土壤石油污染对植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为了研究土壤石油污染对植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,选取中原油田地区的原油和潮土,通过盆栽试验研究了不同石油污染水平条件下的植物种子发芽率、株高和鲜重.结果表明,土壤中石油含量不同,对黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)、高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)、白三叶草(Trifolium repens L.)、红三叶草(Trifolium pratense)的各项生长指标影响不同,当土壤中的石油含量较高时,对植物的生长有抑制作用.向日葵(Helianthus annus L.)、棉花(Gossypium hirsutum L.)、高丹草(Sorghum sudangrass)、狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)在试验设计石油污染水平范围内发芽率、株高及鲜重受影响较小,能生长在石油污染的土壤上,其中狗牙根,生存能力强,是试验中的最具有修复土壤石油污染研究潜力的植物.     

黑麦草与施肥对石油-铅-镉复合污染土壤微生物活性的影响

随着工业和农业生产的发展,重金属、有毒有机物及其复合污染土壤日益增多,其修复问题在世界范围内是一项具有挑战性的任务。以砂质壤土为试验对象,模拟石油-铅-镉复合污染,共设置4个处理:(1)对照处理,复合污染土壤(CK);(2)不施肥处理,复合污染土壤+黑麦草(NF);(3)施氮肥处理,复合污染土壤+黑麦草+氮肥(F1);(4)施氮肥和磷肥处理,复合污染土壤+黑麦草+氮肥+磷肥(F2),研究种植黑麦草与施肥处理对石油-铅-镉复合污染土壤微生物活性的影响,以期为污染土壤修复及环境影响评价提供初步的理论基础。结果表明:黑麦草与施肥对复合污染土壤基础呼吸、微生物量碳均有促进作用,处理NF、F1和F2的土壤基础呼吸强度比对照处理CK最高分别增加约20.94%,24.41%,42.69%,其中施加氮、磷肥(F2)对土壤基础呼吸影响最显著;第10天时,处理NF、F1和F2土壤微生物量碳含量与对照相比分别增加约26.92%,127.43%,181.89%,施肥处理土壤微生物量碳含量显著高于不施肥处理;不同种类的酶活性对黑麦草与施肥的响应不尽相同,其中种植黑麦草与施肥均会抑制石油-铅-镉复合污染土壤中FDA水解酶活性,施加氮肥在一定时间内能较好地维持石油-铅-镉复合污染土壤内的脱氢酶活性,施肥能有效地提高并维持复合污染土壤中脲酶活性,而过氧化氢酶活性受黑麦草与施肥影响不显著。研究表明种植黑麦草配施氮、磷肥对土壤微生物基础呼吸、土壤微生物量碳及相关土壤酶活性均有增强作用,进而有利于促进土壤污染物的去除及土壤质量的改善。     

铅镉、石油污染和黑麦草种植对土壤微生物活性的影响差异

矿产和石油的生产与使用导致不同程度的土壤重金属和石油污染,已影响到人类健康与安全,土壤污染修复迫在眉睫。本研究采用室内盆栽试验的方法,在铅镉污染、石油污染土壤中种植黑麦草(Lolium perenne),探究土壤基础呼吸(SBR)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)及相关土壤酶活性的变化,揭示铅镉、石油污染对土壤微生物的影响,进而为重金属及石油污染土壤修复及其环境评价提供理论依据。共设置6个处理:未污染土壤(S),未污染土壤+黑麦草(SG),铅镉污染土壤(SH),铅镉污染土壤+黑麦草(SHG),石油污染土壤(SP),石油污染土壤+黑麦草(SPG)。研究发现:与处理S相比,在本研究铅镉及石油污染水平下,处理SH的SBR、MBC、过氧化氢酶活性和脲酶活性分别显著降低22.42%、44.90%、6.35%和44.88%(P 0.05);处理SP的SBR、MBC、脲酶活性和脱氢酶活性分别增加23.06%、52.04%、42.26%和65.37%(P 0.05);处理SG的MBC和过氧化氢酶活性分别降低60.54%和4.55%(P 0.05),SBR和脱氢酶活性分别增加31.51%和94.86%(P 0.05)。土壤受污染后,种植黑麦草处理的SBR和MBC、过氧化氢酶活性、脲酶活性高于对应未种植黑麦草的处理。这一结果表明,在一定含量范围内重金属污染抑制土壤微生物活性,而石油污染初期抑制、后期可以提升微生物活性,种植黑麦草在后期可显著增强污染土壤的微生物活性、提高土壤微生物生物量。     

石油污染土壤菌剂修复技术研究

向石油污染土壤中投加环境适应能力强,降解效能高的菌种或菌群是提高石油类污染物降解效率的重要手段。本文应用菌剂修复技术对某污灌区石油烃污染土壤进行了处理,结果表明,混合施加两种菌剂,对石油的降解有相互促进作用,土壤中石油类污染物的降解率为54.23%。本研究为该地区石油污染土壤的治理提供了有力的技术保证。     

煤矸石对盐碱土壤绿化和土壤微生物的影响

为探究煤矸石对盐碱土壤绿化的改良效果和对土壤微生物的影响,将不同用量(0,10%,20%,30%,40%,50%)和不同粒径(小粒径1mm,中粒径1～5mm,大粒径5mm,以及小中大粒径等比例的混合粒径)煤矸石施用于盐碱土壤,进行紫花苜蓿盆栽试验,测定紫花苜蓿株高、生物量以及土壤微生物量和酶活性指标。结果表明,不同粒径煤矸石处理的土壤微生物量碳氮,土壤的脲酶、过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶活性,以及紫花苜蓿株高、生物量均随着煤矸石用量的增加呈先增大后降低的趋势,混合粒径、小粒径、中粒径、大粒径煤矸石处理的盐碱土上述指标分别在20%,20%,30%,40%用量下达到峰值。其中,20%用量的混合粒径煤矸石在盐碱土壤的绿化方面应用效果最好,将紫花苜蓿株高和鲜重分别显著提高了34.86%和45.28%。因而,一定用量的煤矸石可以改善盐碱土壤的生态质量,20%用量的混合粒径煤矸石可以作为盐碱土壤绿化的改良剂。     

石油污染土壤的生态风险评价和生物修复 Ⅱ.石油污染土壤的理化性质和微生物生态变化研究

采用常规土壤理化分析、微生物培养法以及碳素利用法(Biolog)和发光细菌生物毒性测定等新兴微生态研究方法,研究了石油污染引起的土壤理化性质和微生物功能多样性等微生态的变化。结果表明,石油污染使土壤有机质含量增加,pH降低,而对全磷、全钾、速效钾、全氮和水解氮无显著影响。平板计数显示石油污染对土壤中的细菌总量没有显著影响,但由于石油污染物的刺激作用导致污染土壤中总烃降解菌数以及芳烃降解菌数增加了几个数量级。Biolog的研究也表明,石油污染导致土壤微生物Gini指数、McIn-tosh指数和McIntosh均匀度等多样性指数增加,说明石油污染刺激了土壤中微生物的生长,使土壤中微生物多样性增加。而生物毒性试验表明,石油污染土壤对发光细菌具有毒性,其EC50为1 950μg ml-1。     

菌剂-菌根联合修复石油污染土壤的实验研究

植物根际是一个能降解土壤中污染物的生物活跃区。本文应用菌根修复技术对某污灌区石油烃污染土壤进行了处理。在污染土壤中种植玉米和黄豆,通过施加不同的菌剂,采取菌剂和菌根强化修复措施,在运行一个生长季节后,土壤中石油类污染物降解率可达53%~78%。本研究为该地区石油污染土壤的治理提供了有力的技术保证。     

磁场对土壤呼吸强度的影响

本文研究了磁场对棕壤和草甸土的土壤呼吸强度的影响。研究发现,磁场对土壤的呼吸强度有明显的影响。但是在磁场强度50mT、100mT、300mT、500mT和700mT范围内,随着磁场强度的增加其影响效果大小变化没有规律性,对于一定的土壤类型存在一个较适宜的磁场强度范围。棕壤在300mT场强下处理,其土壤呼吸强度增加幅度最大;在300mT磁场处理后1～7天内土壤呼吸强度升高。相对含水量70%的草甸土湿土样经过5个场强处理后,土壤呼吸强度均显著增加,其中经500mT场强后土壤呼吸强度增加幅度最大;土壤水分对土壤呼吸强度的磁处理效应有一定的影响。     

两株真菌的分离及其在石油污染土壤修复中的作用

从石油污染的盐碱土壤中分离获得2株真菌,并对其生理生化性质进行初步研究。将2株菌扩大培养,制成混合菌剂,通过盆栽试验,以石油烃降解率、脱氢酶活性和土壤的微生物多样性等为指标,研究了不同剂量的混合菌剂对石油污染土壤修复的作用。结果表明,添加菌剂各处理的石油烃降解率、脱氢酶活性和微生物多样性明显高于对照;石油烃降解率随菌剂加入剂量的增大而提高,加入8%的菌剂,70 d石油烃降解率可达63%,是对照组的1.44倍。     

4种适生植物对陇东地区油污土壤场地生态修复的响应

[目的]选取陇东黄土高原地区4种本地植物作为试验材料,进行了为期3个月的场地生态修复工程,旨在为该地区开展油污土壤植物场地生态修复技术提供新的植物品种和基础数据参考。[方法]采用常规方法测定了不同油污浓度胁迫下受试植物根际土壤总石油烃(TPH)降解率、降解菌数量及部分生长指标在不同油污浓度胁迫时响应情况。[结果](1)紫花苜蓿和金盏菊根际TPH降解率在轻度污染时相对较高,而重度污染时菊科植物显著高于豆科植物(p0.05);(2)油污浓度增加可显著抑制菊科植物根长以及豆科植物根际石油降解菌数量(p0.05),亦对紫花苜蓿地上部干重及金盏菊地下部干重和株高则有显著促进作用(p0.05);(3)方差分解结果显示:石油降解菌数量×TPH转移效率以及植物生长指标×石油降解菌数量的交互作用是决定两种菊科植物TPH降解率的关键因素。[结论]4种适生植物各项指标对陇东地区油污土壤场地生态修复的响应方式因种而异,而两种菊科植物油污耐受性和修复效果相对较好,因此在该地区具备一定的应用潜力。     

红壤中重金属的复合污染及污染指数

A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of Pb,Cd,Cu,Zn and As coexisting in red soil on growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.) mung bean(Vigna rabiata(Linn.) Wilczek),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.),Slash pine(Pinus elliottii Engelm.)and aspen(Populus L.).Results showed that rice,mung bean and alfalfa were significantly influenced by combined poollution of the heavy metals,the contents of Pb,Cd and As in rice grains greatly exceeded the National Standards for Food Hygiene of China.Heavy metals at a high concentration seriously retarded growth of mung bean and alfalfa,but not so obviously with slash pine and aspen.The composite index is suggested for evaluating the relativity of combined pollution with heavy metals in soil.     

Effects of phenolic acids on seed germination and seedling growth in soil

Summary It is commonly assumed that the adverse effect of plant residues on crop yields is largely or partly due to phytotoxic compounds leached from these residues or produced by their decomposition. There has been substantial support for the hypothesis that the phytotoxic compounds responsible for reduced crop yields are phenolic acids such as p-coumaric acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and ferulic acid. To test the validity of this hypothesis, we studied the effects of nine phenolic acids (caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, ellagic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, syringic acid, and vanillic acid) on (1) seed germination of corn (Zea mays L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), rye (Secale cereale L.), sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) on germination paper and soil, (2) seedling growth of alfalfa, oats, sorghum, and wheat on germination paper and soil, and (3) early plant growth of corn, barley, oats, rye, sorghum, and wheat in soil. The results showed that although the phenolic acids tested affected germination and seedling growth on germination paper, they had no effect on seed germination, seedling growth, or early plant growth in soil even when the amounts applied were much greater than the amounts detected in soil. We conclude that the adverse effect of plant residues on crop yields is not due to phenolic acids derived from these residues.     

Sensitivity Studies of the Common Bean (Vigna unguiculata) and Maize (Zea mays) to Different Soil Types from the Crude Oil Drilling Site at Kutchalli, Nigeria (7 pp)

Background, Aims and Scope   The economic growth that Nigeria has enjoyed as a result of oil revenue has its drawback through exposure of people in the oil producing areas to environmental contamination, due largely to the increase in the movement of oil. Activities associated with oil well drilling on agricultural lands have led to serious economic losses on the communities affected. The local people in most of these communities are peasants who do not know how to react to drilling wastes or polluted fields where they have their crops. A case under study is the Kutchalli oil drilling area. Methods   Waste pit soil from drilling waste dumps in Kutchalli oil drilling area was tested whole and in combinations with 'clean' soil for their abilities to support plant growth and development in common bean (Vigna unguiculata) and maize (Zea mays). Seed germination, plant height, leaf area, biomass accumulation, respiratory activity as well as soil chemical analysis were used to access the ability of waste pit soil to support plant growth and development in the test plants. Results   Discussion and Conclusions. Waste pit soil completely inhibited the germination of bean and maize seeds. Waste pit soil in combinations with different proportions of Kutchalli soil gave growth (germination, height of plants, number of leaves, leaf area, etc.) values that were inferior to the control soil (Kutchalli) and the independent control soil (Monguno). Seeds planted in the test soil combinations containing waste pit soil showed significantly low respiratory activity. Waste pit soil seems to be toxic to plant growth and development. Drilling mud in combination with native Kutchalli soil significantly enhanced plant growth and development. Recommendations and Outlook   The seed germination, growth and development inhibition by waste pit soil suggests its toxicity. We want to suggest the need for strict control and monitoring of waste pit soil in oil drilling sites.     

长期施肥下红壤旱地土壤CO2排放及碳平衡特征

在国家肥力网红壤旱地长期定位试验地上,采用静态箱/气相色谱法测定土壤CO2排放速率,同时利用根去除法区分根系对土壤呼吸的贡献,通过计算净生态系统生产力（NEP）,判断长期不同施肥下红壤旱地农田碳汇强度。结果表明,小麦、玉米生长季各处理的土壤和土体呼吸速率随着作物生长、温度升高均呈现明显的季节变化规律;玉米生长季土壤和土体累积呼吸量大于小麦生长季,小麦、玉米生长季均以NPKM处理土壤和土体呼吸累积呼吸量最大,且显著高于其它处理（P0.05）,NP和NPK处理次之,CK和NK处理最小（P0.05）;小麦、玉米生长季各处理根际呼吸占土壤呼吸的比例分别为7.6 %～17.4 %、4.7%～16.6 %,均以NPKM处理根际呼吸贡献率最大;小麦季NPKM处理、玉米季CK和NPKM处理的NEP值为负,是大气CO2的汇,且NPKM处理的净初级生产力与土壤呼吸的比值（NPP/Rs）最大,其它处理NEP值均为正,是大气CO2的源。有机无机肥配施（NPKM）相比其它处理具有较强的碳汇功能,是红壤旱地比较合理的施肥措施。     

苜蓿根际土壤化感潜力的初步研究

通过盆栽试验和发芽实验初步研究了4个生长年限(处理)的苜蓿地土壤化感作用强弱,其抑制活性强弱依次为:三年生苜蓿地>二年生苜蓿地>一年生苜蓿地>休闲地;在相同处理条件下,苜蓿对其他作物的化感作用强于其自毒效应。在一定年限内,苜蓿化感物质通过根系分泌、残茬分解和地上部分淋溶等途径进入土壤中,呈现出逐年富集的趋势。     

陕北石油污染对土壤理化性质的影响

为了研究石油污染对土壤理化性质的影响,对安塞县8个类型油井井场周围土壤中的石油烃含量和理化性质进行分析测定。结果表明,井场周围土壤石油烃含量变化范围为0.08~71.49 g/kg,其中井场外0~5 m区域和5~20 m区域内土壤污染严重。石油污染导致土壤含水率、pH值、硝态氮、速效磷、全钾和速效钾含量显著降低,容重、有机质和铵态氮含量显著升高,全氮和全磷含量无显著变化;石油污染土壤中的石油烃含量与含水率、容重、有机质、铵态氮、速效磷和速效钾均呈极显著相关,与pH值和全钾呈显著相关,与全氮、硝态氮和全磷无显著相关关系。     

Responses of Selected U.S. Gulf Coast Marsh Macrophyte Species to Oiling and Commercial Cleaners

A shoreline cleaner was tested to determine its effectiveness in removing different types of oil from selected US Gulf coastal marsh macrophytes. Bulltongue (Sagittaria lancifolia L.), three cornered grass (Scirpus olneyi E. & G.) and broadleaf cattail (Typha latifolia L.) were subjected to oil application and cleaning in a greenhouse and the subsequent effects on plant functions were evaluated during the period immediately after treatment initiation. Plant stomatal functioning, photosynthesis, respiration, regeneration, growth and biomass were monitored. Two types of oil, South Louisiana Crude (SLC) or Arabian Medium Crude (AMC) were used. The treatments included: control (no oil or cleaner), cleaner only (COREXIT 9580 only, no oil), oiled with SLC or AMC only (no cleaner), and oiled using SLC or AMC and cleaned with COREXIT 9580 after two days. The existing leaves on the macrophytes at the time of treatment application directly subjected to oiling (but not cleaned) did not recover from the effects of oiling in all of the study species. However, leaves under oil+cleaner treatments or leaves developed during the post-oiling period (new leaves) showed a different pattern of response. For instance, in bulltongue plants, new leaves had stomatal conductances at or close to the values recorded for control plants. However, new leaves and leaves subjected to oil+cleaner treatment in cattail and three-cornered plants, had stomatal conductances significantly lower than their respective control plants. However, photosynthetic and respiration data indicated no overall significant differences within each species across treatments. Thus, the physiological functions of the study species had apparently recovered from the initial adverse effects of oiling within the experimental period. Based on photosynthetic and respiration data, the study species sensitivity ranking is similar. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in physiological responses of the study species to oil types. In addition, above-ground biomass was not affected significantly by the treatments in bulltongue or cattail but was reduced significantly in three-corner plants. Based on the overall physiological and biomass data, bulltongue was the least sensitive of the three species to SLC and AMC oil types than the other species while cattail appeared to be the most sensitive. Any beneficial effects of the cleaner may be more pronounced in plant species highly sensitive to specific oil types than the species studied.     

长期定量施肥对黑土呼吸的影响

通过盆栽模拟试验,用静态箱法采样,气相色谱测定样品CO2浓度,研究大豆出苗到开花期长期定量施肥土壤CO2排放速率的变化规律。结果表明,长期定量施肥大豆生长对土壤呼吸影响有明显的规律性,NPK+OM>NPK>NP>NK>CK;长期定量施肥对裸土呼吸速率影响较小,NPK+OM呼吸速率较大为53.8mgCm-2h-1,NP次之为50.7mgCm-2h-1,其它施肥影响不大,气温对裸土呼吸影响较大,而对种植大豆的土壤呼吸前期(出苗后9天)影响较大,生长后期(出苗9天以后)影响较小。裸土呼吸速率变化与气温变化趋势相似,种植大豆促进土壤呼吸增大。如果忽略大豆生长对土壤有机质分解的激发效应,大豆根际呼吸占总土壤呼吸的23%～56%。     

水保措施对红壤坡地柑橘林土壤呼吸及其水热因子的影响

[目的]探讨不同水土保持措施对红壤坡地柑橘林土壤呼吸的影响,为科学评价水土保持生态建设在应对气候变化方面的作用提供基础数据。[方法]采用试验观测和对比分析的方法研究横坡间作+等高草带、横坡间作、顺坡间作和清耕对照4种处理对柑橘林土壤呼吸速率的动态变化及其对土壤温度、土壤水分的响应。[结果]4个不同处理的柑橘林土壤呼吸速率均呈明显的单峰曲线变化,峰值出现在7月;各处理的土壤呼吸速率季节动态变化一致,采取横坡间作+等高草带和横坡间作两种水保措施均一定程度上增加了土壤呼吸速率;土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度呈显著正相关;横坡间作+等高草带和横坡间作处理的土壤呼吸的温度敏感性指数Q10较柑橘清耕和顺坡间作处理Q10值略有增加。[结论]红壤柑橘林采取水土保持措施后,土壤呼吸速率增强,且其对温度的响应增加。