黄土高原半湿润区不同生长年限苜蓿叶片光合性能研究

利用Li-6400型光合作用测定系统,测定了不同生长年限苜蓿叶片的光合参数.结果表明,1)生长年限对苜蓿光合特性有较大的影响,对气孔导度的影响最大,其次是蒸腾速率和叶绿素相对含量.2)苜蓿叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率日变化均呈现"双峰"曲线,有明显的光合"午休"现象.3)净光合速率与光合有效辐射、气孔导度、叶绿素相对含量呈极显著正相关,与蒸腾速率呈显著正相关,与田间CO<,2浓度呈极显著负相关.蒸腾速率与叶绿素相对含量、光合有效辐射呈极显著或显著正相关,与田间CO<,2浓度呈极显著负相关.4)从苜蓿的光合特性综合分析,苜蓿的最佳利用期为6年.     

孕穗期模拟酸雨对春小麦叶片光合气体交换特性及产量的影响

为探明酸雨对春小麦光合特性及产量的影响,用pH为1.5,2.5,3.5,4.5和5.6的模拟酸雨在春小麦孕穗期对其进行喷淋,然后测定不同pH模拟酸雨处理后春小麦叶片的光合参数及产量。研究结果表明,1)酸雨对春小麦叶片光合特性以及产量的影响随酸雨的氢离子浓度增大而愈显著。2)酸雨pH与净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率、叶绿素相对含量以及春小麦产量均呈极显著正相关,与胞间CO₂浓度呈极显著负相关。     

喀斯特地区不同行距玉米||白三叶间作对玉米光合、产量及土壤呼吸的影响

为探究不同行距下玉米(Zea mays)||白三叶(Trifolium repens)间作效应,在贵州喀斯特地区设置30、50、70 cm玉米行距,监测玉米||白三叶间作以及玉米单作下玉米叶片光合特性、土壤呼吸、玉米穗性状和产量情况。结果表明,除50 cm行距处理光合速率日变化呈单峰型变化外,各试验组及对照组玉米叶片光合速率日变化均呈双峰型。50 cm行距处理下玉米叶片胞间CO2浓度日均值最低,对CO2利用率最高,光合速率日均值最高,玉米产量显著提高(P 0.05);30和50 cm行距处理鲜秸秆产量、全株总产量显著提高(P 0.05);70 cm行距处理玉米产量、鲜秸秆产量、全株总产量最低(P 0.05)。不同处理对玉米叶片气孔导度、蒸腾速率、穗轴上玉米粒行数、穗长无显著影响(P 0.05)。本研究设置的间作处理对土壤呼吸抑制效果不明显,而不同行距对土壤呼吸有影响且30 cm行距抑制效果最佳,达到碳减排效果,50 cm行距抑制效果次之。因此,贵州喀斯特地区在以鲜秸秆为收获对象时,采用30 cm或者50 cm行距玉米|白三叶间作最适宜;以玉米籽粒或以籽粒和秸秆同时为收获对象时,采用50 cm行距玉米||白三叶间作最适宜。     

缘毛雀麦抽穗期光合特性与牧草产量

本文采用L1—6400光合测定系统测定了缘毛雀麦3个品系（9701、9708和9714）在抽穗期的光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度等光合指标;并测定了3个品系的产量和株高、茎粗、叶面积等生产性能指标。结果表明：在光合日变化中,3个品系都存在光合午休现象,光合速率日变化均呈典型的双峰曲线,胞间CO2浓度均呈单峰曲线。3个品系光合速率与叶面积早显著正相关,而水分利用率、气孔导度与茎叶比、牧草产量均呈显著正相关。在这3个品系中,9708品系具有最高的水分利用率,同时牧草产量最高,可作为选育高产牧草的种质资源。     

老芒麦种子发育时不同位叶光合速率和生物量变化与种子产量的相关分析

本文通过在开花期、灌浆期、乳熟期、蜡熟期、完熟期测定不同位叶的光合速率和生物量,分析种子发育过程中各位叶的光合速率、光合贡献率、叶生物量及含水量、花穗生物量和种子千粒重的变化,研究种子产量与不同发育期不同位叶光合性能的关系。结果表明,1)种子发育过程中,不同位叶的光合速率和光合贡献率均存在显著变化,同一发育期各位叶的光合速率和光合贡献率表现出显著差异。2)不同位叶的叶生物量和含水量随种子发育均发生显著变化,同一位叶在种子发育不同时期的叶生物量和含水量表现出显著差异。3)种子产量与开花期15叶的光合速率和生物量及叶总生物量均呈正相关;与灌浆期第1,3叶光合速率和第1,2叶生物量呈显著正相关(P<0.05);与乳熟期第4,5叶的光合速率及叶生物量为负相关;与蜡熟期、完熟期第1叶光合速率为正相关,与第35叶光合速率为极显著负相关,与第1,2叶生物量呈正相关,与第35叶生物量呈显著负相关。4)种子产量与灌浆期之后的叶总生物量均为负相关,与灌浆期和乳熟期花穗生物量呈负相关,与蜡熟期和完熟期花穗生物量为显著正相关。所以,在营养生长阶段要采取合理栽培措施,促进不同位叶叶片生长和营养累积,为种子发育奠定物质基础,而灌浆期后要注意调控各位叶的生物量和光合速率,着重保护第13叶的完整性与健康度,以提高老芒麦种子产量与千粒重。     

太子参光合速率变化特征初探

为探明太子参Radix pseudostellariae光合速率变化特征,采用Li 6400光合测定系统,在晴朗的天气测定了太子参倒二叶的光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gc)的日变化和不同生长期的变化。研究结果表明：太子参的光合作用日变化呈单峰型,不存在“光合午休”现象,光合速率和蒸腾速率都在很大程度上决定于气孔导度,气孔导度与光合速率和蒸腾速率均表现为极显著（P<0.01）的正相关关系。太子参光合速率和蒸腾速率都随着整个生长期的推进,先缓慢升高后在倒苗期间急剧降低。     

无芒隐子草种子发育过程中不同位置叶片的光合速率及重量与种子产量的相关性

在田间条件下研究了无芒隐子草(Cleistogenes songorica)种子发育各时期不同位叶的净光合速率及重量等指标,并分析了种子产量与其的相关性。结果表明:相同位叶在种子发育过程中净光合速率与叶重量、含水量均呈下降趋势,在同一时期,各位叶净光合速率、叶重量与含水量差异显著。第1~4叶光合贡献率随种子发育呈上升趋势,第5~7叶随种子发育逐渐下降,同时期各位叶光合贡献率与叶重量比例随叶位降低先增加后减小。叶总重量随种子发育逐渐减小,穗重量则显著增加。前5枚叶片的净光合速率与重量在乳熟期以前始终与种子产量呈正相关,而第6位叶仅在盛花期与种子产量呈正相关,第7位叶在种子发育过程中始终与种子产量呈负相关。叶总重量在灌浆期前与种子产量呈极显著正相关,此后则呈负相关;穗重量在盛花期与种子产量呈负相关,此后则始终为正相关。     

海拉尔地区苜蓿生产性能及影响因子研究

使用 Li-6400光合测定系统田间实地测定在海拉尔地区广泛种植的4个苜蓿品种（黄花苜蓿、杂花苜蓿、肇东苜蓿和龙牧801）的光合因子,并进行了相应产量因子的测定,分析影响苜蓿产量的主要因素。结果表明：不同苜蓿品种的净光合速率（P n ）、蒸腾速率（T r ）、水分利用效率（WUE ）、胞间二氧化碳浓度（C i ）和气孔导度（Gs）日变化曲线并不完全呈双峰曲线,出现峰值的时间也存在差异性;P n 和 Tr 与气孔导度、叶绿素呈显著正相关性（P 〈0.05）,与水分利用效率、相对湿度和气温呈负相关（P 〈0.05）。产量与光合因子、环境因子相关性较低;通过主成分分析,株高、有效辐射、宽幅、单株干重、茎干重、叶干重、鲜干比能够较好的反映和预测苜蓿产量;杂花苜蓿在海拉尔地区表现出较好的适应性。     

黄土高原芨芨草光合与蒸腾作用的初步研究

对芨芨草叶片的生理生态特性进行了初步分析,结果表明,1)芨芨草叶片光合速率日进程受环境影响,在不同时期差异较大,6、7月呈双峰曲线,8月和9月,光合速率则呈单峰曲线;芨芨草蒸腾速率和气孔导度日进程在整个生育期内基本上呈单峰曲线。2)回归分析和相关分析表明,不同时期对芨芨草叶片光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度起决定性作用的环境因子不同,而在整个生育期它们三者之间都存在着极显著的正相关关系。     

高寒地区燕麦与蚕豆间作对作物生长发育及产量的影响

为探究高寒地区燕麦与蚕豆间作对作物生长发育和产量的影响,本研究设置燕麦单作、蚕豆单作、燕麦与蚕豆间作3种种植模式,对不同种植模式下燕麦和蚕豆的生长指标、光合特性及产量进行研究。结果表明：开花期和乳熟期,间作燕麦的株高、分蘖数、叶长、蒸腾速率和胞间CO₂浓度显著高于单作;间作蚕豆的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度显著高于单作。乳熟期,间作燕麦的地上生物量与单作相比增加了6.03%,间作蚕豆的地上生物量与单作相比增加了6.87%。相关性分析表明,不同种植模式与乳熟期燕麦的地上生物量呈显著正相关,相关性系数达0.93。综上,燕麦与蚕豆间作是一种在高寒地区可行的,能够促进燕麦的生长发育改善燕麦蚕豆的光合特性并提高产量的种植模式。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.