高锌对艾维茵肉鸡血液病理学的系统研究

试验将1日龄艾维茵肉鸡健雏200只随机分为4组,分别喂以基础日粮(Zn 100 mg/kg,A组)、高锌日粮Ⅰ(Zn 1 500 mg/kg,B组)、高锌日粮Ⅱ(Zn 2 000 mg/kg,C组)和高锌日粮Ⅲ(Zn 2 500 mg/kg,D组),试验期为7周 .结果表明:B组血清碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性显著升高(P<0.05),D组显著降低(P<0.05);血清碱性磷酸酶的同工酶亦受到不同程度的影响;谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、淀粉酶(AMY)活性各试验组显著升高(P<0.05);肌酸激酶(CK)活性在试验初期升高,中期不同程度降低(P<0.05),试验结束时与对照组无显著差异(P> 0.05);血清总蛋白(TP)、球蛋白(GLB)含量随锌水平的升高而升高,白蛋白(ALB)含量下降,但均与对照组比较差异不显著(P>0.05);血清锌含量随饲料锌水平增高而显著升高(P<0.05);血清中钙、磷含量则与饲料锌水平呈负相关.     

1～21日龄黄羽肉鸡锌需要量的研究

本研究旨在通过研究不同日粮锌(Zn)添加水平对黄羽肉鸡生长性能、抗氧化机能、免疫功能、组织Zn沉积等的影响,并对相对敏感指标进行非线性回归模型分析,以探讨1～21日龄黄羽肉鸡的Zn需要量.选用1日龄健康、发育良好的快大型岭南黄羽肉鸡公雏鸡1440只,根据体重随机分成6个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复40只鸡,处理1(空白对照组)为基础日粮,其中Zn水平为25 mg/kg,处理2、3、4、5、6日粮分别在基础日粮中添加20、40、60、80、120 mg/kg Zn.结果表明,日粮中添加各Zn水平均显著提高了试鸡平均日增重(P<0.05),添加80、120 mg/kg Zn显著提高了平均日采食量(P<0.05),添加60 mg/kg Zn显著降低了料重比(P<0.05).日粮中添加Zn显著提高了血清中谷胱甘肽(GSH)、Zn、金属硫蛋白(MT)含量和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(CuZnSOD)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性(P<0.05),并显著增加了胫骨中Zn含量和肝脏中MT含量(P<0.05),其中添加60 mg/kg Zn对改善血清AKP活性和胫骨Zn含量效果最佳.日粮中添加40 mg/kg Zn显著提高了脾脏指数(P<0.05),添加20～80 mg/kg Zn显著提高了胸腺指数和法氏囊指数(P<0.05).试验结果提示,以平均日增重、血清AKP活性和胫骨Zn含量为衡量指标,并考虑基础日粮中Zn水平得出,1～21日龄阶段试鸡日粮Zn适宜水平均为85 mg/kg,通过非线性回归模型估测得到的日粮Zn适宜水平分别为99、96和93 mg/kg.     

高锌对雏鹅红细胞免疫功能的影响

1日龄天府肉鹅 2 0 0只 ,随机均分为 4组 : 组 ,饲喂基础日粮 (日粮 Zn10 0 m g/ kg,对照组 ) ; 组 ,饲喂基础日粮 Zn 90 0 m g/ kg; 组 ,饲喂基础日粮 Zn 14 0 0 mg/ kg; 组 ,饲喂基础日粮 Zn 190 0 mg/ kg。试验期 7周。用C3b受体花环和免疫复合物花环试验检测高锌对红细胞免疫功能影响的动态变化。结果 :饲粮高锌导致雏鹅红细胞C3b RR花环率降低 ,红细胞免疫粘附能力下降。 、 组 C3b RR花环率 3周龄时显著低于对照组 (P<0 .0 5或 P<0 .0 1) , 组从 2周龄开始极显著低于 组 ;加锌剂量越大 ,C3b RR花环率下降辐度越大。 、 组红细胞 IC花环率 2周龄时显著低于对照组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,随后 、 、 组 IC花环率均程度不同地升高 ,以 组变化最明显 ,从 3周龄开始与 组比较差异显著或极显著 (P<0 .0 5或 P<0 .0 1) ,且 IC花环率的升高与加锌剂量之间存在正相关     

不同锌水平对荷斯坦种公牛血液理化指标的影响

本文旨在研究不同水平的锌对荷斯坦种公牛血液理化指标的影响。试验选取30头荷斯坦种公牛,随机分为5组,单因子饲养试验设计,分别饲喂不同锌水平的日粮,A为对照组,饲喂基础日粮,B、C、D、E组锌的添加水平分别为50、80、110和200 mg/kg(按日粮干物质计),试验期为8个月。结果表明:(1)不同锌水平对荷斯坦种公牛血清中谷草转氨酶(GOT)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)酶活性影响极显著(P<0.01),对碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性无显著影响(P>0.05);(2)不同锌水平对荷斯坦种公牛血清中睾酮含量影响极显著(P<0.01),对血清锌影响不显著(P>0.0 5)。综合分析不同锌水平试验牛生理生化指标的变化得出,锌的适宜添加量为1 1 0 mg/kg日粮干物质。     

高锌对艾维菌肉鸡血液病理学的系统研究

试验将1日龄艾维菌肉鸡健雏200只随机分为4组,分别喂以基础日粮（Zn 100mg／kg,A组）、高锌日粮Ⅰ（Zn1500mg／kg,B组）、高锌日粮Ⅱ（Zn2000mg／kg,C组）和高锌日粮Ⅲ（Zn2500mg／kg,D组）,试验期为7周。结果表明：B组血清碱性磷酸酶（AKP）活性显著升高（P〈0．05）,D组显著降低（P〈0．05）;血清碱性磷酸酶的同工酶亦受到不同程度的影响;谷丙转氨酶（GPT）、淀粉酶（AMY）活性各试验组显著升高（P〈0．05）;肌酸激酶（CK）活性在试验初期升高,中期不同程度降低（P〈0．05）,试验结束时与对照组无显著差异（P〉0．05）;血清总蛋白（TP）、球蛋白（GLB）含量随锌水平的升高而升高,白蛋白（ALB）含量下降,但均与对照组比较差异不显著（P〉0．05）;血清锌含量随饲料锌水平增高而显著升高（P〈0．05）;血清中钙、磷含量则与饲料锌水平呈负相关。     

高铜对雏鸡脑组织一氧化氦含量和一氧化氮合酶活性的影响

1日龄艾维菌肉鸡健雏360羽,随机分为6组,分别喂以对照组日粮(10.89 mg/kg Cu)和高铜日粮(100 mg/kg Cu,高铜Ⅰ组;200 mg/kg Cu,高铜Ⅱ组;400 mg/kg Cu,高铜Ⅲ组;600 mg/kg Cu,高铜Ⅳ组;800 mg/kg Cu,高铜Ⅴ组)6周,观察高铜对雏鸡脑组织和血清一氧化氮(N0)含量及一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性变化的影响,探讨高铜对雏鸡脑组织的损伤机理.高铜Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组脑组织和血清NO的含量较对照组显著或极显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01).NOS的活性随日粮铜含量的升高而升高,各高铜组脑组织NOS的活性较对照组极显著升高(P<0.01);高铜Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组血清NOS的活性较对照组显著或极显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01).日粮铜水平在200 mg/kg及以上时,脑组织和血清NO的含量和NOS的活性随日粮铜的含量升高而升高,脑组织因氧化而受损.     

1~21日龄黄羽肉鸡饲粮铜营养需要量的研究

本研究旨在通过研究饲粮铜添加水平对黄羽肉鸡生长性能、免疫器官发育、抗氧化性能、肝脏和血清铜含量等的影响,以探讨1~21日龄黄羽肉鸡铜的营养需要量。选用1日龄健康、发育良好的快大型岭南黄羽肉公雏鸡1440只,根据体重随机分为6个组,每组6个重复,每个重复40只鸡,组1(对照组)饲喂基础饲粮(2.80 mg/kg铜),组2、3、4、5、6饲粮在基础饲粮中分别添加4、8、16、32、64 mg/kg铜。试验期21 d。结果表明：本试验条件下,1)饲粮添加4和64 mg/kg铜显著提高试鸡平均日采食量( P<0.05),饲粮中铜添加水平对末重、平均日增重和料重比无显著影响( P>0.05)。2)与对照组相比,8 mg/kg组法氏囊指数显著升高( P<0.05),而饲粮铜添加水平对胸腺和脾脏指数无显著影响( P>0.05)。3)与对照组相比,8、16、32和64 mg/kg组血清和肝脏铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(CuZnSOD)活性显著升高(P<0.05),各组间血清和肝脏丙二醛含量均无显著差异(P>0.05);添加16、32、64 mg/kg铜显著降低血清铜蓝蛋白活性(P<0.05)。4)与对照组相比,16、32和64 mg/kg组血清铜含量显著降低(P<0.05),铜添加水平对肝脏铜含量和肝脏金属硫蛋白含量影响不显著( P>0.05)。综合考虑各项指标,为获得较好生长性能和免疫器官发育、抗氧化性能,1~21日龄快大型黄羽肉鸡饲粮铜适宜添加水平为8 mg/kg,加上基础饲粮铜含量2.80 mg/kg,则该阶段黄羽肉鸡铜需要量为10.80 mg/kg;以血清CuZnSOD活性为依据,通过非线性回归分析估测得到1~21日龄黄羽肉鸡铜需要量为13.38 mg/kg。     

日粮碘添加水平对断奶至2月龄生长肉兔生长性能和血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮碘添加水平对断奶至2月龄生长肉兔生长性能和血清生化指标的影响.选用80只平均体重为(780±50)g的35日龄断奶新西兰肉兔,随机分成4组(每组20个重复,每个重复1只兔),分别饲喂在基础日粮中添加0(对照)、0.1、0.5和2.5 mg/kg碘的试验日粮,预试期7 d,正试期23 d.结果表明:日粮碘添加水平对平均日增重(ADG)有显著影响(P<0.05),0.1和0.5 mg/kg组的ADG显著高于对照组(P<0.05).日粮碘添加水平对料重比(F/G)有显著影响(P<0.05),0.5 mg/kg组的F/G显著低于对照组和0.1 mg/kg组(P<0.05).日粮碘添加水平对血清常规生化指标影响不显著(P>0.05).日粮碘添加水平对血清免疫球蛋白A(IgA)含量有显著影响(P<0.05),0.5 mg/kg组的IgA含量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05).日粮碘添加水平对血清免疫球蛋白G(IgG)和免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量无显著影响(P>0.05).日粮碘添加水平对血清三碘甲腺原氨酸(T3)含量有极显著影响(P<0.01),随着碘添加水平的增加,T3含量先升高后降低,当碘添加量为0.5 mg/kg时T3含量达到最大值.日粮碘添加水平对血清四碘甲腺原氨酸(T4)含量的影响不显著(P>0.05).综上所述,断奶至2月龄生长肉兔日粮中碘适宜添加量为0.5 mg/kg(基础日粮碘含量为0.22 mg/kg).     

饲粮锌水平对鹅生长性能、血清生化指标及激素含量的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮锌水平对鹅生长性能、血清生化指标及激素含量的影响,以确定鹅饲粮中锌的适宜水平。试验分别选用1和29日龄肝用型青农灰鹅各360只,随机分为6个组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鹅。各组饲粮锌水平:1～4周龄为31.28、81.28、131.28、181.28、231.28、281.28 mg/kg;5～15周龄为27.46、77.46、127.46、177.46、227.46、277.46 mg/kg。试验期15周。结果表明:1)根据曲线方程可得,1～4周龄,饲粮锌水平为112.51 mg/kg时平均日增重最大;饲粮锌水平为106.05 mg/kg时料重比最低。5～15周龄,饲粮锌水平为108.09 mg/kg时平均日增重最大;饲粮锌水平为101.69 mg/kg时料重比最低。2)饲粮锌水平为131.28 mg/kg时能显著提高4周龄血清总蛋白(TP)、锌含量及碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性(P<0.05)。饲粮锌水平为127.46 mg/kg时能极显著提高15周龄血清AKP活性和锌含量(P<0.01)。3)根据曲线方程可得,饲粮锌水平为161.16 mg/kg时,鹅4周龄血清雌二醇含量最高;饲粮锌水平为167.92 mg/kg时,鹅血清生长激素含量最高。饲粮锌水平为132.41 mg/kg时,鹅15周龄血清生长激素含量最高。由此可见,锌对鹅的生长性能以及血清TP、锌、激素含量和AKP活性具有重要影响。建议鹅最佳生长性能饲粮锌适宜水平为:1～4周龄106.05 mg/kg,5～15周龄101.69 mg/kg。     

高铜对雏鸭抗氧化酶活性的影响

360只1日龄天府肉鸭随机分为6组,分别喂以对照日粮(Cu 8 mg/kg)和高铜日粮(Ⅰ组Cu 100 mg/kg;Ⅱ组Cu 200 mg/kg;Ⅲ组Cu 400 mg/kg;Ⅳ组Cu 600 mg/kg;Ⅴ组Cu 800 mg/kg),试验期6周.与对照组比较,高铜Ⅳ组和Ⅴ组血清铜锌SOD、CP活性、肝脏铜锌SOD、GSH-Px活性降低(P<0.01);高铜Ⅲ组、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组肝脏黄嘌呤氧化酶、单胺氧化酶含量显著升高(P<0.01);高铜Ⅰ、Ⅱ组血清铜锌SOD、CP活性、肝脏铜锌SOD、GSH-Px活性升高(P<0.01).结果表明,日粮铜水平达400 mg/kg及以上时可引起血清和肝脏抗氧化酶活性降低,使机体抗氧化功能受损.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -