease of 0.4 mEq/L. There were no cardiac arrhythmias or clinical signs of hypokalemia. After termination of hyperventilation, serum K was slower to return to control values than PaCO2. The ratio of the duration of hyperventilation to the time required for return of serum K to control was 0.67.     

Effects of Thiopental, Ketamine, Diazepam, Xylazine, and Nitrous Oxide on EEG Spike Activity and Convulsive Bfehavior During Enflurane Anesthesia in Spontaneously Breathing Atropinized Cats Effect at Surgical Depth

The effects of thiopental, ketamine, diazepam, xylazine and nitrous oxide, and combinations of thiopental-nitrous oxide and ketamine-nitrous oxide on electroencephalographic (EEG) spike activity and convulsive behaviors in atropinized cats at surgical depth of enflurane anesthesia were assessed quantitatively for 60 minutes during spontaneous ventilation. Mean inspired enflurane concentrations (MIEC) were reduced 16% to 29% by pretreatment with thiopental, ketamine, diazepam, and xylazine, and were reduced 19% by 66% nitrous oxide. The MIEC of cats anesthetized with thiopental-nitrous oxide-enflurane and ketamine-nitrous oxide-enflurane were 35% to 38% lower than that with nitrous oxide-enflurane. Pretreatment with thiopental, ketamine, diazepam, and xylazine did not reduce the EEG spike frequency during anesthesia but did markedly reduce the spike amplitude. The addition of 66% nitrous oxide did not alter the spike frequency during anesthesia but tended to reduce the spike amplitude. Combinations of thiopental-nitrous oxide and ketamine-nitrous oxide almost abolished the spike activity. The addition of 66% nitrous oxide prevented convulsive responses elicited by photic and auditory stimulation during enflurane anesthesia. Treatment with thiopental, ketamine, diazepam and xylazine, and combinations of thiopental-nitrous oxide and ketamine-nitrous oxide, completely prevented convulsive responses during enflurane anesthesia.     

氯胺酮对鼠大脑皮层离体神经元氨基酸类神经递质分泌的影响

为研究氯胺酮对氨基酸类神经递质的影响,明确其中枢作用机制,为今后科学合理用药提供依据,试验将Wistar大鼠大脑皮层神经元进行离体培养,在培养第7天加入1μg/m L、3μg/m L、5μg/m L氯胺酮,分别在加药后0、5、10、15、20、25、30、45、60、90、120 min取上清液40μL检测Glu、Asp、Gly和GABA的含量。不同剂量氯胺酮作用于神经细元后Asp都显著升高,Gly和GABA都显著降低,且3μg/m L和5μg/m L氯胺酮作用效果明显,而1μg/m L作用后Glu的含量升高,3μg/m L、5μg/m L却降低。结果表明氯胺酮直接作用于神经元后,通过抑制兴奋性氨基酸神经递质Glu和Asp的合成和分泌及增强抑制性神经递质Gly和GABA的释放来达到麻醉作用。且氯胺酮的麻醉作用强弱与剂量大小有一定的相关性。     

赛拉嗪麻醉对大鼠大脑皮质神经细胞游离钙离子浓度的影响

为了研究赛拉嗪麻醉对大鼠大脑皮质神经细胞游离钙离子浓度的影响,将15只SD大鼠在无菌条件下处死,分离脑组织、制备脑神经细胞悬液,分为对照组、KCl组、赛拉嗪低剂量组和赛拉嗪高剂量组。用Fluo-3/AM负载,除对照组外其他组使用50mmol/L的KCl刺激,药物组加入药物,然后用流式细胞仪检测钙离子荧光强度。结果显示,对照组荧光强度最低,赛拉嗪低剂量组较KCl组显著增加(P<0.05),赛拉嗪高剂量组较KCl组极显著增加(P<0.01)。结果表明,Ca2+是赛拉嗪全麻作用的主要靶位之一,而且其中枢抑制效应与增加神经细胞内[Ca2+]i有关。     

Intraocular and Cardiopulmonary Effects of Low-dose Mannitol in the Dog

Fatal complications have been reported during anesthesia in dogs that received a standard (1–2 g/kg IV) dose of mannitol during intraocular surgery. A lower dose (0.25 g/kg IV), which had been shown to reduce intracranial pressure in humans, was evaluated during halothane anesthesia in dogs. There were no significant changes in intraocular pressure (IOP) or cardiovascular variables. This lower dose (0.25 g/kg IV) did not reduce IOP and would not be of benefit in dogs undergoing intraocular surgery.     

Xylazine and tiletamine-zolazepam anesthesia in horses

The cardiopulmonary and anesthetic effects of xylazine in combination with a 1:1 mixture of tiletamine and zolazepam were determined in 6 horses. Each horse was given xylazine IV or IM, as well as tiletamine-zolazepam IV on 4 randomized occasions. Anesthetics were administered at the rate of 1.1 mg of xylazine/kg of body weight, IV, 1.1 mg of tiletamine-zolazepam/kg, IV (treatment 1); 1.1 mg of xylazine/kg, IV, 1.65 mg of tiletamine-zolazepam/kg, IV (treatment 2); 1.1 mg of xylazine/kg, IV, 2.2 mg of tiletamine-zolazepam/kg, IV (treatment 3); and 2.2 mg of xylazine/kg, IM, 1.65 mg of tiletamine-zolazepam/kg, IV (treatment 4). Tiletamine-zolazepam doses were the sum of tiletamine plus zolazepam. Xylazine, when given IV, was given 5 minutes before tiletamine-zolazepam. Xylazine, when given IM, was given 10 minutes before tiletamine-zolazepam. Tiletamine-zolazepam induced recumbency in all horses. Duration of recumbency in group 1 was 31.9 +/- 7.2 (mean +/- 1 SD) minutes. Increasing the dosage of tiletamine-zolazepam (treatments 2 and 3) significantly (P less than 0.05) increased the duration of recumbency. Xylazine caused significant (P less than 0.05) decreases in heart rate and cardiac output and significant (P less than 0.05) increases in central venous pressure and mean pulmonary artery pressure 5 minutes after administration. Respiratory rate was decreased. Arterial blood pressures increased significantly (P less than 0.05) after xylazine was administered IV in treatments 1 and 3, but the increases were not significant in treatment 2. Xylazine administered IM caused significant (P less than 0.05) increases in central venous pressure and significant (P less than 0.05) decreases in cardiac output.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effects of the Y-U Pyloroplasty on Gastric Emptying and Duodenogastric Reflux in the Dog

A Y-U pyloroplasty was performed on five healthy adult dogs. Gastric emptying half times (t1/2 GE) of a canned food meal were measured by scintigraphy three times before surgery and three times from 6 to 8 weeks after surgery. Fluoroscopic studies of gastric and duodenal motility were made before surgery and 3, 7, and 35 days after surgery. Clinical observations were made daily throughout the study. Gross and histologic evaluations of the gastroesophageal and pyloric regions were performed at the termination of the study. The t1/2 GE was significantly decreased after surgery. By positive contrast fluoroscopy, the vigor of antral contractions was seen to be decreased in three of the five dogs. On days 7 and 35, fluoroscopic findings were comparable to preoperative studies. Duodenogastric reflux was recognized fluoroscopically in three dogs on four different occasions. This may reflect normal reflux patterns in the dog. No gastrointestinal problems were evident after surgery in four dogs. Reflux esophagitis developed in one dog after surgery, which resolved with therapy. Studies of the Y-U pyloroplasty after 2 months indicated that it decreased gastric emptying time of solid food. Results of postmortem examination showed no abnormal gross or histopathologic changes of esophageal, gastric, or proximal duodenal tissues.     

Effects of Ketamine on the Equine Electroencephalogram During Anesthesia With Halothane in Oxygen

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of ketamine on the electroencephalogram (EEG) of the horse. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective experimental study. ANIMALS: Eight Welsh mountain pony geldings weighing between 280 and 330 kg, 5 to 9 years old. METHODS: During halothane anesthesia at an end-tidal halothane concentration between 0.75 and 0.85%, the EEG frequency power spectrum and the auditory evoked potential were recorded while an infusion of ketamine was given. Ketamine 200 mg was infused over 5 minutes in 8 ponies. The effects of ketamine on the EEG were recorded continuously during the infusion and for a further 55 minutes. RESULTS: The ketamine infusion produced a plasma ketamine concentration that was significantly greater than the baseline until 7 minutes after the start of the infusion. The highest recorded ketamine concentration was 4.2+/-1.1 microg/ml recorded at 5 minutes after the start of the infusion. The spectral edge and median frequency of the EEG and the midlatency of the auditory evoked potential were compared with those recorded before the start of the infusion. The spectral edge, median frequencies and mid-latency of the auditory evoked potential were reduced by 21+/-13%, 31+/-20% and 19+/-36% respectively (mean +/- SD). Only the reduction in spectral edge frequency reached statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: These results compared with those from other anesthetic and sedative agents suggest that the spectral edge frequency is an indicator of general central nervous system depression whereas the median frequency may be an indicator of antinociception.     

Autonomic and Cardiovascular Effects of Neuromuscular Blockade Antagonism in the Dog

Autonomic and cardiovascular changes were studied when neuromuscular blockade was antagonized in 96 dogs with one of eight anticholinesterase-antimuscarinic drug combinations. Neostigmine (50 or 100 micrograms/kg) was administered before or after atropine (40 micrograms/kg) or glycopyrrolate (10 micrograms/kg). The high dose of neostigmine (100 micrograms/kg) caused bradyarrhythmias, salivation, and signs of bronchosecretion when used with either antimuscarinic agent and irrespective of the administration sequence. The heart rate increased, but not significantly, when atropine was injected before either dose of neostigmine. This did not occur when this administration sequence was reversed. Arrhythmias and cardiovascular and autonomic changes did not occur when glycopyrrolate was injected before or after neostigmine at 50 micrograms/kg.     

The Effects of Aortic Occlusion on Transcranially Induced Evoked Potentials in the Dog

Evoked potentials were produced by anodal stimulation over the motor cortex in six dogs. Potentials were recovered from the cranial thoracic and caudal lumbar portions of the spinal cord, and the radial and sciatic nerves. Evoked potential averages were recorded every 1.5 minutes during 40 minutes of aortic occlusion and during 40 minutes of reperfusion. Mean amplitudes of evoked potentials recovered from the caudal lumbar spinal cord decreased to 50% of original values at minute 12.2. Upon release of occlusion, the evoked potentials returned to baseline levels and remained there throughout the period of reperfusion. Sciatic nerve amplitudes decreased to 50% of original values at minute 4.5. In no subject could wave forms be recovered after minute 9.0. Upon release of occlusion, the evoked potentials returned to baseline levels and above, then deteriorated to 29 +/- 12% after 40 minutes of reperfusion. We concluded that transcranially induced evoked potentials were highly sensitive to spinal cord ischemia. Evoked potentials recovered from the sciatic nerve were consistent with functional grey matter immediately upon reperfusion, but deteriorated during reperfusion.     

Cardiopulmonary and Analgesic Effects of Epidural Lidocaine, Alfentanil, and Xylazine in Pigs Anesthetized With Isoflurane

To determine cardiopulmonary and analgesic effects of lidocaine, alfentanil, and xylazine in pigs anesthetized with isoflurane, 18 healthy Landrace-Large White pigs were studied (six for each drug). General anesthesia was induced with isoflurane in O₂ and maintained with 1% to 1.2% end-tidal ISO, ensuring presence of a pain response before epidural drug administration. Heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressures (AP), cardiac output (CO), pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), central venous pressure, respiratory rate (RR), tidal volume (TV), minute volume (MV), arterial blood gas data, core temperature (CT), and analgesic effects (by pricking the lumbar area and the abdominal wall) were determined at various times (2, 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 minutes) after epidural administration of lidocaine (5 μg/kg), alfentanil (5 μg/kg), or xylazine (0.2 mg/kg), all diluted in NaCl 0.9% to 0.5 mL/kg. Statistical analysis included two-way analysis of variance for repeated measures and the least significant difference test for determining differences among means. A probability level of P <.05 was used. The following results were statistically significant decreases in systolic AP, HR, TV, RR, MV, CT, pH, PaO₂, and TCO₂ and increases in PCWP, PaCO₂, and HCO₃ after LID. After ALF, only CT and HCO₃ decreased. Core temperature and TV decreased after XYL. Lidocaine provided 45 to 60 minutes of analgesia. Alfentanil had no analgesic effects, and xylazine provided 90 minutes of analgesia. The authors conclude that xylazine, when injected epidurally, provides suitable analgesia in isoflurane-anesthetized pigs.     

氯胺酮与咪达唑仑对巴马猪脑组织cAMP信号通路的影响

为探讨氯胺酮与咪达唑仑对巴马猪中枢神经系统cAMP信号通路的影响及影响情况,研究其中枢作用机制,试验将35头健康巴马猪随机分为对照组、麻醉诱导期、麻醉期和苏醒期四组,在每一期处死取脑组织,用ELISA法分别测定大脑皮质、小脑、丘脑、海马和脑干内cAMP含量。结果:氯胺酮和咪达唑仑分别能够一定程度的降低大脑皮质和小脑中cAMP含量。表明:氯胺酮、咪达唑仑的作用可能通过中枢神经系统cAMP信号通路产生作用,为今后进一步研究提供依据。