等高绿篱-坡地农业复合系统土壤CO_2排放特征

基于2008年12月初至翌年6月初绿篱-冬小麦复合系统土壤CO2全生长季的观测,研究了绿篱复合种植及其枝叶不同还田(移出/AR、翻施/AI和表施/AC)方式下土壤CO2的排放特征。结果表明,整个冬小麦生长期间,各处理土壤CO2排放具有相似的季节变化趋势,小麦生长旺盛期明显高于越冬期和成熟期。绿篱复合种植及其枝叶还田显著影响土壤CO2排放,与作物单作(CK)处理相比,AR处理土壤CO2平均排放通量降低了9.07%,而AI和AC处理分别增加了35.70%和8.42%。土壤温度、作物生长及土壤微生物生物量碳是影响土壤CO2排放的主要因素。土壤CO2排放通量与土壤温度呈显著或极显著指数正相关,其中与10 cm处土壤温度的相关性最高;同时,土壤CO2排放与0~5 cm土层微生物生物量碳含量及小麦地下生物量均呈显著线性相关;土壤水分对土壤CO2排放的影响居于次要地位。     

等高绿篱——坡地农业复合系统土壤性质空间变异

土壤性质空间变异是一种普遍现象,但等高绿篱——坡地农业复合系统中土壤性质空间变异的研究较少。本文以设置在三峡库区王家桥小流域的香根草（Vetiveria zizanioides）绿篱试验小区为研究对象,从径流小区尺度探讨了不同措施对土壤性质空间变异的影响。结果表明,绿篱种植可降低O．2～0．002mm粒级团聚体的空间变...     

农田土壤N2O排放的连续自动测定方法

本文介绍了农田N2O排放连续自动测定系统的方法原理、系统整体构造和气路配置,并通过对华北平原旱地土壤夏玉米季N2O排放的连续观测,比较了连续自动测定方法与传统手动间歇取样测定方法的差异。结果表明,夏玉米季N2O排放具有明显的日排放规律,且在三叶期和十叶期施肥后存在明显的释放高峰;通过选取7:20、8:30、9:40、10:50、12:00、13:20、14:30、15:40、16:50和18:00不同采样时间的测定结果,分别模拟了间隔为3d和6d的排放总量,结果表明,间隔取样的累积排放结果与连续观测结果的差异,与采样当天中具体的采样时间紧密相关,间隔估算结果随着采样时间的延后具有先升高后降低的趋势,与N2O的日排放规律相一致。本研究中,不同时间间隔对估算结果影响不明显。     

温度对旱田土壤N2O排放的影响研究

以南方亚热带代表性旱田土壤－贵州玉米－油菜轮作田、大豆－冬小麦轮作田和休耕地为研究对象，同步观测了整轮作期土壤N2O排放通量和温度的季节变化。同时，采用DNDC模型定量探讨了未来气温变化对土壤N2O排放的潜在影响。结果表明，温度是土壤N2O排放通量规律性日变化的最主要控制因素；除大豆地外，其他作物生长季节和休耕地的N2O排放通量季节变化与温度之间均存在一定程度的正相关性，其中冬季休耕地的N2O排放通量与温度间存在弱指数函数关系。模型检验结果表明，除大豆地外，其余试验地的N2O排放通量均随年均气温升高而升高，在冬春季，土壤N2O排放通量对气温变化的敏感性强于夏秋季，尤其以冬春季休耕地受体气温变化的影响最为显著。     

稻季施肥管理措施对后续麦季N2O排放的影响

2003─2004年选用江苏省宜兴市稻-麦轮作试验田,研究了水稻生长季秸杆(0和3.75×103kg/hm2两个水平)和N肥施用(N0、200和270kg/hm23个水平)对后续麦季N2O排放的影响。结果表明:稻季秸杆施用显著减少了后续麦季N2O的排放,这些减少量主要体现在小麦播种-返青期,方差分析达显著水平(P<0.05)。稻季施用N肥,后续麦季N2O排放减少,但N200和270kg/hm2N肥施用水平的处理间无显著差异。麦季土壤水分情况与N2O排放通量存在显著正相关(P<0.05)。     

玉米地土壤反硝化速率与N2O排放通量的动态变化

应用乙炔抑制原状土柱培育法测定了4种施肥处理的玉米地N素反硝化损失速率和氧化亚氮（N2O）排放通量，并分析了它们与土壤湿度、土壤温度以及硝态氮（NO3^-－N）含量之间的关系，计算了因反硝化和N2O排放造成的N肥损失率。结果表明，玉米生育期内土壤N素的反硝化损失量为0．67－3．85kg/hm^2，N肥的反硝化损失率为0．5％－1．5％；土壤N2O排放总量为0．55－1．42kg/hm^2，N肥的N2O排放系数为0．2％－0．5％。     

秸秆还田对灌溉玉米田土壤反硝化及N2O排放的影响

运用乙炔抑制技术研究了不同施氮水平下秸秆还田对灌溉玉米田土壤反硝化反应和氧化亚氮(N2O)排放的影响。结果表明,土壤反硝化速率及N2O的排放受氮肥施用、秸秆处理方式及其交互作用的显著影响。与秸秆燃烧相比,不施氮或低施氮水平时,秸秆还田可刺激培养初期反硝化反应速率及N2O排放,增加培养期间N2O平均排放通量;高施氮水平时,秸秆还田可降低反硝化反应速率及反硝化过程中的N2O排放。秸秆还田可降低反硝化中N2O/N2的比例。     

农田土壤N2O生成与排放影响因素及N2O总量估算的研究

综述了国内外农田土壤N2 O生成与排放及其影响因素、N2 O排放测定技术及总量估算等方面的研究进展 ,指出硝化与反硝化过程均可产生N2 O ,而影响硝化、反硝化过程的土壤水分含量、温度、pH、有机碳含量和土壤质地等是影响农田土壤N2 O生成与排放的重要因素。根据我国各地农田土壤N2 O排放通量测定结果及相应模型分析 ,初步估算全国农田土壤N2 O年排放总量为N 398Gg ,约占全球农田土壤排放总量的 1 0 % ,其中旱田N2 O年排放总量为N 31 0Gg ,水田为N 88Gg。     

小麦-玉米轮作田与菜地N2O排放的对比研究

应用静态箱/气相色谱法对旱地小麦-玉米轮作田和种菜历史超过20a的菜地进行了N2O排放的定位观测,分析了旱地和菜地生态系统N2O排放特征的差异,及施氮、土壤温度、土壤湿度和作物参与对两种农田系统N2O排放的不同影响。结果表明,不施氮情况下,旱地和菜地N2O排放通量分别为17.8±5.6和50.7±13.3μg m-2h-1,菜地N2O排放通量是旱地农田的3.1倍。在施氮(N 150 kg hm-2)情况下,菜地N2O排放系数较旱地高39.0%。粮食作物参与和蔬菜作物参与对增加各自农田生态系统N2O排放量的贡献无明显差异。旱地和菜地不同作物季N2O排放量的差异主要是由于作物生育期长短不同造成单位时间施肥强度存在差异。所以,根据作物生育期特点调节施肥量可能会减少农田生态系统N2O排放量,并且由于菜地各蔬菜生育期长短的差异更大,因此,菜地若能实现精量施肥,其N2O减排的潜力可能大于旱地农田。     

秸秆还田对关中地区麦玉轮作田N2O排放的短期效应

【目的】分析环境因子和土壤N₂O排放对短期秸秆还田的响应,以更准确地评价化肥施用下短期秸秆还田的增减排效益。【方法】于2020—2021年在关中地区开展了小麦–玉米轮作田间试验。采取双因素裂区设计,主处理为秸秆还田(W1)与不还田(W0),副处理为不施肥(W1、W0)、施氮肥(W1N、W0N)和施氮磷肥(W1NP、W0NP)。测定了土壤含水量、温度、NO3--N、NH4+-N、速效磷含量及N₂O排放通量,调查了作物产量,并探讨了土壤N₂O排放与环境因子之间的关系。【结果】相比W0,W1处理土壤含水量提高了1.1%～16.2%;W1N处理的土壤NO3--N含量峰值较W0N高17.6%～30.5%。4个施肥处理的土壤NO3--N和NH4+-N含量随生育时期推进先迅速上升,然后缓慢下降,施氮肥处理的土壤NO3--N峰值比施氮磷肥处理高17.0%～20.8%。W1NP与W0NP处理土壤的速效磷含量随生育期推进先上升后缓慢下降,平均速效磷含量显著高于处理W0、W1、W0N和W1N (P<0.05)。冬小麦季和夏玉米季分别在施...     

不同耕作措施下土壤N2O排放及其农学效率

为评价不同耕作措施下华北平原农田土壤N2O排放及其农学效率,通过设置常规耕作秸秆还田(CT+)、常规耕作无秸秆还田(CT?)、免耕秸秆还田(NT+)、免耕无秸秆还田(NT?)4个处理田间定位试验,采用静态箱?气相色谱法测定分析了连续3个小麦生长期的表层土壤N2O排放及其主要相关因子,同时测定了小麦产量与氮吸收量等相关指标。结果表明:在4个处理下,小麦生长期内表层土壤N2O排放动态基本一致,而土壤N2O累积排放量却存在显著差异,而且耕作方式与秸秆还田存在显著的互作效应。在常规耕作和免耕措施下,单位面积土壤N2O累积排放量均表现为秸秆还田土壤显著高于无秸秆还田土壤,CT+和NT+分别比CT?和NT?高26.2%和74.6%;在无秸秆还田条件下,土壤N2O排放量表现为常规耕作比免耕高42.4%。相关分析表明,土壤N2O排放通量与地下5 cm土壤温度、土壤孔隙充水率(WFPS)之间呈显著正相关关系,与土壤溶解性有机氮(DON)含量之间呈显著负相关关系。利用农学效率指标度量N2O排放量时可知,虽然小麦籽粒产量和氮肥偏生产力在各处理间没有达到显著性差异,但每生产1 kg小麦籽粒表层土壤N2O排放量为0.18~0.73 g N2O-N,每投入1 kg氮素表层土壤N2O排放量为5.1~18.0 g N2O-N,处理间存在显著差异;与单位面积土壤N2O排放量表现一致,单位籽粒产量N2O排放量和单位氮素投入N2O排放量均表现为无论是常规耕作还是免耕措施,秸秆还田土壤均显著高于秸秆不还田土壤,在秸秆不还田条件下,常规耕作土壤均显著高于免耕土壤。总之,免耕是有效减少土壤N2O排放的一种耕作措施。     

氮肥品种对亚热带土壤N2O排放的影响

以亚热带湿热地区红壤性旱地(SU),灌丛(GB),林地(QF)为研究对象,通过在30℃和60%WHC水分条件下,35 d的培养试验,研究了外源铵态氮输入对土壤N2O排放的影响。结果表明,对于pH较高的土壤SU(pH=6.27),施用硫铵、尿素和碳酸氢铵后,硝态氮累积量和N2O排放量均高于未施氮的处理,且随施N量增加而增加。对于酸性土壤GB(pH=4.82)和QF(pH=4.46),施用硫铵明显地抑制硝化作用,但却极大地促进N2O排放;施用尿素和碳酸氢铵对硝化作用有微弱的促进作用或无明显的影响,N2O的排放则略低于对照或无明显差异。酸性土壤中,加入不同类型的氮肥后,N2O排放量与硝态氮含量的比例与加入氮肥后测定的土壤pH具有显著的负相关关系。氮肥品种影响N2O排放量与硝态氮产生量比例的机理值得进一步研究。     

农田改为农林(草)复合系统对红壤CO2和N2O排放的影响

以鄂南玉米地、紫穗槐/玉米地、香根草/玉米地、紫穗槐林地、香根草草地与撂荒地6种土地利用类型为研究对象,利用静态箱法,对夏玉米生长期间土壤CO2和N2O通量及影响因子进行了测定,研究我国北亚热带丘陵红壤区农田改变为林(草)地和农林(草)复合系统后土壤CO2和N2O排放特征。研究结果表明:(1)土地利用方式改变后,撂荒地土壤CO2排放量明显低于其他5种土地利用类型,但紫穗槐/玉米地、单作玉米地、香根草/玉米地、紫穗槐林地、香根草草地5种土地利用类型之间土壤CO2排放量差异不显著。(2)玉米生长期间,6种不同土地利用方式下,土壤N2O排放总量从高到低依次为紫穗槐/玉米地(508 g·hm-2·a-1)、紫穗槐林地(470 g·hm-2·a-1)、撂荒地(390 g·hm-2·a-1)、香根草/玉米地(373 g·hm-2·a-1)、香根草草地(372 g·hm-2·a-1)、单作玉米地(285 g·hm-2·a-1)。(3)土壤CO2通量与土壤有机碳、土壤微生物生物量碳和土壤含水量无显著相关关系;土壤N2O通量与土壤氮素净矿化率呈显著线性相关,但与土壤无机氮和土壤含水量无显著相关关系。农田改变为农林(草)复合系统可能潜在地增加土壤CO2和N2O排放;农田改变为林(草)地可能潜在地减少土壤CO2排放,增加土壤N2O排放。     

Dinitrogen emissions and the N2:N2O emission ratio of a Rendzic Leptosol as influenced by pH and forest thinning

Reduction of nitrous oxide (N₂O) to dinitrogen (N₂) by denitrification in soils is of outstanding ecological significance since it is the prevailing natural process converting reactive nitrogen back into inert molecular dinitrogen. Furthermore, the extent to which N₂O is reduced to N₂ via denitrification is a major regulating factor affecting the magnitude of N₂O emission from soils. However, due to methodological problems in the past, extremely little information is available on N₂ emission and the N₂:N₂O emission ratio for soils of terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, we simultaneously determined N₂ and N₂O emissions from intact soil cores taken from a mountainous beech forest ecosystem. The soil cores were taken from plots with distinct differences in microclimate (warm-dry versus cool-moist) and silvicultural treatment (untreated control versus heavy thinning). Due to different microclimates, the plots showed pronounced differences in pH values (range: 6.3–7.3). N₂O emission from the soil cores was generally very low (2.0 ± 0.5–6.3 ± 3.8 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹ at the warm-dry site and 7.1 ± 3.1–57.4 ± 28.5 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹ at the cool-moist site), thus confirming results from field measurements. However, N₂ emission exceeded N₂O emission by a factor of 21 ± 6–220 ± 122 at the investigated plots. This illustrates that the dominant end product of denitrification at our plots and under the given environmental conditions is N₂ rather than N₂O. N₂ emission showed a huge variability (range: 161 ± 64–1070 ± 499 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹), so that potential effects of microclimate or silvicultural treatment on N₂ emission could not be identified with certainty. However, there was a significant effect of microclimate on the magnitude of N₂O emission as well as on the mean N₂:N₂O emission ratio. N₂:N₂O emission ratios were higher and N₂O emissions were lower for soil cores taken from the plots with warm-dry microclimate as compared to soil cores taken from the cool-moist microclimate plots. We hypothesize that the increase in the N₂:N₂O emission ratio at the warm-dry site was due to higher N₂O reductase activity provoked by the higher soil pH value of this site. Overall, the results of this study show that the N₂:N₂O emission ratio is crucial for understanding the regulation of N₂O fluxes of the investigated soil and that reliable estimates of N₂ emissions are an indispensable prerequisite for accurately calculating total N gas budgets for the investigated ecosystem and very likely for many other terrestrial upland ecosystems as well.     

施肥方式对冬小麦—夏玉米轮作土壤N_2O排放的影响

氧化亚氮(N_2O)是一种重要的农田温室气体,本研究利用紫色土长期施肥试验平台,采用静态箱/气相色谱法对紫色土旱作农田冬小麦—夏玉米轮作系统的N_2O排放进行了定位观测(2012年11月至2013年9月),研究单施氮肥(N)、常规氮磷钾肥(NPK)、猪厩肥(OM)、猪厩肥配施氮磷钾肥(OMNPK)和秸秆还田配施氮磷钾肥(ICRNPK)等施肥方式对紫色土N_2O排放特征的影响;不施肥(NF)作为对照计算排放系数,以探寻紫色土地区可操作性强、环境友好的施肥方式。结果表明,所有施肥方式的N_2O排放均呈现双峰排放,峰值出现在施肥初期;玉米季N_2O排放峰值显著高于小麦季(p0.05)。在相同的施氮水平(小麦季130 kg hm~(~(-2)),玉米季150 kg hm~(~(-2)))下,施肥方式对N_2O排放和作物产量均有显著影响(p0.05)。N、OM、NPK、OMNPK和ICRNPK处理的土壤N_2O周年累积排放量分别为1.93、1.96、1.12、1.50和0.79 kg hm~(~(-2)),排放系数分别为0.62%、0.63%、0.33%、0.47%和0.21%,全年作物产量分别为4.35、11.95、8.39、9.77、10.93 t hm~(~(-2))。施用猪厩肥显著增加N_2O排放量,而秸秆还田在保证作物产量的同时显著降低N_2O排放量,可作为紫色土地区环境友好的施肥方式。土壤无机氮(NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N)是N_2O排放的主要限制因子。因此,在施氮水平相同时,施肥方式对紫色土活性氮含量的影响导致N_2O排放差异显著,是土壤N_2O排放差异的根本原因。土壤孔隙充水率也是影响N_2O排放的重要环境因子,并且其对N_2O排放的影响存在阈值效应。     

同位素异位体溯源土壤N2O的方法、技术和展望

土壤是N₂O的重要排放来源之一。土壤中N₂O产生途径众多、受多种因素调控，深入分析土壤N₂O产生途径才能采取针对性的减排策略。稳定同位素技术已广泛用于研究土壤N₂O排放，N₂O同位素异位体法是近年来新兴的研究方法。该研究方法通过测定土壤N₂O的同位素组成(δ¹⁵NSPN₂O、δ¹⁸ON₂O和δ¹⁵N^bulkN₂O)分析N₂O排放贡献，因无需添加标记物、对土壤系统干扰小、成本低，适合在野外田间研究N₂O排放，是15N标记方法的有力补充。本文详细介绍了N₂O同位素异位体法的原理、质谱测定方法、定量分析方法、影响该方法的因素及其应用前景。     

液面上部气体的置换对土壤厌氧培养下的N2O和CO2排放的影响

To study effect of C2H2 and change of headspace gas on N2O emission,denitrification,as well as CO2 emission,slurries of an agricultural soil were anaerobically incubated for 7 days at 25℃.Both N2O reduction and CO2 emissions were inhibited by the addition of 100 mL L^-1 of C2H2.However,the inhibition to CO2 emission was alleviated by the replacement of headspace gas,and the N2O emission was enhanced by the replacement.Acetylene disappeared evidently from the soil slurries during the incubation.Consequently results obtained from the traditional C2H2 blocking technique for determination of denitrifcation rate,especially in a long-time incubation,should be explained with care because of its side effect exsting in the incubation environments without change of headspace gas.To reduce the possible side effect on the processes other than denitrification ,it is suggested that headspace gas should be replaced several times during a long-time incubation.     

Tillage effects on N2O emissions as influenced by a winter cover crop

Conservation tillage practices are widely used to protect against soil erosion and soil C losses, whereas winter cover crops are used mainly to protect against N losses during autumn and winter. For the greenhouse gas balance of a cropping system the effect of reduced tillage and cover crops on N₂O emissions may be more important than the effect on soil C. This study monitored emissions of N₂O between September 2008 and May 2009 in three tillage treatments, i.e., conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT) and direct drilling (DD), all with (+CC) or without (−CC) fodder radish as a winter cover crop. Cover crop growth, soil mineral N dynamics, and other soil characteristics were recorded. Furthermore, soil concentrations of N₂O were determined eight times during the monitoring period using permanently installed needles. There was little evidence for effects of the cover crop on soil mineral N. Following spring tillage and slurry application soil mineral N was dominated by the input from slurry. Nitrous oxide emissions during autumn, winter and early spring remained low, although higher emissions from +CC treatments were indicated after freezing events. Following spring tillage and slurry application by direct injection N₂O emissions were stimulated in all tillage treatments, reaching 250-400 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹ except in the CT + CC treatment, where emissions peaked at 900 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹. Accumulated emissions ranged from 1.6 to 3.9 kg N₂O ha⁻¹. A strong positive interaction between cover crop and tillage was observed. Soil concentration profiles of N₂O showed a significant accumulation of N₂O in CT relative to RT and DD treatments after spring tillage and slurry application, and a positive interaction between slurry and cover crop residues. A comparison in early May of N₂O emissions with flux estimates based on soil concentration profiles indicated that much of the N₂O emitted was produced near the soil surface.     

Nitrous oxide production and consumption in serially diluted soil suspensions as related to in situ N2O emission in submerged soils

A simple method for characterizing soil microbial community composition relevant to N₂O production and consumption was proposed. Ten-fold series soil dilution was prepared. Nitrate or N₂O was provided as the sole electron acceptor. Nitrous oxide concentration in the headspace gas across the serially diluted soil suspensions was measured against controls. Results showed that the patterns of N₂O production and consumption across the soil suspensions provided useful information on the microbial community composition relevant to N₂O production and consumption in these soils. An independent method, to that proposed here, was also employed to characterize denitrifier community compositions of the same soils. Data indicated that information on the soil microbial community composition characterized by both methods were compatible or mutually supporting and apparently related to in situ N₂O emissions. Soil samples from manure (applied with animal manure plus chemical fertilizer) plots had higher denitrification rates than the samples from normal fertilizer (applied with chemical fertilizer only) plots. It was concluded that functional characteristics of soil microbial communities relevant to N₂O production and consumption could be characterized at ecological levels and may potentially affect N₂O emissions.     

林地改为茶园对土壤净硝化速率及N2O排放的影响

以我国江南茶区(安徽、浙江)和华南茶区(福建)典型茶园土壤及各自相邻的林地土壤为研究对象,在25oC和60%田间持水量条件下,通过28 d的室内培养试验,研究了林地改为茶园后对土壤净硝化速率及N_2O排放规律的影响。结果表明:安徽地区林地改种茶园显著抑制了净硝化速率;与安徽地区的林地和茶园土壤相比,浙江和福建地区林地和茶园土壤净硝化速率很低(N,0.2 mg/(kg·d)),且林地改为茶园后对土壤净硝化速率没有显著影响。安徽地区植茶年限超过10 a的茶园土壤N_2O累积排放量均显著低于邻近的林地土壤,而植茶年限为10 a的茶园土壤与邻近的林地土壤差异不显著。浙江和福建茶园土壤N_2O累积排放量均高于各自对照的林地土壤。安徽地区土壤的N_2O累积排放量与p H呈显著的正相关关系,这表明林地改为茶园后,随着植茶年限的增加和氮肥的施用,p H降低抑制了净硝化速率,进而降低N_2O排放。