高粱A3细胞质雄性不育的研究与利用

高粱A3细胞质雄性不育系花药肥大,黄色,可散落出部分花粉,但散落出来的花粉无效,自交套袋不结实,雄性不育性稳定。大多数高粱品系对A3细胞质雄性不育表现保持,具有优良性状的多数品系可转育为A3细胞质雄性不育系,这些不育系具有丰产性好、育性稳定、抗败育等特点。A3细胞质雄性不育恢复源很少,只有极少数高粱品系能恢复其育性,恢复度在40%~95%之间。A3细胞质雄性不育恢复源少且恢复系难以选育,是A3细胞质雄性不育研究的主要障碍,解决高粱A3细胞质雄性不育恢复系的选育问题,是实现A3细胞质雄性不育利用的关键。此文主要对高粱A3细胞质雄性不育恢复系和A3细胞质雄性不育系选育及杂交种选育和应用、高粱A3细胞质雄性不育育性遗传表达等方面进行了阐述,以期育种者重视A3细胞质雄性不育的研究。     

玉米多胞质雄性不育系CF5-11111的选育及抗病研究

以雄性不育细胞质（CMS）中s群的s，M，R与21A及c群的Rb，Es等多种细胞质为背景采用回交转育的方式，完成了CF5-11111雄性不育系的转育，不育性稳定。根据21A，s，M,Rb,Es胞质不育系具有较稳定的不育性和5种胞质抗病性的有关研究，研究认为21A，s，M，Rb。Es型雄性不育细胞质完全可以在生产上应用。     

水稻新质源(CMS-FA)雄性不育恢复基因的遗传

发掘水稻新型雄性不育细胞质源CMS-FA,育成系列优质米不育系和系列新质源恢复系,在组配成强优势杂交稻组合的基础上,研究新质源雄性不育恢复系的恢复基因遗传.采用新质源(CMS-FA)不育系金农1A与恢复系金恢3号杂交获得杂交F1和F2代种子.用F1分别与不育系或保持系回交,获得(不育系//不育系/恢复系和不育系/恢复系//保持系)2个测交群体.同时种植P1、P2、P3、F1、F2、B1F1和B2F1等群体,考察花粉染色率、套袋结实率和自然结实率,卡平方测验遗传分离适合度.结果表明,不育系与恢复系杂交F1代正常可育,育性恢复(可育)基因为显性遗传.F2代分离出可育:不育适合3:1,育性恢复(可育)基因为1对显性基因控制.B1F1和B2F1代2个测交群体的可育:不育都适合1:1分离规律,验证了F2代育性恢复(可育)单基因的遗传模式.暂时确定新质源(CMS-FA)核质互作三系的基因型为不育系S(SS)、保持系F(SS)和恢复系S(FF).     

植物细胞质雄性不育育性恢复基因研究进展

杂种优势已广泛应用于农业生产,这其中主要依靠细胞质雄性不育系统。细胞质雄性不育“三系”是杂交种选育的基础材料。其中,强恢复系的选育非常繁琐,且恢复力只能通过与不育系的测交来鉴定,既耗时又费力,因此,人们对育性恢复基因进行了大量的研究。本文归纳了恢复基因的结构特征、作用机理、遗传模式、基因定位及克隆上的研究进展和存在问题。认为随着二代测序技术的发展,可以利用全基因组重测序和转录组测序等技术开发新型分子标记进行恢复基因精细定位,或直接通过测序技术鉴定恢复基因。这将为恢复系的分子标记辅助选育和利用基因工程手段人工改良和创制恢复系提供帮助,也将为研究细胞质雄性不育育性恢复基因的遗传、进化和特征,全面解析植物细胞质雄性不育育性恢复机理奠定基础。     

三系辣椒新品种长辣7号制种技术

长辣7号是长沙市蔬菜研究所以自主不育系903A为母本,恢复系7122为父本配制选育的三系线椒新品种。903A是利用从韩国引进的CMS不育源2301A作转育母本,用从台湾美香椒后代定向分离选择的高代自交系903作轮回亲本．经多代回交转育成的胞质雄性不育系；7122是从湖南衡阳长线椒中经多代单株选择育成的恢复系。该品种具有丰产、抗病、优质、耐运、商品性好、适合鲜食与加工等特点，     

小麦质核互作型雄性不育系线粒体DNA变异性的RAPD分析(英文)

在杂交小麦选育中,为了更好地利用细胞质雄性不育性,研究与不断挖掘新的不育细胞质类型及其对应育性恢复基因以改良现有不育资源至关重要.基于这一目的,本文对具有山羊草属细胞质的四类不育系线粒体DNA(mtDNA)进行了RAPD分析,分别比较了具有同一细胞质背景的山羊草、雄性不育系,以及该类不育系与恢复系组配的可育杂种F1的mtDNA的变异性.结果显示,供试山羊草与其对应细胞质雄性不育系在mtDNA上存在明显多态性,表明不育系在质核互作的影响下很可能已导致mtDNA发生变异:而不育系与对应的可育杂种F1在mtDNA上也存在多态性,同样表明育性恢复核基因对不育系进行育性恢复的过程中亦可能引起mtDNA发生相应变异;mtDNA变异很可能涉及到不育系育性本质的改变.     

野生稻（Oryza rufipogon）新质源雄性不育恢复系的研究

发掘野生稻（O. rufipogon）新型雄性不育细胞质源,育成新质源优质米不育系的基础上进一步研究新质源雄性不育恢复系的育种技术—FA型细胞质雄性不育恢复系定向育种。用野生稻（非轮回亲本）与籼稻品种明恢63（轮回亲本）杂交和多次回交,后代再经过自交,将野生稻中的可育基因分离、转移、重组、整合到明恢63遗传背景中,获得农艺性状似明恢63,花粉和小穗全可育不分离的野生稻新质源恢复系金恢1号。用新质源不育系与金恢1号组配两个组合,其花粉和小穗育性都恢复到正常可育水平,产量高,米质优,实现了新质源不育系三系配套应用和大幅度提高杂交稻稻米外观品质的目的。这项育种新技术可以将水稻可育基因（恢复基因）转移到任一水稻品种中育成细胞质雄性不育恢复系,突破了新质源恢复系育种的技术瓶颈,极大地提高了恢复系利用稻种资源的育种潜力,为FA型新质源优质米不育系的杂交稻育种开辟了一条崭新的途径。新型（FA）细胞质源杂交稻可能对丰富杂交稻细胞质遗传多样性、提高杂交稻亲本对稻种资源的利用潜力、以及实质性提高杂交稻的稻米品质和产量水平都将产生积极和深远的影响。     

野生稻（Oryza rufipogon）新质源雄性不育恢复系的研究

发掘野生稻（O. rufipogon）新型雄性不育细胞质源，育成新质源优质米不育系的基础上进一步研究新质源雄性不育恢复系的育种技术—FA型细胞质雄性不育恢复系定向育种。用野生稻（非轮回亲本）与籼稻品种明恢63（轮回亲本）杂交和多次回交，后代再经过自交，将野生稻中的可育基因分离、转移、重组、整合到明恢63遗传背景中，获得农艺性状似明恢63，花粉和小穗全可育不分离的野生稻新质源恢复系金恢1号。用新质源不育系与金恢1号组配两个组合，其花粉和小穗育性都恢复到正常可育水平，产量高，米质优，实现了新质源不育系三系配套应用和大幅度提高杂交稻稻米外观品质的目的。这项育种新技术可以将水稻可育基因（恢复基因）转移到任一水稻品种中育成细胞质雄性不育恢复系，突破了新质源恢复系育种的技术瓶颈，极大地提高了恢复系利用稻种资源的育种潜力，为FA型新质源优质米不育系的杂交稻育种开辟了一条崭新的途径。新型（FA）细胞质源杂交稻可能对丰富杂交稻细胞质遗传多样性、提高杂交稻亲本对稻种资源的利用潜力、以及实质性提高杂交稻的稻米品质和产量水平都将产生积极和深远的影响。     

水稻新质源(CMS-FA)雄性不育恢复基因的遗传研究

发掘水稻新型雄性不育细胞质源CMS-FA,育成系列优质米不育系和系列新质源恢复系,组配成强优势杂交稻组合的基础上研究新质源雄性不育恢复系的恢复基因遗传。采用新质源(CMS-FA)不育系金农1A与恢复系金恢3号杂交获得杂交F₁代种子,种植F₁代,收获自交F₂代种子。用F₁分别与不育系或保持系回交,获得(不育系//不育系/恢复系和不育系/恢复系//保持系)2个测交群体。同时种植P₁、P₂、F₁、F₂、B₁F₁和B₂F₁等群体,考察花粉染色率、套袋结实率和自然结实率,卡平方测验遗传分离适合度。结果表明,不育系与恢复系杂交F₁代正常可育,育性恢复(可育)基因为显性遗传。F₂代分离出可育︰不育适合3︰1,育性恢复(可育)基因为1对显性基因控制。B₁F₁和B₂F₁代2个测交群体的可育︰不育都适合1︰1分离规律,验证了F₂代育性恢复(可育)单基因的遗传模式。暂时确定新质源(CMS-FA)核质互作三系的基因型为不育系S(SS)、保持系F(SS)和恢复系S(FF)。     

水稻优良恢复系明恢63两个恢复基因恢复力的单独评价

野败型细胞质雄性不育系统是选配杂交稻组合广泛应用的主要不育细胞质资源，野败型细胞质雄性不育的育性恢复能力由两个恢复基因控制。以前的研究表明，明恢63具有2个恢复基因Rf3和Rf(μ)，分别位于第1和第10染色体上。为了分别准确估计这两个恢复基因的遗传效应，根据分子标记基因型，从珍汕97／明恢63衍生的241个F9重组自交系群体中选择两个自交系R124和R1183，它们分别含有单个恢复基因Rf3和Rf(M)，将R124和R1183与珍汕97A杂交，分别得到F1A和F1B，再自交得到F2A和F2B。在武汉和海南分别考察F1的育性，F1A的自然结实率海南和武汉分别为53．4％和60．2％，F1B的自然结实率海南和武汉分别为70．5％和75．7％。而珍汕97A／明恢63的杂种汕优63结实率为81．4％。F2A和F2B群体育性分离均符合1个主基因1：3的孟德尔期望分离比，表明，R124和R1183分别只含有一个恢复基因Rf3和Rf(M)。Rf(M)的效应较大，恢复力强，它单独几乎可以使育性恢复正常。利用标记辅助选择方法，转移两个恢复基因可以快速选育优良恢复系。     

三种水稻胞质雄性不育恢复基因的比较

用籼型强恢复系密阳46、H804,含广亲和基因S5n的粳型恢复系02428、T984及H921分别与三种水稻雄性不育胞质野败(CMS-WA),矮败(CMS-DA),印尼水田谷败育(暂名CMS-IA)不育系测交,分析各组合F1、F2及BCF1代的育性表现以研究雄性不育胞质恢复性的遗传。密阳46和H804对CMS-WA、CMS-DA、CMS-IA的恢复性均由两对主效恢复基因控制。T984及H921对野败、矮败和印尼水田谷败育均含有一对主效恢复基因。02428对野败和印尼水田谷不育胞质不含恢复基因,对矮败可能含一对弱恢复基因。对矮败胞质雄性不育的恢复基因作了讨论,推测存在强弱差异的可能。籼粳杂种后代育性表现较品种间组合育性表现更易受环境影响。     

Two RAPD markers linked to a major fertility restorer gene in pepper

Both major and minor genes control the restoring of fertility in the cytoplasmic male-sterility system in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Bulked segregant analysis (BSA) was applied to identify molecular markers linked to a major restorer gene (Rf) using the F₂ population of NiujiaojiaoNo.21 (rfrf)/Xiangtanwan (RfRf). Two random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers linked to this allele were detected with 520 decamer primers with arbitrary sequences. OP13₁₄₀₀ is a tightly linked marker with a genetic distance of0.37 cm. OW19₈₀₀ is on the opposite side with a distance of 8.12 cm. Both markers were repeatable and easy to score. A panel of genotypes, including 13elite inbred lines with different fertility restoring ability, were assayed for the presence ofOP13₁₄₀₀ and OW19₈₀₀. The markers are absent in all sweet pepper lines, indicating that they will be most helpful for transferring Rf into sweet pepper lines. With the aid of these markers, the size of the backcross population for testcrosses can be minimized. Furthermore, these markers will be useful in genetic analysis of the minor genes. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

水稻不同胞质雄性不育恢复基因的探讨

以花培广亲和系TG11和H921及其亲本与4种不同胞质雄性不育系测交,方差分析结果表明,供试雄性不育系,恢复系及不肯系×恢复系互作方差均达极显著水平。4种胞质不育系的可恢性程度依次为CMS BT≈CMS-Di>CMS-DA>CMS-WA。比较了供试材料雄性不育恢复性的遗传特点。TG11对CMS-WA,CMS-DA,CMS-bo,CMS-Di均具恢复性,H921除对CMS-WA表现部分恢复性外,对其余3个不育基因均具有恢复性。广亲和亲本02428对CMS-WA和CMS-DA无恢复力,但对CMS-BT及CMS-DI具有部分恢复性,以Rf—l~f表示,而其余参试品系则具有恢复性以Rf—I~e表示。     

Haplotype analysis of CMS-associated DNA markers in sweet peppers

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS)/restorer-of-fertility (Rf) is an economical and efficient system to produce F₁ hybrid seeds. Although the CMS/Rf system has been used to produce hybrid seeds of hot peppers, this system has never been used for sweet pepper seed production, presumably due to the inability to select stable restorer lines during the breeding process. To test the feasibility of the CMS/Rf system in sweet pepper breeding, we investigated the distribution of haplotypes of previously developed, CMS-associated markers (orf456, ψ atp6-2, CRF-SCAR, OPP13-CAPS, PR-CAPS, and PR-SNP) in 27 commercial sweet pepper F₁ hybrids and 12 breeding lines. When CMS-associated cytoplasmic markers orf456 and ψ atp6-2 were applied, male sterile cytoplasm was not detected in commercial sweet pepper cultivars. When nuclear haplotype markers linked to Rf were applied, all sweet pepper cultivars showed haplotype 3, haplotype 1, and the rf genotype for OPP13-CAPS, PR-CAPS, and CRF-SCAR, respectively. In contrast, we were able to detect male sterile cytoplasm in some breeding lines, and we were also able to detect polymorphisms for PR-CAPS between stable and unstable maintainer lines. The 17T7-SNP also showed polymorphisms between unstable and stable maintainer (or restorer) lines. In conclusion, we expect that it will be possible to develop stable A, B, and C sweet pepper lines using CMS-associated markers and that this will eventually lead to successful implementation of the CMS/Rf system to produce F₁ hybrid sweet pepper seeds.     

棉花细胞质雄性不育育性恢复基因的定位及分子标记辅助育种研究进展

棉花细胞质雄性不育系统在实现棉花杂交种子大规模生产和培育高产、优质、抗逆等棉花新品种中具有重要的应用价值,而恢复系的好坏对细胞质雄性不育系杂交种的选育的利用起着举足轻重的作用。因此,培育优良恢复系至关重要。主要介绍了棉花细胞质雄性不育系、恢复系的类型,综述了棉花细胞质雄性不育育性恢复基因的遗传方式和遗传定位研究进展,讨论了恢复基因的精细定位和分子标记鉴定在分子标记辅助育种中的意义和应用前景,并针对目前存在的问题提出相应对策。     

An improved cytoplasmic male sterile (Diplotaxis berthautii) Brassica juncea: identification of restorer and molecular characterization

We report the development of an improved cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) system of Brassica juncea carrying cytoplasm of the wild species Diplotaxis berthautii. Flowers of the CMS line are smaller than the euplasmic line but have improved nectaries. Anthers are slender and fail to extend to the level of stigma. Female fertility of the CMS line is comparable to the euplasmic line. Fertility restorers of Moricandia arvensis and D. catholica-based alloplasmic CMS systems of B. juncea were found capable of restoring male fertility to this new CMS line. The fertility restoration is monogenic and gametophytic. Southern analysis showed that the cytoplasm of the CMS line is different from euplasmic B. juncea and other CMS systems restored by the same restorer lines. Northern analysis of the CMS, fertility restored and euplasmic lines using eight mitochondrial gene probes revealed altered atpA expression associated with male sterility. Cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers were identified for the plastid gene psbB, which could be useful for a quick identification of this CMS line. S.R. Bhat and P. Kumar contributed equally to this work.     

同工酶差异位点分析在蔬菜杂交种纯度检测中的应用

用10种同工酶和蛋白质分析体系，分析了7种重要蔬菜的71个杂交种与其亲本之间的差异位点，以及这些差异位点用于杂交种纯度检测的可能性和存在的问题。试验表明，作物的不同种类，杂交种与亲本之间的亲缘关系以及作物各类的遗传多态性，都会影响同工酶差异位点产生的多寡，从而影响到这一技术是否能用于此种作物的纯度检测。分析了不同同工酶在不同蔬菜中的多态性以及在蔬菜种子纯度检测中的表现。     

Identification of stable restorers and genetics of fertility restoration in late‐maturing pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh]

A total of sixty‐six germplasm lines were crossed with five CMS lines, where two belong to A₄ cytoplasm, while other three belong to A₂ cytoplasm. On the basis of pollen fertility test as well as good pod setting, of 330 hybrids, 34 restorer lines were observed in ICPA 2043 and 19 in ICPA 2092. Thirteen germplasm lines restored fertility in both the A₄ CMS lines, viz. ICPA 2043 and ICPA 2092; however, none of the lines restored fertility in A₂ CMS lines. For confirmation of result, restoration competence of identified lines tested subsequently 2 years at two different temperatures. The segregation patterns for fertility restoration studied in F₂ and BC₁F₁ generations of selected ten crosses. Six crosses indicated the involvement of two major genes with recessive epistasis, three crosses confirmed dominant epistasis, and one cross indicated the involvement of duplicate recessive epistasis. The obtained results from this study will hasten the future three‐line breeding programme and lead the hybrid technology to the farmers' field with the better exploitation of CMS lines.     

Identification of restorers and maintainers for developing basmati and non-basmati hybrids in rice, Oryza sativa

Twenty‐seven improved aromatic lines of germplasm and 18 non‐aromatic disease‐resistant genotypes of rice were test‐crossed with four cytoplasmic male‐sterile lines (IR 58025A, IR 62829A, PMS 3A and PMS 10A). Thirteen aromatic and 10 non‐aromatic genotypes were selected based on pollen fertility, and crosses were repeated to confirm sterility‐maintaining and fertility‐restoring ability. Genotypes were categorized as effective restorers (> 80% spikelet fertility), partial restorers (21‐79% spikelet fertility) and maintainers (< 1% spikelet fertility). The effective basmati restorers identified were Basmati 385, Chandan, P1031‐8‐5‐1, HKR 241‐IET‐12020, SAF Khalsa 7 and Karnal Local. The basmati maintainers identified were Basmati 370, Pusa basmati 1, P615‐K‐167‐13 and P1173‐4‐1. The frequency of restorers obtained was higher for the non‐aromatic than the aromatic basmati type. The performance of restorers varied with cytoplasmic male‐sterile (CMS) line, location and season of testing. The differential ability to restore fertility in the CMS lines that have the wild abortive (WA) cytosterile system could result from different nuclear backgrounds of the CMS lines. These restorers and maintainers possess acceptable grain dimensions, a desirable degree of aroma, volume expansion through linear kernel elongation and cooking quality characteristics of basmati rice. These genotypes will contribute to developing basmati hybrids and provide restorers and maintainers with acceptable key basmati quality characteristics.     

玉米雄性不育的转育及应用研究

测定了141个玉米自交系对雄性不育胞质的育性反应,其中有33个系同时测定了对 C 型和 S 型(M 型)的反应。结果得出,自330、白自330、多黄15、525、D 729等5系为两型的共同恢复系,大多数自交系对不育类型呈专效作用,表明两类不育型的遗传基础有差异。M 型与 S 型的育性反应基本一致。育性稳定性研究表明,C 型很稳定,不易受环境