临沧膏桐种植区灌木群落生物量估测模型研究

以云南省临沧市膏桐种植区的灌木为研究对象,分别以D、H及D2H作为自变量,利用幂函数方程拟合灌木的生物量模型。结果表明,幂函数方程能较好地拟合研究区灌木生物量模型,用D2H复合因子拟合的效果较好,地上部分生物量模型估测效果优于地下部分。根据模型精度检验结果,模型对研究区内总生物量的拟合效果较好,用于研究区总生物量的估测较为准确。     

沿海沙质岸黑松人工林生物量的估测数学模型

利用沿海沙质岸黑松人工林生物量调查材料，探讨黑松各器官的生物量与胸径、树高之间的相关关系，运用回归分析的方法，选择不同的回归方程来拟合黑松生物量估测数学模型。经实用性检验，以胸径、树高拟合的黑松生物量估测数学模型均有较高的精度，但以胸径和树高两个因子建立的各器官生物量模型较以胸径单个因子的估测结果更为理想，各地区应根据实际应用情况，合理选择一元或二元估测数学模型。     

不同估算树冠生物量方法的比较——以长白落叶松林为例

以长白落叶松人工林为研究对象,应用平均标准木法及枝解析木法调查树冠生物量,并采用标准枝法与枝条模型估算法对估测的树冠生物量进行了比较研究。分析了枝长与枝基径,枝条生物量与枝基径、枝长等各因子的相关关系,建立一级枝长模型及枝条生物量模型。通过对枝条生物量估测模型的比较,结果表明:枝基径与枝条生物量、叶生物量有很高的相关性,幂函数拟合的精度较高,参数估计较稳定;虽然二次多项式模型拟合的相关系数较大,但因参数变动较大,预测不稳定。在树冠生物量模型研究中,基于胸径建立异速生物量模型,相关系数R2值达0.906以上;通过对估测树冠生物量模型的比较,枝条模型估测法优于标准枝法,同时对模型进行F检验,F值达极显著水平,所选枝条生物量模型对长白落叶松树冠生物量的估测具一定参考价值。     

石竹各器官生物量回归模型研究

利用石竹地上部分生物量调查资料，探讨各器官平均生物量与胸径、地径、竹高、枝下高的相关关系。应用回归分析的方法。选择不同的回归方程来拟合生物量估测数学模型。结果表明：以幂函数Ｗ－ｃＤ＾ａＨ＾ｂ所拟合的生物量估测模型最佳，经实用性检验。可靠性较高，具有很好的实用价值。可供生产参考。     

马尾松成熟林单木生物量模型研究

基于福建省漳平市马尾松人工成熟林标准地调查和生物量测定,应用几种常用的单木生物量估测方程,建立马尾松各组份生物量模型,并对模型进行拟合优度与误差分析,从中选用最优估测模型。为科学经营马尾松人工林,最大限度提高经济效益提供理论依据。     

不同密度沙枣能源林生物量估测模型研究

沙枣是我国新兴的能源树种,为了简单、方便、准确地估算其生物量,笔者以地径、冠幅、树高作为自变量,利用数理统计方法筛选出不同密度下地上生物量的最佳估测模型。结果表明：不同密度的沙枣能源林生物量估测中需要各易测因子适当组合才能获得最高的相关性,拟合出最为理想的回归模型。     

基于不同立地质量的杉木生物量遥感估测

[目的]研究不同立地质量对杉木生物量遥感估测精度的影响,为进一步提高和完善森林生物量遥感监测体系提供一种新的思路和方法。[方法]以2007年建德市森林资源二类调查数据和TM影像为研究材料,采用蓄积量—生物量换算因子连续函数法计算杉木林生物量和地位级法评价立地质量等级,比较杉木立地质量好、中等、差和不分地位等级4种生物量遥感估测模型,并进行精度检验。[结果]表明:(1)以TM遥感影像主成分分析中第一主成分为自变量的模型拟合效果最好,决定系数R2均在0.69以上,最高0.855。(2)利用预留独立样本对模型精度进行验证,不分地位级总体估测精度为87.78%,分立地质量等级好、中、差3种类型总体估测精度分别为97.37%、95.82%、98.23%。分不同立地质量类型可以提高杉木生物量遥感估测精度。[结论]研究结果为森林生物量遥感估测提供一种改进的思路,且为提高森林生物量和碳储量遥感估测精度提供一种参考方法。     

欧美杨人工幼林地上生物量估测方法的探讨

用欧美杨密度试验林中所选择的标准木和侧枝作材料，以侧枝和树干的长度及直径为观测指标，分别采用不同的数学模型和估侧方法拟合侧枝的叶片、枝条和枝叶总生物量及树干生物量回归估侧模型，并对不同的估测方法进行分析比较和检验。经筛选，叶片、枝条及枝叶总生物量的枝长指数模型和基径的幂函数模型拟合最好，树干生物量则以树干长度与直径相乘积的指数模型最优。不论侧枝分龄与否和树干分段与否，所建模型均能获得较精确的估测结果。以５株活立木１９９２～１９９４年生长量观测数据为资料进行实测检验，估测值与伐倒实测值之间，树冠生物量相对误差平均为４．３１％，各株树干的相对误差都小于５％，地上部分总生物量平均只差２．５２％。     

基于空间回归模型的思茅松林生物量遥感估测及光饱和点确定

【目的】确定思茅松林生物量遥感估测的光饱和点,构建空间全局和局域遥感信息模型反演思茅松林生物量,为思茅松林生物量遥感估测提供参考。【方法】以云南省普洱市思茅松林为研究对象,基于Landsat8 OLI遥感影像数据和森林资源二类调查数据,运用二次项函数和幂函数求解思茅松林生物量光饱和点,采用普通最小二乘模型(OLS)、空间滞后模型(SLM)、空间误差模型(SEM)和地理加权回归模型(GWR)构建遥感信息模型,估测思茅松林地上生物量。【结果】1)普洱市思茅松林Landsat8 OLI遥感估测地上生物量的光饱和点为106.3 t·hm~(-2);2)空间回归模型拟合精度较高,尤其是GWR模型具有最高的R2(0.373)和最小的AIC(4 577.8),其拟合精度显著高于OLS、SLM和SEM模型;3)独立性样本检验结果表明,GWR模型的预估精度最高,且通过刀切法检验可知GWR模型在高值阶段(≥100 t·hm~(-2))和低值阶段(0～50 t·hm~(-2))的生物量估测能力强于OLS、SLM和SEM模型;4) GWR模型反演计算结果表明,思茅松林单位面积地上生物量为66.496 t·hm~(-2),与实测值偏差23.511%,估测误差低于OLS、SLM和SEM模型。【结论】对普洱市思茅松林生物量进行遥感估测时,GWR模型优于OLS模型和其他空间全局回归模型,且GWR模型可在一定程度上解决高值低估和低值高估问题,减小光饱和点对遥感估测精度的影响。     

基于不同立地质量的松树林分生物量遥感估测

基于2007年建德市森林资源二类调查数据和TM影像数据,采用蓄积量—生物量换算因子连续函数法计算松树生物量,对松树树种分立地质量等级和不分地位等级2种类型建立生物量的遥感估测模型,并进行精度检验。结果表明:(1)以TM遥感影像主成分分析中第一主成分为自变量的模型拟合效果最好,决定系数R2均在0.6以上,最高0.773。(2)利用预留独立样本对模型精度进行验证,不分地位级总体估测精度为92.51%,分立地质量等级好、中、差3种类型总体估测精度分别为97.66%、96.56%、97.32%,分不同立地质量等级建模精度明显优于统一建模的精度。研究结果为森林生物量遥感估测提供一种改进的思路,且为提高森林生物量和碳储量遥感估测精度提供一种参考方法。     

不同类型药剂防治松毛虫效果分析

通过采取不同类型药剂防治松毛虫效果试验,结果表明,采用化学农药溴氰菊酯防治,灭虫率达98.4%～98.3%,但大部分松毛虫的天敌亦被灭杀,翌春复查,虫口密度3～5条.株-1,林分仍存潜在威胁;使用Bt生物杀虫剂和灭幼脲防治,灭虫率达99%以上,林中有益昆虫正常活动,翌春复查,虫口密度0～1条.株-1,可以看出:采用生物杀虫剂防治松毛虫效果最好,可有效杀死和消灭松毛虫,还不污染环境,不杀伤杀死各种农林作物害虫的天敌,对人畜均不构成危害。     

Unlocking complexity: The importance of idealisation in simulation modelling

Idealisation is the process of finding simple representations of the real-world whilst conceptualising a model. There are three ways to limit complication in a model of a complex real-world: byfocussing the scope of the modelling process onto a clearly defined issue; byidealising elements of the real-world during model conceptualisation; and bysimplifying the implemented simulation program. Careful idealisation has the greatest potential for increasing model tractability whilst generating insights during the model design process. The Forest Land Oriented Resource Envisioning System (FLORES) project deals with social forest landscapes which are highly complex. Benefits of idealisation are demonstrated using six examples from this modelling work. These examples encompass issues dealing with land tenure, forest management, economic values, social diversity, communication and collaboration. Each example illustrates a different method to achieve an idealisation which yields insights relevant for policy players. A number of lessons about idealisation are also identified: (1) sometimes it is only possible to recognise what is key by omitting it; (2) an effective idealisation is not just achieved by leaving things out, or adding them back in; it can also be achieved by restructuring the representation; (3) it is important challenge the use of different units where consistency is possible; (4) it is easier to keep a simple model simple, than to make simple modifications to a large model. Similarly, it is easier to generate insights with a simple concept for a sub-model than with a simple modification to an existing model; and (5) even the most useful idealisations may have a limited shelf-life. Thanks to Bill Ritchie, Carol Colfer, Bruce Campbell, Herry Purnomo, Wavell Standa-Gunda, Richard Dudley and Jerry Vanclay for helpful comments on earlier drafts of this paper, and to all the other Florists for engaging in debate about this modelling experience. We are grateful to the UK’s Department for International Development (DFID) and the European Community for financial support of this project.     

“广腰亚目”系统发育的初步研究”

应用支序系统学原理，选用PHYLIP和HENNIG86系统发育分析计算机程序，初步分析了“广腰亚目”的系统发育．支序分析结果表明：①原广胸亚目是一并系群，无共近裔性状；②原Tenthredinoidea，Mesalodontoidea两个总科成立，均为单系群；③Orussidae归入Siricomornha更为合适，虽然Orussidae也有一定的可能性是Anocrita的姐妹群；④Cenhidae最可能是Apocrita的姐妹群；⑤原Xyelinae,Macroxvelinae组成的Xyelidae很可能是并系群，但这个类群具有不为其他类群所共有的近商共性（触角第3节长棒状，由多节愈合而成，并具1多节的端丝），似应暂时保留为一个总科类群；⑥Blasticotomidae与原广腰亚目的其他类群关系较远，归入原Tenthredinoidea原Siricoidea均不合适．据此建立一个初步的新分类系统：原广腰亚目划分为5亚目11总科。建立一个新的四节叶蜂亚目Blasticotomorpha;原长节叶蜂科分裂为2科；尾蜂总科划归树蜂亚目；原叶蜂总科所辖的5个科提升为叶蜂亚目的5个总科．     

立地条件与柳杉生长量关系研究初报

对９年生柳杉人工林的２６个样地调查其立地条件与生长量之间的关系，初步研究表明：当土壤疏松层厚于３０ｃｍ时，柳杉生长良好，浅于２０ｃｍ时，柳杉生长不良；柳杉生长受地形影响，在山洼、山谷处生长最好，山坡、山顶、山脊则较差。     

Chemical modification of wood: A short review

Abstract

For most markets for wood, it is used without any treatments or modifications. When wood is used in adverse environments, it may be treated with chemicals to help prevent decay, improve water resistance, reduce the effects of ultraviolet radiation or increase fire retardancy. Many of these treatments involve the use of toxic or corrosive chemicals that can harm the environment. Chemical modification of wood provides an alternative by providing protection against water, decay, UV and thermal degradations by bonding chemicals to the cell wall polymers that do not leach out. Dimensional stability and decay resistance are two major properties that can be greatly improved by simple reactions with acetic anhydride.     

Modelling moisture-related mechanical properties of wood Part I: Properties of the wood constituents

Summary By starting with simple concepts of the molecular structure and building up through the various levels of organisation in the wood cell wall it is possible to construct a model that simultaneously predicts the variation with moisture content change of both the longitudinal Young's modulus and longitudinal shrinkage of wood. To do this it is first necessary to define the stiffness and swelling characteristics of the lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose constituents of the wood as moisture content changes. It is suggested here that it is the bound fraction of the sorbed water that is responsible for the changes in swelling stress as well as for change in stiffness in the lignin and hemicellulose. The magnitudes of the stiffness of each of the constituents appear to be quite closely circumscribed by experimental values for longitudinal Young's modulus and shrinkage of wood and it is apparent that the stiffness characteristics of the in situ constituents are compatible with available experimental evidence for extracted lignin and hemicellulose and for native cellulose.     

Evaluation of a semi-empirical model for predicting fine root biomass in compositionally complex woodland vegetation

We used measures of plant size, distribution and root core data to evaluate capability of the model of Ammer and Wagner [2] for spatially explicit prediction of fine root biomass (FRB) in Eucalyptus populnea-dominaied woodlands from xeric and mesic regions of Australia. Tree diameter and height were tested as proxy variables for plant size. For the xeric site, which had no understorey grass cover, both the height- and diameter-based models gave reasonable estimates of FRB. However, the height-model provided a better match to the measured data than the diameter-model. For the mesic site, which had a substantial ground cover dominated by C₄-grasses whose contribution to FRB could not be captured by the model, neither the height- nor the diameter- model was able to predict FRB satisfactorily. This was also the case even when the contribution of the C₄-grasses to FRB was estimated and accounted for after δ¹³C analysis of fine root samples. Overall, while it is evident that the model can be a useful tool for estimating FRB from aboveground stand inventory in both even-aged plantations and compositionally complex natural vegetation, it is also clear that it does not always provide satisfactory prediction, e.g., the mesic site. Thus, to improve the wider applicability of the model further work is needed to identify why it fails and situations it is likely to be useful.     

Naturschutz und Forstverwaltung?

Summary Natural preservation doesn’t mean to leave nature just as it presents itself to us today, because it has become the way it is trough human influence. Beauty has come to areas through working the land for centuries. The idea that the alpine mountain region is still an untouched reservoir is false, through heavy logging it has changed its natural biological equilibrium. Therefore it is necessary to change some of it back to its original growing stock, but also to prevent that our surroundings become a wilderness by letting some of it just grow. Natural preservation is not a hobby but a duty to the official institutions to guide nature to the best advantage for the future of all mankind.

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Aus einem Vortrag, gehalten am 15. 10. 1970 auf Schlo? Elmau gelegentlich eines Symposium, veranstaltet vom Forschungsinstitut Senkenberg der Senkenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Frankfurt am Main.     

A Critical Look at Home Timber from the 'Trade's' Point of View

In planning forest management we have the considerable advantagesin Great Britain of an almost clean sheet, fast growth, amplespecies, resourceful engineers, and inexhaustable markets. Wemust organize so that it pays to grow trees. The kind of timberwanted is discussed; how it should be presented for sale; annualquantities needed by an efficient sawmill; and the level ofprices to be paid.     

云杉属树种谱系地理学研究

云杉属谱系地理学主要是研究云杉属种群遗传结构的历史动态规律,以及气候振荡和地质变迁对种群分布范围、种群间基因渐渗及遗传分化的影响。文中综述了国内外云杉属谱系地理学的研究进展,结论如下:我国西南山区和青藏高原（QTP）地区云杉属树种谱系地理学研究,验证了上新世QTP上升和第四纪冰期气候振荡对该物种进化起到推动作用,该物种在这2个时期快速分化;在云杉属争议种的研究中,通过对云杉属复合种群的群体结构展开研究,揭示了种群间的基因渐渗常存在于有较低基因流的基因组,方向通常是由本土树种向入侵树种渗透;某些种群之间的基因渐渗可有助于在一些基因位点上增加这些种群和其他种群之间的分化,导致生殖隔离的产生;云杉属天然杂种多被发现在种群的对称分布区边缘、或者其重叠分布区,杂种经过异地扩张又形成了新种,验证了云杉属网状进化的历史,并证明了生境特征决定杂交优势种的分布边界。